畢凌波 尹翠 張奉明 顧佳慧 李捷 祁小術(shù) 張笑婷 吳丹 宗亞玲
摘要:目的? 觀察TRPA1/TRPV1通道對(duì)慢性胰腺炎疼痛的調(diào)控作用。方法? 選取C57野生型小鼠14只,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為空白對(duì)照組(WT-Vehicle組)和慢性胰腺炎模型組(WT-DBTC組),每組7只。另選實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育繁殖的C57轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠,根據(jù)基因鑒定結(jié)果,選取TRPA1基因敲除組(TRPA1-KO-DBTC組)7只和TRPV1基因敲除組(TRPV1-KO-DBTC組)10只,未造模時(shí)測定四組小鼠腹部機(jī)械痛閾和熱痛閾基礎(chǔ)值,分別在第1、7、14天經(jīng)口灌胃方式對(duì)WT-DBTC組、TRPA1-KO-DBTC組和TRPV1-KO-DBTC組按體重給予8 mg/kg二丁基二氯化錫(DBTC)進(jìn)行造模,每日監(jiān)控體重變化。造模結(jié)束后第7天再次測定四組小鼠腹部機(jī)械痛閾和熱痛閾,比較造模前和造模后各組小鼠機(jī)械痛閾和熱痛閾。結(jié)果? 造模結(jié)束7天后,WT-DBTC組小鼠的腹部機(jī)械痛閾和熱痛閾低于WT-Vehicle組(P<0.05);而TRPA1-KO-DBTC組和TRPV1-KO-DBTC組小鼠的腹部機(jī)械痛閾和熱痛閾高于WT-DBTC組小鼠(P<0.05)。結(jié)論? 全身敲除TRPA1和TRPV1通道可以抑制慢性胰腺炎誘發(fā)的機(jī)械痛敏和熱痛敏,TRPA1和TRPV1通道在慢性胰腺炎疼痛中發(fā)揮著重要作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:TRPA1;TRPV1;慢性胰腺炎;疼痛
中圖分類號(hào):R657.5+1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.15.021
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)15-0065-04
Abstract:Objective? To observe the regulation effect of TRPA1/TRPV1 channel on chronic pancreatitis pain.Methods? Fourteen C57 wild-type mice were selected and divided into a blank control group (WT-Vehicle group) and a chronic pancreatitis model group (WT-DBTC group) using a random number table method, with 7 mice in each group. Another selected laboratory to breed C57 transgenic mice, according to the results of gene identification, select 7 TRPA1 knockout group (TRPA1-KO-DBTC group) and 10 TRPV1 knockout group (TRPV1-KO-DBTC group). The basic values of abdominal mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold were measured in four groups without modeling. On day 1,7 and 14, WT-DBTC group, TRPA1-KO-DBTC group and TRPV1-KO-DBTC group were given 8 mg/kg dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC) according to body weight to monitor body weight changes daily. On the 7th day after modeling, the mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold of the four groups of mice were measured again, and the mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold of each group were compared before and after modeling. Results? 7 days after modeling, the abdominal mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold of the WT-DBTC group were lower than those of the WT-Vehicle group (P<0.05); while the TRPA1-KO-DBTC group and TRPV1-KO-DBTC group mice the abdominal mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold were higher than those in the WT-DBTC group (P<0.05).Conclusion? Systemic knockout of TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels can inhibit the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by chronic pancreatitis. TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels play an important role in chronic pancreatitis pain.
