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不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)煙粉虱兩種優(yōu)勢(shì)寄生蜂的毒性及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

2020-07-18 16:01:15羊紹武王子遼袁海博王遠(yuǎn)陳國(guó)華張曉明
中國(guó)煙草科學(xué) 2020年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估殺蟲(chóng)劑毒性

羊紹武 王子遼 袁海博 王遠(yuǎn) 陳國(guó)華 張曉明

摘 ?要:采用指形管藥膜法分別測(cè)定了5種田間常用于防治煙粉虱的殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)煙粉虱兩種優(yōu)勢(shì)寄生蜂—麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性,明確不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的安全性,為煙粉虱的綜合防治和農(nóng)藥的合理施用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。結(jié)果顯示,22.4%螺蟲(chóng)乙酯對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的LC50最高,分別為136.465和119.408 mg/L;20%呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的LC50最低,分別為14.496和9.259 mg/L;相較于淺黃恩蚜小蜂,不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂的LC50相對(duì)較高。供試殺蟲(chóng)劑中,22.4%螺蟲(chóng)乙酯和50%氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈對(duì)兩種優(yōu)勢(shì)寄生蜂的安全系數(shù)較高,均為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn);10%烯啶蟲(chóng)胺、10%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺和20%呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)兩種優(yōu)勢(shì)寄生蜂的安全系數(shù)較低,均為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。22.4%螺蟲(chóng)乙酯、50%氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性中等,田間用于防治煙粉虱時(shí),應(yīng)在保證防治效果的前提下適當(dāng)降低殺蟲(chóng)劑濃度,減少施藥次數(shù),避開(kāi)在寄生蜂成蟲(chóng)羽化高峰期施藥;10%烯啶蟲(chóng)胺、10%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺和20%呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性較高,不應(yīng)在麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂發(fā)生期施藥。

關(guān)鍵詞:麗蚜小蜂;淺黃恩蚜小蜂;殺蟲(chóng)劑;毒性;風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

Abstract: To evaluate the safety of different insecticides to two parasitoids Encarsia formosa and Encarsia sophia of Bemisia tabaci, and to provide scientific basis for integrated pest management and rational application of insecticides in B. tabaci control, laboratory toxicity of different insecticides on E. formosa and E. sophia was determined by residual film in glass tube method. Meanwhile, the risk of E. formosa and E. sophia was evaluated in laboratory conditions. The results showed that 22.4% spirotetramat showed the lowest laboratory toxicities on E. formosa and E. sophia during in all of the tested insecticides, with the LC50 being 136.465 mg/L and 119.408 mg/L, respectively. The highest laboratory toxicities to both of this two parasitoids ?were from 20% dinotefuran among in all of the tested insecticides, with the LC50 being 14.496 mg/L against E. formosa and 9.259 mg/L against E. sophia, respectively. The LC50 of different kinds of tested insecticides against E. formosa were higher than that against E. sophia. Among which, 22.4% spirotetramat and 50% sulfoxaflor showed medium risk against both E. formosa and E. sophia, 10% nitenpyram, 10% cyantraniliprole and 20% dinotefuran showed high risk to the two parasitoids. 22.4% spirotetramat and 50% sulfoxaflor showed medium risk on E. formosa and E. sophia. The concentration of insecticides and the times of application should be properly reduced on the premise of ensuring the control effect when it was used to control B. tabaci in the field. Meanwhile, the application of these insecticides should be avoided to use during the peak period of adult parasitoid emergence. 10% nitenpyram, 10% cyantraniliprole and 20% dinotefuran had higher risk than the other two insecticides on E. formosa and E. sophia, which should be avoided to use during the active period of E. formosa and E. sophia in B. tabaci control.

Keywords: Encarsia formosa; Encarsia sophia; insecticide; toxicity; risk evaluation

