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骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折PKP術(shù)后長期效果不佳的危險因素分析

2020-07-04 02:56王中英侯建文王其尊郭建偉王亭李書忠
關(guān)鍵詞:壓縮性危險因素骨折

王中英 侯建文 王其尊 郭建偉 王亭 李書忠

[摘要]目的 探討骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折(OVCF)經(jīng)皮穿刺椎體后凸成形術(shù)(PKP)治療后療效不佳的相關(guān)因素。方法 回顧性分析本院2016年1月—2017年12月因OVCF行PKP的201例病人的臨床資料。病人術(shù)后隨訪12.0~36.0個月,平均25.5個月,根據(jù)隨訪影像學結(jié)果分為效果良好組和效果不佳組。對兩組病人的性別、年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、傷椎數(shù)、抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療、骨水泥分布類型、骨水泥滲漏、骨水泥用量、Cobb角恢復度等進行單因素分析,并對單因素分析差異有統(tǒng)計學意義者進行多因素Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果 單因素分析顯示,兩組抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療、骨水泥分布類型、骨水泥用量及Cobb角恢復度存在統(tǒng)計學差異(χ2=11.015、33.091,t=7.200、12.530,P<0.01);多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療(OR=3.903)、骨水泥分布類型(OR=0.123)、骨水泥用量(OR=0.168)以及Cobb角恢復度(OR=0.008)均為PKP術(shù)后療效不佳的影響因素。結(jié)論 無抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療、致密型骨水泥分布類型、過度骨水泥用量以及Cobb角恢復過度是造成OVCF病人PKP術(shù)后療效不佳的獨立危險因素。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 椎體后凸成形術(shù);骨折,壓縮性;骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折;治療結(jié)果;危險因素

[中圖分類號] R687.4[文獻標志碼] A[文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)04-0427-05

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.052

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.r.20200325.1005.004.html;2020-03-026 13:58

AN ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS FOR POOR LONG-TERM OUTCOME AFTER PERCUTANEOUS KYPHOPLASTY FOR OSTEOPOROTIC VERTEBRAL COMPRESSION FRACTURES

WANG Zhongying, HOU Jianwen, WANG Qizun, GUO Jianwei, WANG Ting, LI Shuzhong

(Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China)

[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the factors associated with poor efficacy of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF).Methods The clinical data of 201 patients with OVCF who underwent PKP from January 2016 to December 2017 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were followed up for 12.0 to 36.0 months after operation, with an average of 25.5 months. According to the imaging results at follow-up, they were divided into good-outcome group and poor-outcome group. Univariate analysis was conducted for comparing the differences between the two groups in terms of sex, age, body height, body weight, body mass index, the number of injured vertebrae, anti-osteoporosis treatment, the distribution of bone cement, the leakage of bone cement, the amount of bone cement, and the degree of Cobb angle correction. The significant variables derived from the univariate analysis were further analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. Results Univariate analysis showed significant between-group differences in anti-osteoporosis treatment, the distribution of bone cement, the amount of bone cement, and the degree of Cobb angle correction (χ2=11.015,33.091;t=7.200,12.530;P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that anti-osteoporosis treatment (odds ratio (OR)=3.903), the distribution of bone cement (OR=0.123), the amount of bone cement (OR=0.168), and the degree of Cobb angle correction (OR=0.008) were inf-luencing factors for poor efficacy of PKP.Conclusion An absence of anti-osteoporosis therapy, a dense distribution of bone cement, excessive bone cement, and excessive Cobb angle correction are independent risk factors for poor efficacy of PKP in OVCF patients.

[KEY WORDS] kyphoplasty; fractures, compression; osteoporotic fractures; treatment outcome; risk factors

在我國,骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折(OVCF)已經(jīng)成為影響中老年人生活質(zhì)量的重要疾病之一[1]。在世界各地,每年新發(fā)的OVCF有100余萬例[2]。目前治療OVCF的方式多種多樣,保守治療方式包括抗骨質(zhì)疏松、臥床休息、抗凝、鎮(zhèn)痛、佩戴支具等。但由于OVCF的癥狀緩解時間較長,病人常常因持續(xù)性腰背痛導致生活質(zhì)量嚴重下降,從而大大增加神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率和病死率[3]。經(jīng)皮穿刺椎體后凸成形術(shù)(PKP)是目前大家比較認可的治療OVCF的方式,具有手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、病人恢復快、緩解疼痛效果明顯等優(yōu)點[4]。PKP的短期手術(shù)效果明顯優(yōu)于保守治療[5],但其長期效果存在爭議[6]。本次研究通過長期隨訪,回顧性分析PKP術(shù)后療效不佳的危險因素,旨在為今后OVCF病人的治療提供參考。現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報告如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 病例選擇

