趙禹
摘要:目的? 分析2018年1~12月本溪市流行性出血熱發(fā)病情況,以期為疾病防治提供參考依據(jù)。方法? 采用描述性流行病學(xué)方法對(duì)本溪市2018年1~12月流行性出血熱的疫情監(jiān)測(cè)資料進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果? 2018年1~12月本溪市流行性出血熱發(fā)病共47例,無(wú)死亡病例,發(fā)病率為2.72/10萬(wàn),其中本溪縣地區(qū)發(fā)病率最高,高新區(qū)發(fā)病率最低。宿主動(dòng)物檢測(cè)顯示,同一季節(jié)本溪市和國(guó)家/省級(jí)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)本溪縣野外的鼠密度大于居民區(qū),且春季鼠密度小于秋季。本溪市共解剖鼠肺400只,經(jīng)出血熱抗原檢測(cè),抗原陽(yáng)性9份,鼠帶毒率為2.25%,其中居民區(qū)陽(yáng)性3份,鼠帶毒率為1.50%;野外陽(yáng)性6份,鼠帶毒率為3.00%;且春季帶毒率為1.75%,高于秋季的0.50%。本溪縣共解剖鼠肺200只,經(jīng)出血熱抗原檢測(cè),抗原陽(yáng)性3份,鼠帶毒率為1.50%,其中居民區(qū)陽(yáng)性1份,鼠帶毒率為0.50%;野外陽(yáng)性2份,鼠帶毒率為1.00%;且春季帶毒率為1.00%,高于秋季的0.50%。結(jié)論? 本溪市地區(qū)流行性出血熱發(fā)病率存在季節(jié)和地區(qū)差異,應(yīng)提高重點(diǎn)地區(qū)防鼠滅鼠,重點(diǎn)人群出血熱疫苗接種率和防治知識(shí)知曉率,有針對(duì)性的防御。
關(guān)鍵詞:流行性出血熱;疫情監(jiān)測(cè);漢坦病毒
中圖分類號(hào):R18? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.15.039
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)15-0128-03
Abstract:Objective? To analyze the incidence of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Benxi City from January to December 2018, with a view to providing a reference for disease prevention and treatment.Methods? Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemic surveillance data of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Benxi City from January to December 2018.Results? From January to December 2018, there were 47 cases of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Benxi City, with no deaths. The incidence rate was 2.72 per 100,000. Among them, the incidence rate in Benxi County was the highest, and that in the High-tech zone was the lowest. Host animal testing showed that in the same season, the density of rodents in the wild in Benxi City and the national/provincial monitoring point in Benxi County was greater than that in residential areas, and the density of rats in spring was less than that in autumn. A total of 400 rat lungs were dissected in Benxi City. After testing for hemorrhagic fever antigen, 9 were positive for the antigen and the rate of virulence in mice was 2.25%, of which 3 were positive in the residential area and 1.50% were in the wild; The poisoning rate is 3.00%; and the poisoning rate in spring is 1.75%, which is higher than 0.50% in autumn.A total of 200 rat lungs were dissected in Benxi County. After hemorrhagic fever antigen test, 3 antigens were positive and the virulence rate was 1.50%, of which 1 was positive in residential areas and 0.50%.2 positive cases in the field, the rate of virulence in rats was 1.00%; and the rate of virulence in spring was 1.00%, higher than 0.50% in autumn.Conclusion? There are seasonal and regional differences in the incidence of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Benxi City. It is necessary to improve the anti-rat and rodent control in key areas. The vaccination rate of hemorrhagic fever vaccine and awareness of prevention and control in key populations should be targeted.
Key words:Epidemic hemorrhagic fever;Epidemic surveillance;Hantaan virus
腎綜合征出血熱(hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome,HFRS)是一種主要流行在亞洲和非洲的傳染病,是由漢坦病毒引起的一種自然疫源性疾病,鼠類是漢坦病毒主要宿主動(dòng)物和傳染源[1]。感染后臨床主要表現(xiàn)為急性腎損傷、血管通透性增高和凝血功能異常,其病情危急、并發(fā)癥多,病死率高[2]。根據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),1950~2014年中國(guó)共報(bào)告了1625002例出血熱病例,其中46968例死亡,死亡率為2.89%[3]。為了進(jìn)一步了解本溪市出血熱的流行特征,為制定防控策略和措施提供科學(xué)依據(jù),本研究結(jié)合2018年度報(bào)告的出血熱病例以及監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行具體分析。