煙粉虱(Bemisia tabaci),隸屬半翅目(Hemiptera)、粉虱科(Aleyrodidae),其個(gè)體微小,生物型多樣,是一種世界范圍內(nèi)為害的雜食性害蟲(chóng)[1]。作為煙草上的一種重要害蟲(chóng),煙粉虱主要以成蟲(chóng)和若蟲(chóng)群集在葉背面吸取植物汁液,使葉片褪綠變黃,其分泌的蜜露還會(huì)誘發(fā)煤污病,影響煙葉品質(zhì)[2];煙粉虱還是多種煙草病毒的傳播者,例如煙草曲莖病毒(TbCSV),煙草環(huán)斑病毒(TRSV),煙草曲葉病毒(TLCV)等,是導(dǎo)致部分地區(qū)煙草質(zhì)量下降的原因之一[3]。生物防治是利用天敵控制有害生物種群數(shù)量的一種方法,因其對(duì)環(huán)境友好,且可長(zhǎng)期有效地控制目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng),已逐漸成為防治煙粉虱的主要手段之一[4-5]。煙粉虱的寄生性天敵種類(lèi)繁多、資源豐富,僅恩蚜小蜂屬(Encarsia)中就有47種寄生蜂可寄生煙粉虱[6],且恩蚜小蜂屬寄生蜂對(duì)寄主專(zhuān)一性強(qiáng),已成為目前應(yīng)用于生物防治中最成功的寄生性天敵[7]。淺黃恩蚜小蜂(Encarsia sophia)和麗蚜小蜂(Encarsia formosa)均隸屬于膜翅目(Hymenoptera),蚜小蜂科(Aphelinidae),是恩蚜小蜂屬中煙粉虱的優(yōu)勢(shì)寄生蜂[8-9]。這兩種寄生蜂分布廣泛,對(duì)田間煙粉虱具有較好的控制效果[10-11]。

在煙粉虱的綜合防治中,化學(xué)防治仍然占有主導(dǎo)地位[12],近年來(lái)常用于防治煙粉虱且效果較好的殺蟲(chóng)劑包括烯啶蟲(chóng)胺,螺蟲(chóng)乙酯,溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺,氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈,呋蟲(chóng)胺等[13-16]。烯啶蟲(chóng)胺和呋蟲(chóng)胺屬于煙堿類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑[17-18]。氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈是新進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的第四代新煙堿類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑[19-20],該類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑的靶標(biāo)為煙堿型突觸后膜乙酰膽堿受體(nAChRs),主要作用于昆蟲(chóng)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)[21]。螺蟲(chóng)乙酯是一種新型的對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物毒性較低的四羧酸衍生物殺蟲(chóng)劑,用于防治多種害蟲(chóng)[22-23],主要影響昆蟲(chóng)的蛻皮過(guò)程,并降低產(chǎn)卵能力[24]。溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺是DuPont公司繼氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺之后成功開(kāi)發(fā)的第二代魚(yú)尼丁受體抑制劑類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑[25]。這些殺蟲(chóng)劑都能較好地防治煙粉虱[17,26-29]。但是,殺蟲(chóng)劑的不合理使用能導(dǎo)致煙粉虱產(chǎn)生抗性,同時(shí)也會(huì)對(duì)田間天敵昆蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)生不利影響。袁銳等[30]在6種新煙堿類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)凹唇壁蜂(Osmia excavata)的毒性及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估中指出,氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈和呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)凹唇壁蜂為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。張唯偉等[31]在常用殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)螟黃赤眼蜂(Trichogramma chilonis)的影響中指出,溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺和烯啶蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)螟黃赤眼蜂的毒性較強(qiáng),應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用。因此,當(dāng)使用殺蟲(chóng)劑防治田間害蟲(chóng)時(shí),田間的天敵昆蟲(chóng)不可避免地也會(huì)暴露于其中,對(duì)天敵昆蟲(chóng)的殺傷作用不容忽視。

本研究選擇生產(chǎn)上常用于防治煙粉虱的殺蟲(chóng)劑:氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈、呋蟲(chóng)胺、溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺、螺蟲(chóng)乙酯、烯啶蟲(chóng)胺,采用指形管藥膜法分別測(cè)定不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)的毒性及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí),為更好地協(xié)調(diào)煙粉虱化學(xué)防治與生物防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 ?材料與方法

1.1 ?試驗(yàn)材料

1.1.1 ?供試?yán)ハx(chóng) ?供試?yán)ハx(chóng)為煙粉虱優(yōu)勢(shì)寄生蜂麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂,于2019年7—8月采集于云南省昆明市富民縣的蜀葵(Althaea rosea),采集后于實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)。寄主昆蟲(chóng)為煙粉虱,用棉花飼養(yǎng)。收集被麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂寄生的煙粉虱若蟲(chóng)于人工氣候箱(上海博訊實(shí)業(yè)有限公司,BIC-300)內(nèi)飼養(yǎng),設(shè)置溫度25 ℃,濕度60%~70%,光照強(qiáng)度60%,光周期為L(zhǎng):D=14:10。用吸蟲(chóng)管收集羽化24 h內(nèi)的麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)供試驗(yàn)使用。