Key words:TRPA1;TRPV1;Chronic pancreatitis;Pain
慢性胰腺炎(CP)是一種慢性炎癥性疾病,胰腺組織和功能受各種病因影響形成不可逆改變,其病理特征表現(xiàn)為胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)慢性炎癥損害和間質(zhì)纖維化、胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)鈣化、胰管擴(kuò)張及胰管結(jié)石等改變[1]。CP的發(fā)病機(jī)制可能與多種免疫細(xì)胞和炎癥因子相關(guān)[2],炎癥造成的長期慢性疼痛往往極大的影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。瞬時(shí)受體電位(TRP)通道是一類通道蛋白,廣泛分布于外周和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)[3]。TRP通道均是六次跨膜蛋白,其N末端和C末端在細(xì)胞內(nèi)部,第五和第六個(gè)跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域共同形成非選擇性陽離子孔道[4],其中疼痛感受方面的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,TRPA1和TRPV1通道參與炎性反應(yīng),并在炎性疼痛中發(fā)揮重要作用[5]。雖然急性胰腺炎疼痛的機(jī)制已經(jīng)被深入研究[6],但在CP疼痛模型中,TRPA1和TRPV1通道的作用還未被證實(shí)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過檢測敲除編碼TRPA1和TRPV1通道蛋白基因的小鼠與正常小鼠造模前后腹部機(jī)械痛閾和熱痛閾的變化,旨在為CP引起的疼痛提供新的治療方向。
1材料和方法
1.1主要試劑及設(shè)備? 瓊脂(Biofroxx 公司),三羥甲基氨基甲烷、乙二胺四乙酸二鈉、蔗糖(分析純)、磷酸二氫鉀(分析純)、氯化鈉(分析純)(上海生工),95%乙醇溶液、甘油、Taq 酶(Novoprotein 公司),引物(上海生工),二丁基二氯化錫(DBTC),Von Frey纖維絲(Von Frey hair,Stoelting,Wood Dale,美國)細(xì)絲,熱輻射刺激儀、顯微照相系統(tǒng) (日本 Olympus 公司)、PCR 儀 (Bio-Rad 公司)、分析天平(上海精天電子儀器有限公司),微量加樣槍(Eppendorf 公司),GelDocXR 凝膠成像儀(Bio-Rad 公司)。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組? 健康成年清潔級(jí)C57小鼠14只,體重24~28 g,由徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供;采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為空白對(duì)照組(WT-Vehicle組)和CP模型組(WT-DBTC組),每組7只。另選實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育繁殖的C57轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠,自由進(jìn)食飲水,晝夜節(jié)律根據(jù)基因鑒定結(jié)果,選取TRPA1基因敲除組(TRPA1-KO-DBTC組)7只和TRPV1基因敲除組(TRPV1-KO-DBTC組)10只,體重24~28 g。所有動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)及實(shí)驗(yàn)操作程序皆符合動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)倫理委員會(huì)的有關(guān)規(guī)定,并經(jīng)徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.3藥物的配制? ①DNA 裂解液(A 液,pH=12):取 1.25 ml 濃度為 1 mol/L的 NaOH 和 20 μl 濃度為 0.5 mol/L 的乙二胺四乙酸二鈉,總體積配到接近 50 ml,調(diào)節(jié) pH 值到 12,再定容至 50 ml;②DNA 中和液(B 液,pH=5):取 2 ml 濃度為 1 mol/L,pH值為 8.0 的三羥甲基氨基甲烷加入雙蒸水,配到總體積接近 50 ml,調(diào)節(jié) pH 值到 5,再定容至 50 ml;③使用分析天平按每只小鼠大約需要240 μg稱量DBTC并溶于95%乙醇溶液和甘油按2∶3比例配置的溶劑,稀釋配成1 mg/ml的溶液,實(shí)驗(yàn)中使用的DBTC依據(jù)小鼠體重按8 mg/kg吸取所需的劑量。