本次研究選擇2016年1月—2017年12月在我院接受PKP治療的OVCF病人。病人均因腰背部疼痛就診,有或無明顯外傷史,術(shù)前均行X線片、CT及核磁共振成像(MRI)、骨密度測定等檢查,明確傷椎數(shù)量和部位、椎體水腫情況、椎體后壁完整性、有無脊髓及神經(jīng)根壓迫癥狀等。納入標準:①符合骨質(zhì)疏松(T≤-2.0)診斷;②X線檢查確診為胸椎或腰椎椎體壓縮性骨折;③CT檢查明確受傷椎體后壁完整;④臨床表現(xiàn)主要為嚴重的腰背痛,無脊髓及神經(jīng)根癥狀;⑤既往未發(fā)生過椎體骨折;⑥病人行PKP治療,臨床與隨訪資料完整。排除標準:①轉(zhuǎn)移性骨腫瘤等所致病理性椎體骨折者;②嚴重暴力等外傷性椎體壓縮性骨折;③椎體后壁破壞,有脊髓或神經(jīng)根壓迫癥狀。共納入201例OVCF病人,男42例,女159例;年齡(72.56±9.23)歲;骨折椎體共271個,多集中于T11~L2。

1.2 研究方法

①分組:術(shù)后隨訪12~30個月,平均25.5個月,根據(jù)隨訪X線或三維CT等影像學檢查結(jié)果,將存在椎體再骨折、鄰近椎體骨折或骨水泥移位等表現(xiàn)者歸為效果不佳組,骨水泥位置良好、無上述表現(xiàn)者歸為效果良好組。②分別于術(shù)前、術(shù)后3 d和末次隨訪時,采用視覺模擬評分法(VAS)評估病人的疼痛程度,采用Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(ODI)評價病人功能恢復情況。③根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻報道[7-8],對PKP術(shù)后療效不佳可能存在的危險因素,包括性別、年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、傷椎數(shù)、抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療、骨水泥滲漏、骨水泥分布類型(彌散型和致密型)、骨水泥用量、Cobb角恢復度、高血壓、糖尿病等,進行單因素分析和多因素Logistic回歸分析。其中Cobb角恢復度=術(shù)后Cobb角-術(shù)前Cobb角。

1.3 統(tǒng)計學分析

采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計學分析。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以[AKx-D]±s表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗。對單因素分析中差異有顯著性的危險因素,采用多因素Logistic回歸模型進行分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組手術(shù)前后VAS和ODI評分比較

本文201例OVCF病人中,效果不佳組41例,效果良好組160例。術(shù)后3 d與術(shù)前相比較,兩組病人VAS、ODI評分均明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=159.42~225.72,P<0.01),說明兩組術(shù)后近期效果良好。術(shù)前、術(shù)后3 d時,兩組VAS、ODI評分比較差異無顯著性(P>0.05);而末次隨訪時,兩組VAS、ODI評分比較差異有顯著意義(F=4.050、4.583,P<0.01)。見表1、2。

2.2 單因素分析

兩組間相比,性別、年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量、BMI、傷椎數(shù)、骨水泥滲漏、高血壓及糖尿病差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),而抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療、骨水泥分布類型、Cobb角恢復度以及骨水泥用量差異有顯著性(χ2=11.015、33.091,t=7.200、12.530,P<0.01)。見表3。

2.3 多因素Logistic回歸分析

對上述4項存在統(tǒng)計學差異的因素進行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療、骨水泥分布類型、骨水泥用量以及Cobb角恢復度均為PKP術(shù)后療效不佳的影響因素,其中保護因素為術(shù)后抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療(OR=3.903),危險因素為致密型骨水泥分布類型(OR=0.123)、骨水泥用量過多(OR=0.168)以及Cobb角恢復度過大(OR=0.008)。見表4。

3 討論

目前,全世界骨質(zhì)疏松的中老年人已有1億人,而其中約1/4的停經(jīng)后女性受到OVCF的危害[9]。PKP是目前治療OVCF的重要手術(shù)方式之一。由于其創(chuàng)傷小、效果好、操作簡單等特點,目前PKP已經(jīng)廣泛應用于臨床。但隨著PKP在臨床的應用增多,其術(shù)后療效不佳的原因也逐漸引起國內(nèi)外學者的關(guān)注。本研究201例病人中,有41例術(shù)后效果不佳,將病人分為效果不佳組和效果良好組進行單因素分析顯示,兩組病人性別、年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量、BMI、骨水泥滲漏以及傷椎數(shù)量等差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。既往研究表明,骨水泥滲漏以及傷椎數(shù)量是OVCF病人PKP術(shù)后效果不佳的危險因素[10-11]。但本研究中二者并不影響手術(shù)效果,而抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療、骨水泥分布類型、骨水泥用量以及Cobb角恢復度是PKP治療OVCF病人術(shù)后效果不佳的危險因素。

