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基于NIRS和Local PLS算法的堆肥關(guān)鍵參數(shù)實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)分析

2020-08-12 14:12:34黃圓萍沈廣輝廖科科吳亞藍(lán)韓魯佳楊增玲
關(guān)鍵詞:槽式碳氮比堆體

黃圓萍,沈廣輝,廖科科,吳亞藍(lán),韓魯佳,楊增玲

基于NIRS和Local PLS算法的堆肥關(guān)鍵參數(shù)實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)分析

黃圓萍,沈廣輝,廖科科,吳亞藍(lán),韓魯佳,楊增玲※

(中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)工學(xué)院,北京 100083)

為對(duì)不同堆肥工藝堆肥全過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)分析,該研究以牛糞便和玉米秸稈為原料,進(jìn)行規(guī)?;凼胶湍じ采w好氧堆肥,采集堆肥全過程樣本,分析了2種堆肥技術(shù)堆肥全過程中含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比等關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的變化,并結(jié)合Local PLS算法建立了2種堆肥技術(shù)堆肥全過程中上述參數(shù)的通用速測(cè)模型,得出以下結(jié)果:1)2種主要工藝關(guān)鍵參數(shù)數(shù)值及變化規(guī)律均不同,且在整個(gè)堆肥過程中有顯著性變化(<0.05);2)所建立的Local PLS模型的RPD(Ratio of Prediction to Deviation)為4.47,RSD(Relative Standard Deviation)為3.37%,可達(dá)到很好的預(yù)測(cè)效果;有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比的2分別為0.74和0.77,RPD大于1.5,RSD小于10%,模型可用于定量預(yù)測(cè);近紅外預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)測(cè)值隨堆肥時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)具有較好的一致性,可實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)?;逊蔬^程中關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的實(shí)時(shí)分析。

近紅外;堆肥;算法;過程分析;槽式堆肥;膜覆蓋堆肥;關(guān)鍵參數(shù);Local PLS

0 引 言

中國每年產(chǎn)生農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物50多億t[1],其中,畜禽糞污38億t,農(nóng)作物秸稈近9億t,給中國的環(huán)境污染治理帶來嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。畜禽糞便和農(nóng)作物秸稈富含有機(jī)質(zhì)和氮、磷、鉀等養(yǎng)分,是農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中十分寶貴的生物質(zhì)資源[2]。好氧堆肥技術(shù)是解決畜禽糞便和農(nóng)作物秸稈等農(nóng)業(yè)固體廢棄物污染問題并實(shí)現(xiàn)其資源化和無害化利用的有效途徑之一[3]。在眾多好氧堆肥技術(shù)中,槽式好氧堆肥由于具有處理量大和堆肥周期短等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是中國目前主流的規(guī)模化堆肥技術(shù)[4-7];而膜覆蓋好氧堆肥則是一種改良的強(qiáng)制通風(fēng)靜態(tài)堆肥技術(shù),其采用半滲透膜覆蓋發(fā)酵堆體表面,使堆體發(fā)酵處在微正壓環(huán)境下[8-9],可實(shí)現(xiàn)好氧堆肥過程發(fā)酵均勻、高效節(jié)能以及溫室氣體減排等效果[10-16],是目前逐步受到關(guān)注的新型好氧堆肥技術(shù)之一。