1資料與方法
1.1資料來(lái)源? 2018年1~12月病例資料來(lái)源于中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制信息系統(tǒng)-傳染病報(bào)告系統(tǒng),人口資料來(lái)源于中心流行病調(diào)查,宿主動(dòng)物監(jiān)測(cè)資料來(lái)源于本溪市疾病預(yù)防控制中心檔案資料。
1.2方法
1.2.1人血清漢坦病毒核酸檢測(cè)? 患者血清采用ELISA法檢測(cè)漢坦病毒特異性IgM、IgG 抗體。
1.2.2宿主動(dòng)物檢測(cè)? 根據(jù)WS278-2008《流行性出血熱診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[4],分別于春季和秋季對(duì)本溪市和國(guó)家/省級(jí)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)本溪市進(jìn)行鼠密度及鼠帶毒率監(jiān)測(cè)。采用夾夜法分別在居民區(qū)和野外開(kāi)展捕鼠調(diào)查,并計(jì)算鼠密度(鼠密度=捕獲鼠的數(shù)/有效夾數(shù)×100%)。對(duì)捕到的鼠進(jìn)行無(wú)菌解剖取鼠肺,采用免疫熒光法檢測(cè)其EHF抗原攜帶情況,即鼠帶毒率,鼠帶毒率=抗原陽(yáng)性鼠數(shù)量/捕獲鼠的數(shù)量×100%。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 應(yīng)用Excel和SPSS 17.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以(n)和(%)進(jìn)行描述。
2結(jié)果
2.1本溪市出血熱發(fā)病情況? 本溪市出血熱發(fā)病共47例,無(wú)死亡病例,發(fā)病率為2.72/10萬(wàn),其中本溪縣地區(qū)發(fā)病率最高,高新區(qū)發(fā)病率最低,見(jiàn)表1。
2.2宿主動(dòng)物檢測(cè)
2.2.1本溪市春秋季鼠密度及帶毒率監(jiān)測(cè)情況? 春秋兩季鼠密度監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,同一季節(jié)野外的鼠密度大于居民區(qū),且春季鼠密度小于秋季。共解剖鼠肺400只,經(jīng)出血熱抗原檢測(cè),抗原陽(yáng)性9份,鼠帶毒率為2.25%,其中居民區(qū)陽(yáng)性3份,鼠帶毒率為1.50%;野外陽(yáng)性6份,鼠帶毒率為3.00%;且春季帶毒率為1.75%,高于秋季的0.50%,見(jiàn)表2。
2.2.2國(guó)家/省級(jí)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)(本溪縣)春秋季鼠密度及鼠帶毒率監(jiān)測(cè)情況? 春秋兩季鼠密度監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,同一季節(jié)野外的鼠密度大于居民區(qū),且春季鼠密度小于秋季。共解剖鼠肺200只,經(jīng)出血熱抗原檢測(cè),抗原陽(yáng)性3份,鼠帶毒率為1.50%,其中居民區(qū)陽(yáng)性1份,鼠帶毒率為0.50%;野外陽(yáng)性2份,鼠帶毒率為1.00%;且春季帶毒率為1.00%,高于秋季的0.50%,見(jiàn)表3。
3討論
3.1出血熱發(fā)病情況? 2018年1~12月本溪市出血熱發(fā)病47例,發(fā)病率為2.75/10萬(wàn),發(fā)病地區(qū)主要集中于本溪縣(25.53%)和明山區(qū)(21.28%)。宿主動(dòng)物檢測(cè)顯示,同一季節(jié)本溪市和國(guó)家/省級(jí)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)本溪縣野外的鼠密度大于居民區(qū),且春季鼠密度小于秋季。本溪市共解剖鼠肺400只,經(jīng)出血熱抗原檢測(cè),抗原陽(yáng)性9份,鼠帶毒率為2.25%,其中居民區(qū)陽(yáng)性3份,鼠帶毒率為1.50%;野外陽(yáng)性6份,鼠帶毒率為3.00%;且春季帶毒率為1.75%,高于秋季的0.50%。本溪縣共解剖鼠肺200只,經(jīng)出血熱抗原檢測(cè),抗原陽(yáng)性3份,鼠帶毒率為1.50%,其中居民區(qū)陽(yáng)性1份,鼠帶毒率為0.50%;野外陽(yáng)性2份,鼠帶毒率為1.00%;且春季帶毒率為1.00%,高于秋季的0.50%。研究表明[5-7],氣溫、降水和相對(duì)濕度等氣候因素可能影響HFRS的發(fā)病率,尤其是季節(jié),一般春季是高峰期,秋季是小高峰期。而本溪市鼠密度主要是在秋季較高,這是由于秋季是各種糧食或者果實(shí)成熟的季節(jié),有利于鼠類的繁殖與快速生長(zhǎng);而在春季帶毒率較高,這是由于春季萬(wàn)物復(fù)蘇,導(dǎo)致各種病菌以及傳染病的快速傳播,與國(guó)內(nèi)的其他研究相一致[7]。
3.2防治策略? 盡管相關(guān)部門已經(jīng)根據(jù)上一年監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果對(duì)防疫工作進(jìn)行加強(qiáng),但是防治的首要任務(wù)仍是防鼠滅鼠,要做到春季防疫情傳染,秋季嚴(yán)控鼠密度。鼠密度與出血熱發(fā)病率具有直接的關(guān)系[8]。在高發(fā)的地區(qū)尤其是本溪縣要堅(jiān)持常年滅鼠和突擊滅鼠相結(jié)合,保持防鼠滅鼠工作的常態(tài)化,于出血熱春季流行高峰前進(jìn)行全地區(qū)的大面積突擊滅鼠,疫情暴發(fā)時(shí)應(yīng)隨時(shí)采取應(yīng)急滅鼠措施,將鼠密度控制在指標(biāo)要求以下。其次,要擴(kuò)大接種人群、加強(qiáng)接種疫苗。流行性出血熱疫苗的接種能夠有效預(yù)防出血熱,是目前最為有效手段[9-11]。通過(guò)接種疫苗,形成免疫保護(hù)屏障,提高人體整體的免疫力。同時(shí)根據(jù)檢測(cè)結(jié)果,對(duì)本溪縣、明山區(qū)、懷仁縣等發(fā)病率高的地區(qū)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)。最后,加強(qiáng)對(duì)感染人群的深入分析,年齡職業(yè)、性別、年齡、居住環(huán)境等的有效分析,能夠更為準(zhǔn)確的加強(qiáng)疾病的預(yù)防[12]。
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收稿日期:2020-04-04;修回日期:2020-04-14
編輯/杜帆