1.4基因敲除和模型建立
1.4.1組織DNA提取? 用耳標(biāo)鉗取微量小鼠組織,每管加入 45 μl 的 A 液,100 ℃加熱 45 min后低速離心(1000 rpm),每管加入 45 μl 的 B 液,充分混勻后低速離心(1000 rpm),于4 ℃保存。
1.4.2引物序列? ①TRPA1-/-引物序列:Mutant Forward:CCTCGAATCGTGGATCCACTAGTTCTAGA-T,Mutant Reverse:GAGCATTACTTACTAGCATCCT- GCCGTGCC,Wild type Forward:TCCTGCAAGGGT GATTGCGTTGTCTA;Wild type Reverse:TCATCTG- GGCAACAATGTCACCTGCT;②TRPV1-/-引物序列:Wild type Forward:TGGCTCATATTTGCCTTCAG,Common:CAGCCCTAGGAGTTGATGGA,Mutant For- ward:TAAAGCGCATGCTCCAGACT。
1.4.3 PCR 過程及結(jié)果判定? 2 x Taq 酶5.0 μl,上游引物0.5 μl,下游引物0.5 μl,DNA 提取液1.0 μl,雙蒸水3.0 μl,總體系為 10 μl。上述液體振蕩混勻并短暫離心將管壁上的液體收到管底。將樣品放在 PCR 儀中并啟動(dòng)反應(yīng):94 ℃ 4 min;94 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 50 s,30 個(gè)循環(huán);72 ℃ 10 min延伸,完成后取出,瓊脂糖凝膠電泳后檢測信號(hào),每個(gè)基因?qū)?yīng)的兩個(gè)目的條帶分別顯示陰性和陽性為基因完全敲除。
1.5建立CP模型? 按前述分組,于未造模時(shí)將動(dòng)物下腹部備皮,使用Von Frey纖維絲和熱輻射刺激儀測定四組小鼠腹部機(jī)械痛閾和熱痛閾得到基礎(chǔ)值。按Helieh SOz等[8]的方法,WT-Vehicle組小鼠按體重灌注乙醇和甘油混合液(8 ml/kg)。分別在第1、7、14天對(duì)第WT-DBTC組、TRPA1-KO-DBTC組、TRPV1-KO-DBTC組小鼠經(jīng)口灌注配制好的DBTC溶液(8 mg/kg),體重明顯下降視為造模成功。造模成功后第7天,再次測定四組小鼠腹部機(jī)械痛閾和熱痛閾,兩次檢測實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件相同,均為室溫20 ℃~23 ℃和相對(duì)濕度50%~60%測定記錄數(shù)據(jù)。
1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析? 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析與作圖采用軟件Graph PAD 7.0,計(jì)量資料使用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.01為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義顯著,P<0.001為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義極顯著。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩種轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的鑒定結(jié)果? 幼鼠基因組DNA瓊脂糖凝膠電泳顯示,TRPA1-KO-DBTC組小鼠的TRPA1-Mutant基因?yàn)殛栃?,目的條帶為184 bp,見圖1A;同時(shí)TRPA1-KO-DBTC組小鼠TRPA1-WT基因?yàn)殛幮裕康臈l帶為317,見圖1B,證明該組小鼠為全身TRPA1基因敲除的純合子小鼠。 同理,TRPV1-KO-DBTC組小鼠對(duì)應(yīng)的兩個(gè)目的條帶分別顯示為陰性和陽性,見圖1C、圖D,證明該組小鼠為全身TRPV1基因敲除的純合子小鼠。
2.2各組小鼠造模前后體重變化情況? 造模后第7天,與WT-Vehicle組相比,WT-DBTC組、TRPA1-KO-DBTC組、TRPV1-KO-DBTC組小鼠體重下降(P<0.001),見圖2,表明CP模型建立成功。
2.3全身敲除TRPA1和TRPV1通道對(duì)CP誘發(fā)的機(jī)械痛敏和熱痛敏的影響? WT-Vehicle組相比,WT-DBTC組小鼠腹部機(jī)械痛閾下降[(0.82±0.26)g vs(0.12±0.05)g](P<0.001),見圖3A;造模成功后第7天,與WT-DBTC組相比,TRPA1-KO-DBTC組和TRPV1-KO-DBTC組小鼠腹部機(jī)械痛閾升高(0.12±0.05)g vs (0.48±0.14)g vs(0.47±0.17)g](P<0.01);造模成功后第7天,與WT-Vehicle組相比,WT-DBTC組小鼠腹部熱痛閾顯著下降[(9.91±1.68)s? vs(3.87±0.35)s](P<0.001),見圖3B;與WT-DBTC組相比,TRPA1-KO-DBTC組小鼠腹部熱痛閾升高[(3.87±0.35)s vs(6.82±1.42)s](P<0.05),TRPV1-KO-DBTC組小鼠腹部熱痛閾升高[(3.87±0.35)s vs (10.32±2.30)]s(P<0.001),見圖3B。