堆肥是在微生物的作用下發(fā)生復(fù)雜物理化學(xué)變化的過程,受溫度[17]、含水率[18-19]、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量[20]和碳氮比[21-22]等參數(shù)的影響。在整個(gè)堆肥過程中如能對(duì)上述參數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)快速實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè),可為堆肥工藝優(yōu)化、堆肥過程控制和堆肥品質(zhì)提高提供保障。近紅外光譜分析技術(shù)(NIRS,Near Infrared Spectroscopy)是目前發(fā)展迅速和具有前景的快速實(shí)時(shí)分析技術(shù)之一,國內(nèi)外已有很多學(xué)者基于近紅外光譜結(jié)合偏最小二乘算法(PLS,Partial Least Squares)構(gòu)建了污泥堆肥[23-26]和畜禽糞便堆肥[27-32]過程中酸堿度、電導(dǎo)率、有機(jī)質(zhì)、有機(jī)碳、碳氮比等參數(shù)的速測(cè)模型,都取得了良好的效果。但目前的研究都是針對(duì)某一種堆肥技術(shù)建立的模型,因不同的堆肥技術(shù)會(huì)大大增加堆肥過程中樣品的復(fù)雜性,如果用PLS構(gòu)建適于不同堆肥技術(shù)的通用模型,在避免模型過擬合的情況下,可能存在通過增加主因子數(shù)來提高模型預(yù)測(cè)決定系數(shù),甚至可能因?yàn)檫x擇太多的主因子數(shù)出現(xiàn)模型過擬合、模型預(yù)測(cè)精度降低等問題[33]。而局部加權(quán)回歸[34]、LOCAL[35]、局部偏置回歸[36]等局部算法的開發(fā)應(yīng)用,可有效解決上述問題。Shen等[37]提出了基于PLS得分的Local PLS算法,采用壓縮后的數(shù)據(jù)建立PLS模型,既節(jié)約了計(jì)算時(shí)間又提高了模型的準(zhǔn)確性。

本研究選用奶牛糞便和玉米秸稈為原料,進(jìn)行規(guī)?;凼胶湍じ采w好氧堆肥,在整個(gè)堆肥過程中采集樣品,結(jié)合LocalPLS算法建立2種堆肥技術(shù)堆肥過程中含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比等關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的通用速測(cè)模型,探究基于近紅外光譜技術(shù)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控不同堆肥技術(shù)堆肥過程中關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的可行性。

1 材料與方法

1.1 樣品的采集與制備

試驗(yàn)樣品在北京市北郎中有機(jī)肥料廠采集,發(fā)酵槽為2條相鄰的槽,長(zhǎng)44 m,寬3.85 m,高1.8 m,所采用的原料是周邊奶牛養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)的奶牛糞便,及打捆玉米秸稈,兩者比例調(diào)至質(zhì)量比大約10:1,并添加40%的腐熟堆肥用于調(diào)節(jié)水分,初始含水率為55%,初始碳氮比為15。如圖1a所示,一條為槽式好氧發(fā)酵,一條為膜覆蓋好氧發(fā)酵。2條槽的原料配比、通風(fēng)和翻堆情況一致。整個(gè)堆肥周期持續(xù)36 d,樣品采集覆蓋了從堆肥原料到堆肥腐熟的全過程,在發(fā)酵的第0、4、8、12、16、20、24、28、32和36天采集樣品??紤]到堆體在不同空間位置發(fā)酵情況的差異,取樣時(shí),在發(fā)酵槽長(zhǎng)度方向均勻選擇5個(gè)點(diǎn),在深度方向分上(深度0~30 cm)、下(深度90~120 cm)2層取樣,共取樣10個(gè),如圖1b所示。2條槽10次共采集樣品200個(gè),每個(gè)樣品質(zhì)量約1 kg,置于冷藏柜中?20℃下存放備用。測(cè)定分析時(shí),樣品自然解凍至室溫后混合均勻,進(jìn)行光譜采集及化學(xué)值測(cè)定,樣品經(jīng)干燥后粉碎過40目(0.425 mm)篩用于后續(xù)分析。

注:圖中編號(hào)1~5分別為發(fā)酵槽長(zhǎng)度方向上的5個(gè)取樣點(diǎn),1-1和1-2,2-1和2-2,3-1和3-2,4-1和4-2,5-1和5-2分別為每個(gè)取樣點(diǎn)在深度方向的上下兩層。

1.2 關(guān)鍵參數(shù)測(cè)定方法

使用PT100溫度傳感器測(cè)定堆體上(深度35 cm)、中(深度70 cm)、下(深度105 cm)3個(gè)不同位置的溫度。

含水率采用烘干法,稱取鮮樣100 g,在干燥箱(上海精宏實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備有限公司,中國)105℃恒溫干燥24 h,根據(jù)干燥前后質(zhì)量損失計(jì)算含水率。

