劉銘 張露 余偉儇 李洪 王力斌
【摘要】 目的:探討結(jié)直腸癌患者發(fā)生術(shù)后手術(shù)部位切口感染(SSI)的危險(xiǎn)因素,提出減少術(shù)后SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的策略。方法:回顧性分析本院2008年12月-2018年12月行結(jié)直腸癌外科手術(shù)的721患者的臨床資料,采用Logistic回歸模型分析術(shù)后SSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果:721例結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后SSI發(fā)生率為8.46%(61/721),單因素分析結(jié)果顯示術(shù)后SSI與BMI指數(shù)、貧血、低蛋白血癥、結(jié)腸梗阻、糖尿病、腹腔感染、皮下引流有關(guān)(P<0.05)。Logistic多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,BMI指數(shù)>25 kg/m2、Hb<90 g/L、
合并結(jié)腸梗阻、合并糖尿病、合并腹腔感染為結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后SSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),皮下引流是術(shù)后SSI的保護(hù)因素。結(jié)論:BMI指數(shù)>25 kg/m2、Hb<90 g/L、合并結(jié)腸梗阻、合并糖尿病、合并腹腔感染為結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,采取皮下引流能減少術(shù)后SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 結(jié)直腸癌 手術(shù)切口感染危險(xiǎn)因素 Logistic回歸分析
[Abstract] Objective: To put forward the strategies of reducing for lowering risk of surgical site infections in colorectal cancer patients by investigating and analyzing the potential risk factors. Method: The clinical data of 721 patients with colorectal cancer treated in our hospital from December 2008 to December 2018 were analyzed. Result: The overall infection rate was 8.46% (61/721). Monofactor analysis showed that BMI index, anemia, hypoproteinemia, colorectal obstruction, diabetes, abdominal infection, subcutaneous drainage were significantly associated with incision infection (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that BMI index, anemia, colorectal obstruction, diabetes, abdominal infection were the independent risk factors for incision infection in colorectal cancer (P<0.05). Conclusion: BMI index, anemia, colorectal obstruction, diabetes and abdominal infection are the independent risk factors of incision infection in patients with colorectal cancer after surgery, subcutaneous drainage can decrease the incidence of surgical site infections.
[Key words] Colorectal cancer Surgical site infections Risk factors Logistic regression analysis
First-authors address: Donghua Hospital Affiliate to Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan 523808, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2020.19.040
手術(shù)部位切口感染(Surgical site infections,SSI)是結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)后的常見并發(fā)癥,報(bào)道發(fā)生率為3.0%~16.3%[1-2]。一旦發(fā)生,往往明顯增加住院時(shí)間及患者費(fèi)用,還可能推遲輔助化療開始的時(shí)間。有報(bào)道顯示,結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI與年齡、肥胖或營養(yǎng)不良、糖尿病、吸煙、腫瘤分期、切口類型和長度、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前放化療及聯(lián)合器官切除、既往手術(shù)史、慢性肝病、伴造口等因素相關(guān)[3-4]。為進(jìn)一步探討結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)后SSI的危險(xiǎn)因素,本文收集了在本院外科進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療的721例結(jié)直腸癌患者的臨床資料,進(jìn)行回顧性分析,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 2008年12月-2018年12月本院共收治721例接受外科手術(shù)的結(jié)直腸癌患者,其中男女比率為1.32/1(411/310),中位年齡為56.65歲(19~91歲)。