程明華
定語從句包括限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有who,whom, whose, that, which, as等,在從句中做主語、賓語或定語等;關(guān)系副詞有when,where, why,在從句中做狀語。在語法填空和短文改錯等題型中均涉及對定語從句的考查。其用法比較復雜,使用時很容易出錯。本文對定語從句的常見錯誤加以解析,以期對同學們有所幫助。
一、關(guān)系詞之間的混用
1. 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的混用
例1: I've never heard of such a sport
___ participants who use the most time are awarded gold medals.
A. as ? ? ? B. which
C. whose ? ? ? D. where
【解析】句意:我從來沒有聽說過這樣一種運動,在這種運動中,用時最多的參賽者得到金牌。先行詞such a sport在定語從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語,用where引導定語從句,where=in which。故選D。
【結(jié)論】 關(guān)系詞的選擇是看先行詞在從句中所充當?shù)某煞?,如果充當主語、賓語或定語用關(guān)系代詞;做狀語用關(guān)系副詞。
近年來,高考題對于where引導定語從句的考查趨于復雜化,先行詞從 “明顯的地點”轉(zhuǎn)化為“模糊的地點”。當先行詞表示某人/物的situation,或某事所發(fā)展的stage和point,或表達某事的某個方面時,都可用where這個關(guān)系副詞。
例2:Their child is at the stage ___ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
A. why ? ? ? B. where
C. which ? ? ? D. what
【解析】 句意:他們的孩子正處于能說單個單詞而不能說完整句子的階段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是定語從句,先行詞the stage在從句中做地點狀語,用關(guān)系副詞where,故選B。
例3: She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ___ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which ? ? ? B. where
C. what ? ? ? D. who
【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知, ___ allows them to communicate freely with each other修飾先行詞atmosphere,允許他們互相自由交流的氣氛,且從句中缺少主語,故選A。而不要想當然地認為定語從句前的名詞her students就是先行詞,誤選D。句意:她擁有為她的學生創(chuàng)造一種允許他們相互自由交流的氣氛的天賦。
【結(jié)論】定語從句往往緊跟在先行詞之后,但有時會被其他成分分離,應結(jié)合具體語境找出先行詞。如:Tom was the first student in his class who had won the scholarship.先行詞student和定語從句被介詞短語“in his class”隔開,湯姆是他班里第一個獲得獎學金的學生。
例4: Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ___ life has developed gradually.
A. that ? ? ? B. where
C. which ? ? ? D. whose
【解析】 斯蒂芬·霍金認為地球不可能是唯一的生命逐漸發(fā)展的星球。___ life has developed gradually修飾先行詞the only planet,先行詞在從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語,所以選B項,where引導定語從句,相當于in which。如果選whose,就是星球的生命在逐漸發(fā)展,而不是地球上的生命體,這與常識相矛盾。
【結(jié)論】 關(guān)系詞的選擇要結(jié)合具體的語境和常識。
2. 關(guān)系代詞which和whose的混用
例1: Look! The dictionary, ___ is red, is a birthday gift given by his father.
A. which cover
B. the cover of which
C. whose the cover
D. that the cover
【解析】 句意:看!紅色封皮的字典是他父親給他的生日禮物。字典與封皮是所屬關(guān)系,所以用whose做定語來修飾cover,中間不能加the, C項是錯誤的。答案B項等于whose cover。
【結(jié)論】 關(guān)系代詞which 在定語從句中做主語或賓語,而關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中做定語,兩者可以互換:the cover of which=of which the cover=whose cover。
例2: When the Spring Festival comes, there are many “sales” in my city, during ___ time stores will lower their normal prices.
A. whose ? ? ? B. that
C. which ? ? ? D. its
【解析】 句意:當春節(jié)來臨時,城里會有很多促銷活動,那時店鋪往往會降低正常的價格。which time 指代先行詞the Spring Festival,前面加介詞during,表示在“春節(jié)期間”,during which time在從句中做時間狀語,故選C。
【結(jié)論】 whose在定語從句中做定語,翻譯成“……的”;which在定語從句中除了做主語或賓語外,還可以做定語,翻譯成“那個(種)”。例如:
I may have to work late, in which case I'll telephone. 我可能得晚點下班,那樣我會打電話的。
3. 只可以用關(guān)系代詞that的地方混用了其他關(guān)系代詞
例: You may search on the Internet for professors and their courses about the university ___ may interest you.