有機(jī)質(zhì)采用灼燒減量法,稱取1.0 g左右的干燥粉碎樣品,在馬弗爐(上海精宏實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備有限公司,中國)575℃灼燒6 h,根據(jù)灼燒前后質(zhì)量損失計(jì)算有機(jī)質(zhì)。

碳氮比用元素分析儀(Elementer公司,德國)測(cè)定,稱取40.0 mg干燥粉碎樣品,采用元素分析儀CHNS模式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法測(cè)定。

種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)參考李季等[38]采用的發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)法,將黃瓜種子(中蔬種業(yè)科技有限公司,中國)在恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中30 ℃避光培養(yǎng)48 h,根據(jù)發(fā)芽率和根長(zhǎng)計(jì)算。

1.3 樣品近紅外光譜采集

使用傅里葉變換近紅外光譜儀(Perkin Elmer公司,美國)采集樣品光譜,光譜采集范圍為10 000~4 000 cm-1、掃描間隔為8 cm-1、掃描次數(shù)為32次。采樣時(shí),將樣品裝滿儀器配套的樣品杯并刮平,采用積分球附件在旋轉(zhuǎn)模式下采集光譜,每個(gè)樣品重復(fù)裝填3次掃描3條光譜,共獲得600條光譜。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0(IBM公司,美國)對(duì)樣品的化學(xué)值進(jìn)行正態(tài)分布檢驗(yàn),進(jìn)而對(duì)槽式和膜覆蓋2種不同技術(shù)堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)進(jìn)行顯著性分析,分析堆肥關(guān)鍵參數(shù)隨時(shí)間的變化并比較2種不同堆肥技術(shù)堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的差異性。

1.5 主成分分析和LocalPLS模型的建立與評(píng)價(jià)

運(yùn)用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA),將規(guī)模化槽式和膜覆蓋堆肥過程所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)矩陣轉(zhuǎn)換新的正交變量,以檢測(cè)樣品的所屬模式、分類以及所含物質(zhì)之間的相似性或差異[39]。

參考Shen[37]的方法構(gòu)建Local PLS模型。首先,將樣品分為校正集和預(yù)測(cè)集,為使校正集和驗(yàn)證集的樣品均覆蓋2種堆肥技術(shù)的堆肥全過程,采集的樣品中,以堆體長(zhǎng)度方向2號(hào)位置(圖1b中2-1和2-2)采集的40個(gè)樣品作為預(yù)測(cè)集,其余的160個(gè)樣品作為校正集;其次,選用預(yù)處理方法,根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)均方根誤差(RMSEP)最小確定潛變量數(shù),構(gòu)建堆肥過程含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比的PLS模型,獲取校正集和預(yù)測(cè)集光譜的得分矩陣;然后,計(jì)算預(yù)測(cè)集樣品光譜得分與校正集光譜得分的歐氏距離,按距離排序,從校正集中選擇與預(yù)測(cè)樣品光譜得分距離最近的選擇建模的光譜條數(shù)(50、75、100、125、150、175、200)條光譜得分;最后,采用選擇的條光譜得分及其對(duì)應(yīng)的化學(xué)值構(gòu)建LocalPLS模型,預(yù)測(cè)未知樣品,根據(jù)RMSEP最小確定最佳的值。

參考Saeys等[40]和Mouazen等[41]的方法,采用模型決定系數(shù)(2)和相對(duì)分析誤差(RPD)進(jìn)行模型的評(píng)價(jià),即:當(dāng)2>0.9,RPD>3時(shí),認(rèn)為該模型非常優(yōu)秀;當(dāng)0.82≤2≤0.9,2.5≤RPD≤3.0時(shí),認(rèn)為該模型效果良好;當(dāng)0.66≤2≤0.81,2.0≤RPD<2.5時(shí),模型可進(jìn)行近似定量預(yù)測(cè);當(dāng)0.5≤2≤0.65,1.5≤RPD<2.0時(shí),認(rèn)為該模型只能進(jìn)行高低濃度鑒別;當(dāng)2<0.5,RPD<1.5時(shí),認(rèn)為模型不可用。并結(jié)合RSD進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),當(dāng)RSD<5%時(shí)模型效果良好,RSD<10%時(shí)模型可用于定量分析。