1.1.2 ?供試藥劑 ?選擇防治煙粉虱常用且毒殺效果較好的5種不同類(lèi)型的殺蟲(chóng)劑,殺蟲(chóng)劑信息如表1所示。

1.2 ?試驗(yàn)方法

1.2.1 ?供試藥劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蜂的毒性 ?采用玻璃管藥膜法,將換算后的殺蟲(chóng)劑加清水進(jìn)行溶解稀釋?zhuān)缓筮M(jìn)行預(yù)試驗(yàn),根據(jù)結(jié)果,將本試驗(yàn)所用藥劑的濃度范圍確定為10%~90%的校正死亡率濃度范圍。在此范圍內(nèi)將供試藥劑的母液稀釋成5個(gè)不同的梯度濃度,以清水作為試驗(yàn)對(duì)照,每個(gè)濃度值均設(shè)置3個(gè)重復(fù)。將稀釋好的藥劑倒?jié)M指形管(直徑3 cm,高6 cm),使指形管內(nèi)壁充分接觸藥液,停留10 s后倒掉藥液,然后將指形管在室溫下垂直懸掛晾干,使之內(nèi)壁形成藥膜。將羽化24 h內(nèi)的麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)移入有藥膜的指形管,每個(gè)指形管分別移入10頭,待其在有藥膜的管內(nèi)自由爬行1 h后轉(zhuǎn)移至干凈無(wú)藥的指形管,封住管口并飼喂10%的蜂蜜水。將各處理放置于人工氣候箱中飼養(yǎng)(溫度25 ℃,濕度60%~70%,光照強(qiáng)度60%,光周期為光照14 h,黑暗10 h),24 h后檢查并記錄各藥劑、各濃度處理下麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)存活情況,觀察時(shí)輕拍指形管管壁,用細(xì)毛筆輕觸蟲(chóng)體,2次不動(dòng)則記錄為死亡[32-33]。

1.2.2 ?供試藥劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí) ?根據(jù)《化學(xué)農(nóng)藥環(huán)境安全性評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)驗(yàn)準(zhǔn)則》[34],安全系數(shù)等于殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的LC50值(mg/L)與其田間最高推薦使用濃度(mg/L)的比值。其中,LC50為半數(shù)致死用量,指引起麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂50%死亡率的殺蟲(chóng)劑劑量。農(nóng)藥對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)用安全系數(shù)來(lái)表示:安全系數(shù)>5為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn),5≥安全系數(shù)>0.5為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),0.5≥安全系數(shù)>0.05為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn),安全系數(shù)≤0.05為極高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[35]。

1.3 ?數(shù)據(jù)處理

數(shù)據(jù)分析使用SPSS 20.0,計(jì)算各藥劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒力回歸方程、致死中濃度值(LC50)和95%置信區(qū)間。

2 ?結(jié) ?果

2.1 ?不同藥劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性

不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)的毒性如表2所示。在所用殺蟲(chóng)劑中,呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)的LC50最低,說(shuō)明麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)對(duì)呋蟲(chóng)胺最為敏感。其次為溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺、烯啶蟲(chóng)胺和氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈。螺蟲(chóng)乙酯對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)的LC50最高。相較于淺黃恩蚜小蜂,所用殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂的LC50相對(duì)較高。

2.2 ?不同藥劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)

不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)如表3所示。螺蟲(chóng)乙酯和氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)的安全系數(shù)較高,對(duì)兩種優(yōu)勢(shì)種寄生蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)均為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。烯啶蟲(chóng)胺、溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺和呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂成蟲(chóng)的安全系數(shù)較低,對(duì)兩種優(yōu)勢(shì)種寄生蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)均為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂活動(dòng)期應(yīng)避免使用。

3 ?討 ?論

不同種類(lèi)寄生蜂對(duì)殺蟲(chóng)劑的敏感程度不同[36-37]。本研究結(jié)果表明,所用殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂的LC50均略高于淺黃恩蚜小蜂,說(shuō)明相比于麗蚜小蜂,淺黃恩蚜小蜂對(duì)供試殺蟲(chóng)劑更為敏感。