所有病例均病理確診為結(jié)腸或直腸癌。本研究經(jīng)東莞東華醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患者均簽署知情同意書。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):接受外科手術(shù)治療的結(jié)直腸癌患者;手術(shù)治療的術(shù)式包含腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合切除、直腸前切除術(shù)、乙狀結(jié)腸切除術(shù)、左半結(jié)腸切除術(shù)、橫結(jié)腸切除術(shù)+大腸次全切除術(shù)等。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):僅行探查者;僅行造瘺者;經(jīng)肛門的直腸癌手術(shù)患者;經(jīng)肛門取標(biāo)本的患者;臨床資料不全者;術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)死亡者。
1.2 方法 回顧性分析選取患者的性別、年齡、BMI指數(shù)、術(shù)前合并癥(糖尿病、低蛋白血癥、貧血、結(jié)腸梗阻)、腹腔感染、手術(shù)方式(腹腔鏡手術(shù)或開放手術(shù))、皮下引流情況。
1.3 判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 肥胖定義為BMI>25 kg/m2,低蛋白血癥定義為ALB<30 g/L,貧血定義為Hb<90 g/L。結(jié)腸梗阻通過CT或術(shù)中探查診斷,腹腔感染包括吻合口瘺及CT診斷的腹腔感染。術(shù)后SSI的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):表淺SSI一般發(fā)生在術(shù)后30 d內(nèi),僅限于切口涉及的皮膚和皮下組織,發(fā)生于術(shù)后30 d內(nèi),符合以下條件之一:(1)化膿性液體排出;(2)表淺切口有疼痛,局部腫脹,發(fā)紅或發(fā)熱;(3)被主治醫(yī)生診斷為手術(shù)部位SSI。切口縫合針眼處有輕微炎癥和少許分泌物不屬于SSI,單純切口脂肪液化,不屬于SSI。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用率(%)表示,分類變量的比較采用字2檢驗(yàn),以術(shù)后切口是否感染為因變量,其他臨床因素為自變量,采取Logistic回歸分析對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行多因素分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
行結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)的721例患者中有61例發(fā)生術(shù)后SSI,發(fā)生率為8.460%。SSI危險(xiǎn)因素的單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后發(fā)生SSI與BMI指數(shù)、貧血、低蛋白血癥、結(jié)腸梗阻、糖尿病、腹腔感染、皮下引流有關(guān)(P<0.05)。見表1。SSI危險(xiǎn)因素的多因素分析以SSI作為因變量(Y),以性別、年齡等11個(gè)相關(guān)因素作為自變量(X),把因變量(Y)和自變量(X)引入非條件Logistic回歸分析模型,進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)因素多元分析。因變量(Y)中,SSI=1,未發(fā)生SSI=0。關(guān)于自變量(X),性別(X1)中,男性=1,女性=0;年齡(X2)中,>60歲=1,≤60歲=0,BMI指數(shù)(X3)中,BMI>25 kg/m2=1,<25 kg/m2=0;合并糖尿?。╔4)中,是=1,否=0;合并低蛋白血癥(X5)中,ALB<30 g/L=1,>30=0、合并貧血(X6)中,Hb<90 g/L=1,>90 g/L=0、合并結(jié)腸梗阻(X7)中,是=1,否=0;合并腹部感染(X8)中,是=1,否=0;手術(shù)方式(X9)中,腹腔鏡手術(shù)=1,開放手術(shù)(含腹腔鏡中轉(zhuǎn))=0;皮下引流(X10)中,是=1,否=0。結(jié)果顯示BMI指數(shù)>25 kg/m2、Hb<90 g/L、合并結(jié)腸梗阻、合并糖尿病、合并腹腔感染為結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。皮下引流是術(shù)后SSI的保護(hù)因素。見表2。
3 討論
結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI的發(fā)生中高BMI指數(shù)或皮下脂肪厚度高被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)重要的危險(xiǎn)因素[5]。原因是縫合時(shí)脂肪組織間易留有腔隙,容易造成組織液積聚。打結(jié)過緊可導(dǎo)致脂肪組織血供缺乏,切開皮下組織時(shí)過多使用電凝可能引起皮下組織壞死。結(jié)直腸癌腫瘤原發(fā)部位也與術(shù)后SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),有報(bào)道顯示,直腸癌術(shù)后SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比右半結(jié)腸切除高,原因可能是直腸癌手術(shù)時(shí)間較長[6]。另外肥胖患者組織中抗生素濃度下降也是術(shù)后易發(fā)生SSI的原因,對于肥胖患者可考慮適當(dāng)提高抗生素用量。