RPDSD/RMSEP (1)

RSD=RMSEP/MEAN×100% (2)

式中SD為驗(yàn)證集化學(xué)測(cè)量值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,MEAN為驗(yàn)證集化學(xué)測(cè)量值的平均值。

數(shù)據(jù)處理采用PLS Toolbox 以Matlab 2015a(Mathworks公司,美國)為平臺(tái)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同技術(shù)堆肥試驗(yàn)效果分析

根據(jù)溫度傳感器記錄的溫度數(shù)據(jù)可知,堆體發(fā)酵情況良好,最高溫度在70 ℃以上,且55 ℃以上高溫持續(xù)時(shí)間超過10 d,符合國家糞便衛(wèi)生化處理要求(GB 7959-2012)。根據(jù)發(fā)芽指數(shù)的結(jié)果顯示,槽式和膜覆蓋堆體的種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)在堆肥結(jié)束時(shí)均在80%以上[38],表明堆肥完全腐熟。

2.2 不同堆肥技術(shù)堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

由含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)和碳氮比含量的正態(tài)分布檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,含水率KS檢驗(yàn)和SW檢驗(yàn)的值分別為0.077和0.089,大于0.05,因此含水率含量服從正態(tài)分布,有機(jī)質(zhì)和碳氮比含水率KS檢驗(yàn)和SW檢驗(yàn)的值小于0.05,其含量不服從正態(tài)分布。但所采集的樣品為槽式和膜覆蓋2種規(guī)?;逊始夹g(shù)堆肥全過程樣品,化學(xué)值分布是堆肥物料自然發(fā)酵的分布狀態(tài),由化學(xué)值含量分布直方圖(圖2)可知,三者的含量基本服從正態(tài)分布,校正集和驗(yàn)證集樣品均覆蓋了堆肥的全過程,滿足過程分析的需求。

對(duì)2種工藝堆肥過程中含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比進(jìn)行顯著性分析,結(jié)果如表1所示,不同堆肥技術(shù)相應(yīng)關(guān)鍵參數(shù)間具有顯著性差異(<0.05);同一技術(shù)不同發(fā)酵時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)間也具有顯著性差異(<0.05)。

圖2 堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)含量的分布

表1 槽式和膜覆蓋堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)

注:±表示同一天采集的10樣品的化學(xué)測(cè)量值的平均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差;堆肥技術(shù)欄中,不同技術(shù)上標(biāo)的不同大寫字母表示不同技術(shù)相應(yīng)關(guān)鍵參數(shù)間具有顯著性差異(<0.05);堆肥時(shí)間欄中,不同小寫字母表示不同發(fā)酵時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)間具有顯著性差異(<0.05)。

Note: ± indicates the average value and standard deviation of the chemical measurement values of 10 samples collected on the same day; In the column of composting technology, different capital letters on different technologies indicate that there are significant differences between the corresponding key parameters of different technologies (<0.05); In the compost time column, different small letters indicate that there are significant differences between the key parameters of different fermentation time (<0.05).