3討論
CP作為一種發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確的慢性炎癥,其伴發(fā)的疼痛癥狀極大影響病人的生活質(zhì)量。目前,CP的動(dòng)物模型主要有外科手術(shù)經(jīng)膽管灌注三硝基苯磺酸[8],尾靜脈注射DBTC[9]等方式,均有明顯的副作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過DBTC灌胃的方式,對(duì)動(dòng)物傷害較小,造模成功率較高,較為簡便易行。
在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,野生組小鼠在CP過程中均不同程度出現(xiàn)了機(jī)械痛覺過敏和熱痛覺過敏的現(xiàn)象,即在正常的機(jī)械刺激或熱刺激條件下即可出現(xiàn)疼痛反應(yīng)行為,這可能與長期慢性疼痛導(dǎo)致的中樞敏化機(jī)制有關(guān),該機(jī)制包含了多種蛋白乃至突觸層面的改變[10]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中TRPA1或TRPV1基因缺失的小鼠在患CP后觸誘發(fā)痛現(xiàn)象相比于正常小鼠不明顯,說明在正常小鼠中,TRPA1和TRPV1通道參與慢性炎癥疼痛的傳導(dǎo),TRPA1或TRPV1基因缺失對(duì)CP引起的疼痛具有一定的抑制作用,可以減輕慢性炎癥疼痛的刺激。但較造模前相比,TRPA1或TRPV1基因缺失的小鼠機(jī)械痛閾仍有所下降,說明可能還存在其他參與CP疼痛傳導(dǎo)的通路,TRPA1或TRPV1基因缺失只能導(dǎo)致疼痛的減輕而不導(dǎo)致疼痛完全消失。同時(shí),TRPV1基因缺失的小鼠在患CP后對(duì)熱刺激的敏感性并未升高,而正常小鼠患CP后對(duì)熱刺激的敏感性明顯升高,說明TRPV1基因缺失能夠在CP條件下改變熱痛覺的傳導(dǎo)。由于TRPV1通道在炎性疼痛和熱痛的傳導(dǎo)中都具有重要作用,因此,TRPV1通道缺失在CP疼痛中的具體作用仍需要進(jìn)一步研究。
TRPA1和TRPV1通道作為TRP通道家族的成員,高表達(dá)在傷害性感受相關(guān)的中小直徑觸及感覺神經(jīng)元中[11]。在組織炎癥或神經(jīng)損傷時(shí),可在局部炎癥介質(zhì)如緩激肽、前列腺素、神經(jīng)生長因子和ATP等刺激下發(fā)生功能敏化,并且導(dǎo)致背根神經(jīng)節(jié)中降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽等疼痛相關(guān)物質(zhì)表達(dá)量增加[12,13]。同時(shí),在炎癥中被激活的蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)等也可激活TRPA1和TRPV1通道[14]。目前已有多項(xiàng)研究通過基因敲除的方式研究TRPA1和TRPV1通道在不同疾病中的作用[15,16],同時(shí),有研究表明基因敲除和受體阻滯兩種方法各有優(yōu)勢(shì),在很多情況下實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果并不相同,甚至相差甚遠(yuǎn)[17]。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中以轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,最大限度的消除TRPA1和TRPV1通道的作用。在今后的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,可以通過特異性在外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)敲除TRPA1和TRPV1兩種基因的表達(dá),更好地證明這兩種通道在痛覺傳導(dǎo)方面的作用。
綜上所述,CP引起的疼痛會(huì)引起小鼠對(duì)機(jī)械刺激和熱刺激的反應(yīng)閾值降低,出現(xiàn)痛覺過敏現(xiàn)象。TRPA1和TRPV1通道在CP疼痛中具有調(diào)控作用,TRPA1通道缺失可以引起慢性炎癥小鼠對(duì)機(jī)械刺激的痛覺過敏減弱,TRPV1通道缺失可以引起慢性炎癥小鼠對(duì)機(jī)械刺激和熱刺激的痛覺過敏減弱。
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收稿日期:2020-04-25;修回日期:2020-05-25
編輯/肖婷婷