有研究證實(shí)采取腹腔鏡下手術(shù)能減少結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn),特別是肥胖患者[7]。另外有報(bào)道使用抗菌縫線縫合能降低消化道手術(shù)SSI率[8]。改良格拉斯預(yù)后評分(Modified Glasgow prognostic score,mGPS)通過C反應(yīng)蛋白和ALB評估患者的營養(yǎng)狀況,mGPS評分高是結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI的危險(xiǎn)因素[9]。腫瘤惡病質(zhì)患者術(shù)前的營養(yǎng)治療十分重要,腸內(nèi)免疫營養(yǎng)治療能夠減少結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI[10]。貧血的結(jié)直腸患者術(shù)后SSI發(fā)生率高于沒有貧血的患者,在擇期手術(shù)前應(yīng)糾正貧血,而輸注濃縮紅細(xì)胞不會(huì)增加SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11]。糖尿病也是術(shù)后SSI的危險(xiǎn)因素[3],糖尿病患者機(jī)體免疫力降低,高血糖環(huán)境易引起組織水腫,利于細(xì)菌生長,影響切口愈合,術(shù)前需控制患者血糖在理想水平。結(jié)腸癌手術(shù)中低血壓是術(shù)后SSI的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,原因可能與切口周圍組織灌注不良有關(guān)。術(shù)前WBC比率升高也是術(shù)后SSI的危險(xiǎn)因素[5]。術(shù)前口服抗生素能降低結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI發(fā)生率,而腸道準(zhǔn)備能否減少SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍存在爭議[12-13]。
結(jié)直腸癌合并腹腔感染往往意味著腫瘤分期晚和手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,Ⅱ/Ⅲ期結(jié)腸癌術(shù)后發(fā)生SSI患者往往預(yù)后欠佳[14]。結(jié)直腸手術(shù)多為Ⅱ類或Ⅲ類切口,術(shù)中胃腸道內(nèi)容物或腹腔膿性滲出液很容易污染切口,需做好切口保護(hù),而應(yīng)用雙環(huán)切口保護(hù)套能降低結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[15]。結(jié)直腸癌伴結(jié)腸梗阻的比率報(bào)道在8%~29%[16-17],本研究中合并結(jié)腸梗阻的患者占15.5%(112/721)。結(jié)腸梗阻使正常的生理功能紊亂,內(nèi)源性菌群和數(shù)量以及腸道自身免疫功能均遭到破壞,腸道菌群的改變使感染并發(fā)癥明顯升高。Mabardy等[18]研究表明,術(shù)前接收結(jié)腸支架植入的患者術(shù)后總體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低(10.5% vs 21.7%,P=0.01),未行術(shù)前支架植入的患者結(jié)腸造口率高出2倍以上(42.5% vs 19.5%,P=0.01)。提示結(jié)直腸癌伴結(jié)腸梗阻的患者可考慮先行結(jié)直腸支架植入解除梗阻,減少SSI等感染并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
皮下引流與SSI的關(guān)系仍有爭議,有報(bào)道認(rèn)為腹部切口皮下引流并不能降低SSI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這點(diǎn)與本文研究結(jié)果不一致,可能與患者基本情況不同等有關(guān)[19]。本研究顯示,皮下引流是結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)術(shù)后SSI的獨(dú)立保護(hù)性預(yù)后因素,皮膚下方可能積聚滲出液或血液,而脂肪層可以提供細(xì)菌生長的環(huán)境,增加SSI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。切口皮下引流的目的是引流滲出液或積血,減少SSI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Numata等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)的患者皮下引流組SSI率小于未引流組(3.2% vs 9.8%,P=0.041)。Yoshimatsu等[21]研究納入72例結(jié)腸造口的患者,其中23例發(fā)生了SSI,而使用皮下引流和吸收線縫合皮下能明顯降低SSI的發(fā)生。Watanbe等[22]RCT研究也證實(shí)皮下引流是結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)后SSI的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素,能預(yù)防SSI。
綜上所述,BMI指數(shù)>25 kg/m2、Hb<90 g/L、合并結(jié)腸梗阻、合并糖尿病、合并腹腔感染為結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。然而結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后發(fā)生SSI危險(xiǎn)因素很多,應(yīng)針對危險(xiǎn)因素采取有效的控制和干預(yù)手段,加強(qiáng)切口縫合技巧的鍛煉,注重保護(hù)皮下組織的血運(yùn)和使用切口皮下引流能夠有效減少結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后SSI的發(fā)生。本研究為回顧性研究和單中心研究,還需要更大樣本前瞻性研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2019-10-10) (本文編輯:周亞杰)