堆體含水率隨著堆肥的進(jìn)行在逐漸下降。0~20 d含水率持續(xù)下降,是由于堆體處于升溫和高溫階段,水分散失較大,水分蒸發(fā)損失大于有機(jī)物分解產(chǎn)生的水分;第20 天含水率驟降,是由于曝氣系統(tǒng)失靈,持續(xù)通風(fēng)所致;21~36 d堆體含水率有所回升,是由于溫度降低,微生物分解有機(jī)質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的水分高于由溫度、通風(fēng)引起的水分蒸發(fā)損失。比較兩種堆肥技術(shù),整個(gè)堆肥過程中膜覆蓋堆體的含水率均高于槽式堆體的,主要由于功能膜能夠阻截一部分水分,在膜內(nèi)形成一層水膜,使得水分再次回到堆體中。

堆肥原料的初始有機(jī)質(zhì)含量為48%,隨著堆肥的進(jìn)行,微生物生命活動(dòng)消耗有機(jī)質(zhì),堆體中的有機(jī)質(zhì)含量在逐漸減少,在8~20 d快速降解,在堆肥結(jié)束時(shí)降解到38%左右。比較2種堆肥技術(shù),整個(gè)堆肥過程中膜覆蓋堆體的有機(jī)質(zhì)含量略高于槽式堆體。

堆肥原料的初始碳氮比為15,與槽式堆肥技術(shù)相比,膜覆蓋堆體的碳氮比在堆肥初期呈上升趨勢(shì),主要是因?yàn)槎逊食跗诙洋w中微生物的活動(dòng)需要消耗大量的氮元素,而堆體中的微生物活性較差,對(duì)碳的消耗較慢;當(dāng)堆肥進(jìn)入高溫期后,堆體中的微生物就開始快速消耗碳源,因此堆體中的碳氮比就開始明顯下降。進(jìn)入腐熟階段,膜覆蓋堆肥和槽式堆肥一樣,碳氮比不斷下降并穩(wěn)定在12左右,便于有機(jī)肥的儲(chǔ)存。

總體而言,含水率在33.44%~68.22%,有機(jī)質(zhì)35.07%~62.49%,碳氮比11~17。由于牛糞纖維含量較高,不易腐解,有機(jī)質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分含量較低,C/N比約為13,不能滿足發(fā)酵所需要的C/N比為25~30的條件[42],所以需要添加一定C/N較高的輔料(秸稈、菌渣、鋸末等)將其調(diào)配到適合發(fā)酵的C/N。本試驗(yàn)中添加玉米秸稈用于調(diào)節(jié)碳氮比和增加孔隙率。由于堆肥過程中玉米秸稈較牛糞更難腐熟,因此沒有大量添加玉米秸稈提高碳氮比。與文獻(xiàn)中碳氮比在12~20、15~30相比[42-45],本研究的初始碳氮比和整個(gè)堆肥過程碳氮比的范圍較低,因此碳氮比的模型效果在較大指標(biāo)范圍內(nèi)的預(yù)測(cè)效果會(huì)受到限制。與文獻(xiàn)中含水率控制在25%~75%,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量30%~70%相比,含水率和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量范圍較小,但由于取樣僅涉及了堆肥過程,堆肥后熟至成品的階段含水率和有機(jī)質(zhì)會(huì)繼續(xù)降解含量會(huì)降低,因此含水率和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量基本符合正常的堆肥工藝,可以滿足過程分析的需求。

2.3 樣品光譜主成分分析

圖3為槽式和膜覆蓋好氧堆肥過程樣品光譜在第二主成分的載荷和得分,由載荷分布情況(圖3a和圖3c)可知,光譜差異主要由C-H鍵(7 168 cm-1),O-H鍵(5 285 cm-1)和C=O鍵(5 263 cm-1)振動(dòng)引起[24]。得分圖中的每個(gè)線框代表同一天內(nèi)不同取樣點(diǎn)采集的10個(gè)樣品,不同線框樣品處在堆肥過程的不同發(fā)酵階段。圖2b為槽式好氧堆肥過程樣品光譜的PC2得分,由圖可知,槽式好氧堆肥初期,堆體樣品混合較為均勻,不同取樣點(diǎn)的樣品差異較小,隨著堆肥的進(jìn)行,堆體在不同取樣點(diǎn)的發(fā)酵差異性增加。圖2d為膜覆蓋好氧堆肥過程樣品光譜的PC2得分,由圖可知,膜覆蓋好氧堆肥過程中,堆體在不同取樣點(diǎn)的發(fā)酵差異性先增加后減小,在堆肥后期樣品的變異性變小,說明覆膜使得堆體空氣分布更均勻,堆體的不同位置發(fā)酵較均勻。