PKP治療OVCF已取得良好的近期效果,不僅能短期內(nèi)緩解疼痛,還可以使病人盡早下地活動,大大減少老年人臥床休息引起的并發(fā)癥[12]。但PKP術(shù)后規(guī)范長期的抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療往往被忽視。本研究中,效果不佳組抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療病人僅有13例,抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療率僅為31.7%。而SUN等[13]研究認為,OVCF病人PKP術(shù)后再發(fā)生椎體骨折等并發(fā)癥為骨質(zhì)疏松的自然病程。KIM等[14]研究表明,骨密度T值越低,術(shù)后其他椎體骨折的發(fā)生率越高。KAUFMAN等[15]報道,OVCF病人PKP術(shù)后骨密度T值每提高1%,其發(fā)生再骨折等的風險降低3%。故術(shù)后規(guī)范的抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療對降低其他椎體骨折的發(fā)生率有重要意義[16]。ZHANG等[17]也強調(diào),PKP術(shù)后應進行規(guī)范的抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療。因此,在PKP術(shù)后,應指導病人堅持長期規(guī)范的抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,以降低其他椎體骨折再發(fā)生的概率。

本文研究結(jié)果表明,骨水泥用量并不是越多越好。這與JIN等[18]研究認為的骨水泥注射量越多,鄰近椎體骨折風險越高的觀點相同。LIN等[19]研究顯示,骨水泥注入量與PKP術(shù)后鄰近椎體骨折呈正相關(guān)。本研究中效果不佳組骨水泥用量明顯高于效果良好組。骨水泥用量過多會增加骨水泥滲漏風險。本研究中發(fā)生骨水泥滲漏病人42例,發(fā)生率為20.9%,略高于有關(guān)文獻報道的7%~15%[20-21],其中效果不佳組發(fā)生9例,發(fā)生率為22.0%。此外,骨水泥用量還會影響骨水泥在傷椎內(nèi)的分布類型。KIM等[22]研究認為,PKP術(shù)后骨水泥多為致密型(團塊型)分布。本研究通過術(shù)后X線或術(shù)后CT判斷骨水泥在術(shù)椎內(nèi)的彌散情況,結(jié)果顯示,效果不佳組骨水泥為致密型分布者27例,占65.9%。而有研究結(jié)果表明,骨水泥分布呈致密型是影響OVCF病人PKP術(shù)后效果的危險因素[23-24]。骨水泥呈致密型分布,會導致骨水泥在術(shù)椎內(nèi)分布不均勻,使手術(shù)椎體無法獲得理想的生物力學支撐,增加術(shù)后椎體再骨折的風險。LIANG等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),骨水泥分布呈致密型(團塊狀),會使周圍松質(zhì)骨的最大馮米斯應力增加,進而破壞周圍區(qū)域的松質(zhì)骨,從而增加手術(shù)后再骨折風險。因此行PKP時,應提高骨水泥注射技巧,盡量使骨水泥均勻彌散在術(shù)椎內(nèi)[26]。國內(nèi)有相關(guān)研究結(jié)果表明,低黏度的骨水泥有利于骨

水泥在手術(shù)椎體內(nèi)的彌散,但其會增加發(fā)生骨水泥滲漏的風險[27-28]。而高黏度的骨水泥大大降低了骨水泥滲漏的風險,但不利于骨水泥在手術(shù)椎體內(nèi)的彌散[29]。因此,建議在行PKP時按次序依次注入不同黏度的骨水泥:先注入少量的高黏度的骨水泥用以封堵傷椎外周空隙,然后緩慢注入相對低黏度的骨水泥,使其在傷椎內(nèi)充分均勻彌散;其次,操作過程中在C臂X線全程透視下注射骨水泥,密切關(guān)注骨水泥彌散方向及形態(tài),以保證更加安全地增加骨水泥在手術(shù)椎體內(nèi)的彌散。

此外,骨水泥用量過多,還會導致術(shù)椎Cobb角恢復度過大。術(shù)后Cobb角恢復度過大是影響手術(shù)效果的危險因素[30-31]。有研究認為,Cobb角恢復過高和新發(fā)術(shù)后椎體骨折呈正相關(guān)[32-34]。這可能是由于過高恢復Cobb角引起生物力學改變造成的,術(shù)后Cobb角恢復過高,致使周圍軟組織張力增加,進而增加術(shù)椎與鄰近椎體的應力以及椎體間的不穩(wěn)定性,從而影響手術(shù)效果[35-36]。

綜上所述,PKP治療OVCF的短期效果值得肯定;從長期效果分析,術(shù)中骨水泥用量、骨水泥的分布類型、Cobb角恢復度以及抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療均為PKP術(shù)后療效不佳的影響因素。因此,OVCF病人在PKP中不宜追求骨折椎體完美復位,后凸Cobb角的適度恢復可使病人術(shù)后長期效果更佳;在骨水泥方面,術(shù)中應重視骨水泥的彌散情況以及用量;術(shù)后應指導病人進行長期規(guī)范化的抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,提高病人的術(shù)后長期效果。

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(本文編輯 馬偉平)

[收稿日期]2019-07-06; [修訂日期]2020-02-23

[基金項目]山東省自然科學基金項目(ZR2016HM31)

[第一作者]王中英(1991-),男,碩士研究生。

[通信作者]李書忠(1958-),男,碩士,教授,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導師。E-mail:yfylsz2018@126.com。王亭(1972-),男,博士后,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導師。E-mail:qyfywt2018@126.com。

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