研究結(jié)果表明,螺蟲(chóng)乙酯、氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)均為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),田間用于防治煙粉虱時(shí),應(yīng)在保證防治效果的前提下,適當(dāng)降低殺蟲(chóng)劑濃度和施藥次數(shù)。袁銳等[30]在6種新煙堿類(lèi)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)凹唇壁蜂的毒性及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估中指出,氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈對(duì)凹唇壁蜂為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),結(jié)果與本研究一致。DANGI等[38]在螺蟲(chóng)乙酯對(duì)點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽(Riptortus pedestris)及其卵寄生蜂的毒性中指出,螺蟲(chóng)乙酯對(duì)Gryon japonicum和卵跳小蜂(Ooencyrtus nezarae)的毒性較小,可作為防治點(diǎn)蜂緣蝽的備選殺蟲(chóng)劑。結(jié)果與本研究存在一定差異。該研究得出螺蟲(chóng)乙酯對(duì)兩種寄生蜂的毒性較小的結(jié)論,是與螺蟲(chóng)乙酯對(duì)害蟲(chóng)更大的毒性相比較而言,并且該研究?jī)H針對(duì)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)天敵昆蟲(chóng)的直接致死作用,未注意殺蟲(chóng)劑的亞致死濃度更有可能影響寄生蜂的控害能力。本研究通過(guò)測(cè)定不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性,目的是為了明確殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)兩種寄生蜂的亞致死濃度,為后續(xù)亞致死濃度殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)這兩種優(yōu)勢(shì)寄生蜂控害效果的影響相關(guān)研究奠定重要基礎(chǔ)。烯啶蟲(chóng)胺、溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺、呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)均為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn),田間用于防治煙粉虱時(shí),應(yīng)避開(kāi)田間寄生蜂主要活動(dòng)期。李釗等[39]在23種農(nóng)藥對(duì)松毛蟲(chóng)赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)的急性毒性及安全性評(píng)價(jià)中指出,烯啶蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)松毛蟲(chóng)赤眼蜂成蜂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性較高,在田間放蜂期應(yīng)避免使用。盧晶晶等[40]測(cè)定了4種魚(yú)尼丁受體殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)半閉彎尾姬蜂(Diadegma semiclausum)的毒性,指出溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺對(duì)半閉彎尾姬蜂的毒性較大,可顯著降低成蜂的成活率。程沈航等[41]評(píng)價(jià)了不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)管式腫腿蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),研究指出,呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)管式腫腿蜂為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。以上研究結(jié)果均與本研究一致。

本研究?jī)H測(cè)定了不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂與淺黃恩蚜小蜂的室內(nèi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但田間通常為多種殺蟲(chóng)劑或殺蟲(chóng)劑、殺菌劑復(fù)合作用,其對(duì)煙粉虱優(yōu)勢(shì)寄生蜂的毒性與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)還不明確,還需進(jìn)一步研究。另一方面,殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)寄生蜂除了直接致死作用外,亞致死濃度殺蟲(chóng)劑還會(huì)對(duì)寄生蜂的壽命、寄主定位能力及生殖能力等方面造成影響,從而影響寄生蜂對(duì)害蟲(chóng)的控制能力[42-43],KO等[44]在研究防治稻飛虱常用殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)赤眼蜂的毒性時(shí)指出,烯啶蟲(chóng)胺處理赤眼蜂卵期,可顯著降低赤眼蜂的寄生率且延長(zhǎng)其幼蟲(chóng)的發(fā)育時(shí)間。本研究所用殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的生物學(xué)特性和寄生能力是否有影響還需要進(jìn)一步明確,以期真正地協(xié)調(diào)好煙粉虱化學(xué)防治與生物防治工作的開(kāi)展,更好地保護(hù)利用天敵昆蟲(chóng)。

4 ?結(jié) ?論

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,22.4%螺蟲(chóng)乙酯、50%氟啶蟲(chóng)胺腈對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性中等,田間用于防治煙粉虱時(shí),應(yīng)在保證防治效果的前提下適當(dāng)降低殺蟲(chóng)劑濃度,減少施藥次數(shù),避開(kāi)在寄生蜂成蟲(chóng)羽化高峰期施藥;10%烯啶蟲(chóng)胺、10%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺和20%呋蟲(chóng)胺對(duì)麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂的毒性較高,不應(yīng)在麗蚜小蜂和淺黃恩蚜小蜂發(fā)生期施藥。

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