2.4 堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)近紅外速測(cè)Local PLS模型

表2為采用600條光譜(校正集480條,預(yù)測(cè)集120條)構(gòu)建的2種不同堆肥技術(shù)堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的PLS模型和Local PLS模型結(jié)果。由表可知,堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差RSD值均小于10%,說明所構(gòu)建的模型可用于槽式和膜覆蓋好氧堆肥過程中含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比的快速檢測(cè)。其中,含水率的2為0.95,RPD為4.47,RSD為3.37%,可達(dá)到很好的預(yù)測(cè)效果;有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比的2分別為0.74和0.77,RPD大于1.5,RSD小于10%,模型可用于定量預(yù)測(cè)。這與含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)和碳氮比含量的正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致。與PLS模型相比,Local PLS模型只需要與預(yù)測(cè)樣品光譜距離相近的100條(含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量參數(shù))或75條光譜(碳氮比參數(shù))就能達(dá)到PLS模型用480條光譜得到的效果,且在對(duì)未知樣品進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)時(shí),Local PLS模型表現(xiàn)出更優(yōu)越的穩(wěn)定性和準(zhǔn)確性,預(yù)測(cè)均方根誤差RMSEP和相對(duì)分析誤差RSD均更小。

注:縱坐標(biāo)括號(hào)內(nèi)為PC2得分。 Note: The score of PC2 is in ordinate bracket.

表2 槽式和膜覆蓋堆肥關(guān)鍵參數(shù)PLS和Local PLS模型結(jié)果

注:SNVD:SNV+Detrend,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正態(tài)變量+去趨勢(shì)校正;S-G:平滑;Autoscale:自動(dòng)標(biāo)尺化。

Note: SNVD: SNV+Detrend, standard normal variable + detrend correction; S-G: Savitzky-Golaysmoothing; Autoscale: automatic scaling.

為直觀地分析Local PLS的計(jì)算原理,以預(yù)測(cè)集樣品中含水率化學(xué)測(cè)量值的最小值和最大值為例分析用Local PLS模型建模時(shí)選用樣品的情況,結(jié)果如圖3所示。圖中紅色圓點(diǎn)為含水率化學(xué)測(cè)量值最小或最大的預(yù)測(cè)樣品,藍(lán)色三角形點(diǎn)為L(zhǎng)ocal PLS模型定標(biāo)時(shí)未選擇的樣品,而Local PLS定標(biāo)所選用的100個(gè)樣品則采用不同顏色形狀表示了樣品所處的堆肥階段,并且括號(hào)內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)給出了每個(gè)階段的樣品數(shù)量。

圖4a為預(yù)測(cè)含水率極小值樣品(堆肥第24天)Local PLS定標(biāo)選用樣品的結(jié)果,由散點(diǎn)圖可知,所選擇的100個(gè)樣品的含水率在30%~50%之間,與預(yù)測(cè)樣品的含水率(32.08%)相近,選擇的樣品主要集中在20~32 d,其中,堆肥24 d的樣品19個(gè),堆肥20和28 d的樣品14個(gè),堆肥32 d的樣品12個(gè),與預(yù)測(cè)樣品所處的堆肥階段相近。圖4b為預(yù)測(cè)含水率極大值樣品(堆肥第4天)Local PLS定標(biāo)所用樣品的結(jié)果,由散點(diǎn)圖可知,所選擇的100個(gè)樣品的含水率在50%~70%之間,與預(yù)測(cè)樣品的含水率(63.06%)相近,選擇的樣品主要集中在0~16 d,其中,堆肥12 d的樣品20個(gè),堆肥4 d的樣品16個(gè),堆肥16 d的樣品14個(gè),與預(yù)測(cè)樣品所處的堆肥階段相近。由上述分析可知,基于Local PLS算法在定標(biāo)時(shí)選擇與預(yù)測(cè)樣品光譜得分更近的樣品進(jìn)行建模,所選樣品與預(yù)測(cè)樣品的化學(xué)值含量和所處的堆肥階段更接近,預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果更加準(zhǔn)確,模型穩(wěn)定性好,同時(shí),采用得分進(jìn)行建模還可以減少運(yùn)算量,大大提高計(jì)算速度。

