沈婷婷
摘 ? ? ?要:三氯乙烯(TCE)是工業(yè)污染場(chǎng)地常見(jiàn)的污染物,存在于土壤氣相、固相或以高密度非水相液體的形式遷移轉(zhuǎn)化。土壤對(duì)三氯乙烯的吸附不僅影響土壤中污染物濃度,還極大影響其遷移轉(zhuǎn)化行為。根據(jù)三氯乙烯在土壤中的吸附機(jī)制,本次研究采取序批次等溫靜態(tài)吸附試驗(yàn)測(cè)定了上海崇明地區(qū)淺層四種不同土壤中的吸附系數(shù),并分析了供試土壤類型、不同有機(jī)質(zhì)及黏粒含量對(duì)其吸附性能的影響。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,土層性質(zhì)對(duì)三氯乙烯的吸附性能有較為明顯的影響,黏性土相對(duì)于粉性土,呈現(xiàn)出更好的吸附性能。土壤中有機(jī)碳含量、黏粒含量對(duì)其分配吸附有一定的影響作用,有機(jī)碳、黏粒含量越高對(duì)其吸附量亦越大?;谖皆囼?yàn)實(shí)測(cè)值和理論估算值對(duì)比,本次試驗(yàn)的吸附機(jī)制除有機(jī)分配外,還有礦物質(zhì)的作用。
關(guān) ?鍵 ?詞:三氯乙烯;土的類型;室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn);吸附系數(shù)
中圖分類號(hào):O647.32 ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A ? ? ? 文章編號(hào): 1671-0460(2020)04-0568-04
Abstract: Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common pollutant in industrial polluted sites. It exists the migration and transformation of gas phase, solid phase and high density non-aqueous liquid in soil.Soil adsorption of trichloroethylene not only affects the concentration of pollutants in the soil, but also greatly affects the migration behavior. Based on the adsorption mechanism of trichloroethylene in soil, the adsorption coefficients of four different type soil from Shanghai Chongming area were measured by sequential batch isothermal static adsorption test,and the effect of types, different organic matter and clay content of tested soil on its adsorption performance was analyzed. The results showed that the soil layer had significant effect on the adsorption performance of trichloroethylene, and the clay soil had better adsorption performance than the silt soil. The content of organic carbon and clay particles in soil had a certain effect on the organic distribution, and the higher the content of organic carbon and clay particles, the greater the adsorption capacity. The comparison between the measured value of the adsorption test and the theoretical estimated value proved that the adsorption mechanism of this test was not only the organic distribution, but also the role of minerals.
Key words: TCE; Soil; Laboratory experiments; Adsorption coefficient
三氯乙烯廣泛應(yīng)用于金屬、化工、制藥、印染、建材等行業(yè),其在使用、保存、處理過(guò)程中若管理不善很容易引起土壤和地下水污染,同時(shí)具有強(qiáng)烈的致癌作用和神經(jīng)毒性,對(duì)人體健康存在極大的潛在威脅[1-2]。三氯乙烯化學(xué)性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,密度大,黏度小,難溶于水,一旦污染進(jìn)入表層土壤后,會(huì)在重力作用下滲透,受濃度、壓力、密度、熱力梯度的作用產(chǎn)生遷移擴(kuò)散,導(dǎo)致其在土壤和地下水環(huán)境中遷移轉(zhuǎn)化非常復(fù)雜。其中土壤對(duì)三氯乙烯的吸附行為不僅直接影響其濃度及分布,而且影響遷移轉(zhuǎn)化。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)三氯乙烯在土壤的吸附行為有一定的認(rèn)識(shí),大量研究成果表明,TCE在不同土層當(dāng)中具有不同的吸附特性,有的相差數(shù)十倍,在0.15~11.03 L/kg之間,主要的原因在于不同土壤中的有機(jī)質(zhì)含量差異較大,但也有研究成果表明低有機(jī)質(zhì)含量時(shí)礦物質(zhì)界面的吸附也不容忽視[3-7]。我國(guó)在該方面的研究尚處于起步階段,且土壤類型地域差異很大,不同區(qū)域甚至不同場(chǎng)地可能會(huì)呈現(xiàn)明顯的差別,在典型土壤中的吸附特性沒(méi)有完全把握[8-10]。因此,本文對(duì)三氯乙烯在上海地區(qū)淺層三種不同類型土壤的吸附行為進(jìn)行了研究,獲得其吸附系數(shù),對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)上海地區(qū)三氯乙烯在土壤中遷移轉(zhuǎn)化,為今后潛水含水層吸附參數(shù)的室內(nèi)研究提供一定的借鑒。
1 ?試驗(yàn)部分
1.1 ?試驗(yàn)材料
1.1.1 ?供試土樣
供試土壤樣品采集于上海崇明地區(qū)某氯代烴污染場(chǎng)地,主要包括②3-1層砂質(zhì)粉土,②3夾層淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土,②3-2層粉砂以及⑤層黏土。供試土壤樣品的理化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)結(jié)果詳見(jiàn)表2(土樣有機(jī)碳含量的測(cè)定用K2Cr2O7-FeSO4法測(cè)定土樣中有機(jī)碳的含量)。供試土樣置于陰涼處風(fēng)干,除去有機(jī)物碎片、碎石等雜物,然后粉碎或研磨混合,過(guò)100目篩裝入廣口瓶中備用。
[3] Myrand D, Gillham R W, Sudicky E A, et al. Diffusion of volatile organic compounds in natural clay deposits: Laboratory tests[J]. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1992, 10(2):159-177.
[4] Yong D F, Ball W P. Estimating Diffusion Coefficients in Low- Permeability Porous Media Using a Macropore Column[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998, 32(17):2578-2584.
[5] Itakura T, Airey D W, Leo C J. The diffusion and sorption of volatile organic compounds through kaolinitic clayey soils[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2003, 65(3-4):219.
[6] 胡林,邱兆富,何龍,等.土壤組分對(duì)四氯乙烯吸附解吸行為的影響[J]. 環(huán)境科學(xué),2013,34(12):4635-4641.
[7] 何龍,邱兆富,呂樹(shù)光,等. 三氯乙烯在不同土壤中的吸附特性及其影響因素研究[J]. 環(huán)境科學(xué),2012,33(11):3976-3982.
[8] 張景環(huán). 北京地區(qū)土壤對(duì)柴油的吸附作用研究[D].北京:中國(guó)石油大學(xué),2006.
[9] 劉銳,孟凡勇,文曉剛,等. 揮發(fā)性氯代烴在土壤中的吸附行為研究進(jìn)展[J].土壤學(xué)報(bào),2012,49(1): 165-171.
[10]Kenaga E E, Goring C A I. Relationship between water solubility, soil sorption,octanol-water partitioning, and concentration of chemicals in biota[J]. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ.,1980, 707:78–115.
[11] Brown D S, Flagg E W. Empirical Prediction of Organic Pollutant Sorption in Natural Sediments[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1981, 10(3):382-386.
[12]Karickhoff S W, Brown D S, Scott T A. Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments[J].Water Research,1979, 13(3):241-248.
[13] RaoP S C, Davidso J M. Estimation of pesticide retention and transformation parameters required in nonpoint source pollution models,environmental impact of non-point source pollution[J]. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., AnnArbor, MI, 1980,12(2):23-67.
[14]Barone F S, Rowe R K, Quigley R M. A laboratory estimation of diffusion and adsorption coefficients for several volatile organics in a natural clayey soil[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1992, 10(3):225-250.