2.5 基于Local PLS模型對(duì)堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控分析

圖5為預(yù)測(cè)集樣品的Local PLS近紅外預(yù)測(cè)值和實(shí)測(cè)值的模型散點(diǎn)圖(第一列)及隨堆肥時(shí)間關(guān)鍵參數(shù)近紅外預(yù)測(cè)值和實(shí)測(cè)值變化趨勢(shì)圖(第二列)。

模型散點(diǎn)圖中,紅色直線為擬合線,黑色直線為1:1線,粉紅色星點(diǎn)代表槽式好氧堆肥樣品,綠色正方形點(diǎn)代表膜覆蓋好氧堆肥樣品;變化趨勢(shì)圖中,實(shí)線為實(shí)測(cè)值變化趨勢(shì),虛線為近紅外預(yù)測(cè)值的變化趨勢(shì)。

注:括號(hào)內(nèi)數(shù)字為樣品個(gè)數(shù)。

圖5 槽式和膜覆蓋好氧堆肥關(guān)鍵參數(shù)Local PLS模型散點(diǎn)圖及變化趨勢(shì)圖

模型散點(diǎn)圖可以直觀反映模型結(jié)果,擬合線和1:1線的重合度越高,模型效果越好。如圖5a所示,擬合線和1:1線接近重合,散點(diǎn)緊密分布在擬合線和1:1線附近,因而含水率模型預(yù)測(cè)效果很好。

變化趨勢(shì)圖,不僅可以反映不同堆肥技術(shù)堆肥過程關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的變化趨勢(shì),通過與實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定值的趨勢(shì)相比也能反映近紅外模型的精確性。如圖5b所示,不同堆肥技術(shù)堆肥過程中含水率的近紅外預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)測(cè)值隨堆肥時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)均具有很好的一致性。且近紅外預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)測(cè)值之間的偏差很小,說明含水率的預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性很高。

由圖5c和圖5e可知,雖然有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比擬合線和1:1線有一定偏差,校正集和驗(yàn)證集的散點(diǎn)也較為離散,模型的精度還有待提高,但如圖5d和圖5f所示,它們的近紅外預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)測(cè)值隨堆肥時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)是一致的,因此建立Local PLS模型可以對(duì)堆肥過程中的這些參數(shù)的變化進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)。

綜上,本文所建立的Local PLS模型可實(shí)現(xiàn)槽式和膜覆蓋好氧堆肥整個(gè)堆肥過程中關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控。

3 結(jié) 論

本研究以規(guī)?;凼胶湍じ采w好氧堆肥全過程樣品為研究對(duì)象,分析了2種堆肥技術(shù)堆肥全過程中含水率、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比等關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的變化,并結(jié)合Local PLS算法建立了2種堆肥技術(shù)堆肥全過程中上述參數(shù)的通用速測(cè)模型,得出以下結(jié)論:

1)2種主要工藝關(guān)鍵參數(shù)數(shù)值及變化規(guī)律均不同,且在整個(gè)堆肥過程中有顯著性變化(<0.05),槽式堆肥的含水率含量在33.44%~64.27%,有機(jī)質(zhì)35.49%~57.98%,碳氮比11.24~15.94,膜覆蓋堆肥的含水率含量在38.58%~68.22%,有機(jī)質(zhì)35.07%~62.49%,碳氮比11.13~16.93,膜覆蓋堆肥過程中三者的含量略高與槽式堆肥;

2)所建立的Local PLS模型,含水率的2為0.95,相對(duì)分析偏差RPD為4.47,相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差RSD為3.37%,可達(dá)到很好的預(yù)測(cè)效果;有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和碳氮比的2分別為0.74和0.77,RPD大于1.5,RSD小于10%,模型可用于定量預(yù)測(cè)。且其近紅外預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)測(cè)值隨堆肥時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)具有較好的一致性,可實(shí)現(xiàn)不同工藝規(guī)?;逊蔬^程中關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)分析。

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Real-time and dynamic analysis of key composting parameters using NIR Sand Local PLS algorithm

Huang Yuanping, Shen Guanghui, Liao Keke, Wu Yalan, Han Lujia, Yang Zengling※

(100083)

Biomass resources, including crop straw and livestock manure, can usually serve as advantageous raw materials to produce organic fertilizer. The utilization of these resources can be achieved in aerobic composting technology. Currently, trough composting is the main large-scale composting technology in China, due to its large processing capacity, low investment cost, and short composting cycle. As a new type of composting technology, membrane-covered composting refers to a semi-permeable membrane to cover the surface of the fermentation trough. Much attention has gained due to its high efficiency, adaptability, energy saving, easy operation, and reduction of greenhouse gas. However, the composting is normally associated with the complex physical and chemical changes under the action of microorganisms, particularly when affected by some process parameters, such as temperature, moisture content (MC), organic matter content (OM), and carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Specifically, the sample complexity varied in different technologies during composting process. It is necessary to rapidly detect the processing parameters in real time during the whole composting process, in order to fully optimize composting process for the composting quality. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can serve as a promising analytical technology in this case. However, most studies focused on a specific model for a certain composting technology. Since a general model suitable for different composting technologies was built using partial least squares (PLS) method, it is inevitable to bring some problems, such as the number increase of latent variables, model overfitting, and low prediction accuracy. Local PLS algorithm can be expected to save calculation time and improve the accuracy of the models. This study aims to dynamic analyze composting parameters in real-time for various composting technologies using FT-NIR spectroscopy combined with Local PLS method. Dairy manure and corn stalks were used as raw materials for the large-scale trough and membrane-covered aerobic composting. 100 samples were collected for each composting technology. The key physicochemical parameters were analyzed, such as MC, OM, and C/N ratio, during the composting process. A FT-NIR spectrometer was used to obtain the infrared spectra of samples. Local PLS algorithm was used to establish the universal rapid measurement models of processing parameters during the whole composting process in two composting techniques. The results showed that: 1) The changes of key parameters in the whole composting process varied greatly in an individual trough or membrane-covered composting, indicating significant variation in the processing (<0.05); 2) The established Local PLS model demonstrated, excellent prediction for the MC with the2value of 0.95, RPD value of 4.47, and RSD value of 3.37%, as well approximate quantitative prediction for the OM and C/N ratio with the2value of 0.74 and 0.77, RPD value above 1.5, and RSD less than 10%. NIR-prediction has also a good agreement with the measured in the change trends during the composting processing. The proposed algorithm can provide a promising potential to the real-time dynamic analysis of key parameters in the large-scale trough and membrane-covered composting process.

near infrared spectroscopy; composting; algorithm; process analysis; trough composting; membrane-covered composting; keyparameters; Local PLS

黃圓萍,沈廣輝,廖科科,等. 基于NIRS和Local PLS算法的堆肥關(guān)鍵參數(shù)實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)分析[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2020,36(13):195-202.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.13.023 http://www.tcsae.org

Huang Yuanping, Shen Guanghui, Liao Keke, et al. Real-time and dynamic analysis of key composting parameters using NIRS and Local PLS algorithm[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(13): 195-202. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.13.023 http://www.tcsae.org

2020-03-25

2020-06-03

國家奶牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項(xiàng)目(CARS36);教育部創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(IRT-17R105)

黃圓萍,博士生,主要從事生物質(zhì)資源利用研究。Email:hyping@cau.edu.cn

楊增玲,教授,博士,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事生物質(zhì)資源利用研究。Email:yangzengling@cau.edu.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.13.023

S216.1

A

1002-6819(2020)-13-0195-08

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