【解析】 句意:你可以在網(wǎng)上搜索這所大學中你可能感興趣的教授和他們的課程信息。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,先行詞為professors and their courses,既有人又有物,且在從句中做主語,關(guān)系詞中只有that能滿足這個要求,故填that。
【結(jié)論】 當先行詞既包括人又包括物時,關(guān)系代詞只能用that。另外,當先行詞是all, something, everything, anything等不定代詞時或者先行詞被the only, the very, all, much, little, few, any等修飾或被形容詞的最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾時,關(guān)系代詞只能用that。
4. 不能用關(guān)系代詞that的地方誤用了that
例: Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ___ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this ? ? ? B. that
C. what ? ? ? D. which
【解析】 句意:Ted僅穿著短褲和T恤來過周末,在這種天氣下這樣做真愚蠢。___ is a stupid thing to do in such weather 是非限制性定語從句,該從句缺主語,選項A和選項C不能引導定語從句,選項B不能引導非限制性定語從句,故答案選D,which指代主句所表達的含義。
【結(jié)論】 非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不能用that。此外,在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導的定語從句中,也不能用that。
二、人稱代詞與關(guān)系代詞的混用
例1:My father bought me several books, but ___ was interesting.
A. most of them B. none of them
C. none of which D. that
【解析】句意:父親給我買了幾本書,但沒有一本有趣。該句是由but連接的并列句,而不是非限制性定語從句。but后面的句子少主語,所以選B。若將but去掉,本題就成了“不定代詞+of+關(guān)系代詞”引導的非限制性定語從句,這時就要選C。
例2:English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ___ uses it somewhat differently .
A. which ? ? ? B. what
C. them ? ? ? D. those
【解析】英語是一種被多種文化分享的語言,每一種文化在使用它時都有某些不同。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,each of ___ uses it somewhat differently是非限制性定語從句,從句中缺主語,所以要用which代替cultures,故選A。
【結(jié)論】 非限制性定語從句和主句要用逗號分開,而不用連詞或分號。
三、關(guān)系詞的漏用
例1: We are in a difficult situation,
___ we do not develop new products, we will end up closing our doors.
A. if ? ? ? B. where
C. where if ? ? ? D. if where
【解析】 句意:我們現(xiàn)在處于如果不開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品就會關(guān)門的艱難處境中。___ we do not develop new products, we will end up closing our doors是非限制性定語從句,對先行詞a difficult situation進行補充說明。先行詞在從句中做地點狀語,用where引導,不可以省略;同時定語從句中包含了一個if引導的條件狀語從句,故選C。
【結(jié)論】 引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞常不可以省略。
但是在限制性定語從句中,做賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。例如:
The professor (that / who / whom) you wish to see has come. 如果把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前,形成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導定語從例句,此時做介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞不可省略。例如:This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
四、成分重復
例:(改錯題) Could you show me the computer you want to have it repaired?
【解析】句意:你能給我看看你要修的電腦嗎?you want to have repaired 是定語從句,修飾 computer,關(guān)系代詞that或which指代 computer,做have(使,讓)的賓語,被省略了。所以答案是劃掉it。如果不劃掉it,那就和that或which重復了。
【結(jié)論】 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中所代替的部分,不可在從句中再出現(xiàn)。
五、主謂不一致
例1:(改錯題) 1. The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draws lots of visitors every year.
例2:(改錯題) 2. The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that are seen from the moon.
【解析】 錯題1中的關(guān)系代詞that是指代buildings,從句中的謂語應該用復數(shù),所以draws去掉s。句意:長城是每年吸引很多游客的世界著名建筑物之一。錯題2的先行詞是the only one,所以定語從句謂語用單數(shù)形式,將are改為is。句意:長城是唯一一個從月球上被看得到的地球上的建筑物。
【結(jié)論】關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做主語時,定語從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。另外,如果先行詞指代整個主句,定語從句的謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。如:He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us.
六、定語從句與其他從句的混用
1. 定語從句與名詞性從句的混用
例1:I'm interested in ___ you have said.
A. all that ? ? B. all what
C. that ? ? ? D. which
【解析】 what只能引導名詞性從句,不能引導定語從句。that引導定語從句,修飾先行詞all,故選A。該句可以改成:I'm interested in what you have said.,what從句充當介詞in的賓語。
例2:(語法填空) ___ is known to all, the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
【解析】 該題前后兩個句子沒有連接詞,結(jié)合語境可知,第一句為定語從句,空格處需要一個能充當從句主語且指代主句所表達含義的關(guān)系代詞,又因在句首,只能用as且要大寫。該題可改成:It is known to all that the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.,it是形式主語,that從句為主語從句;也可改成:What is known to all is that the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life., what is known to all 是主語從句,that引導表語從句。
例3:Most people have no idea ___the words they use affect their feelings, experiences and behavior.
A. what ? ? ? B. which
C. who ? ? ? D. that
【解析】 idea后的從句可能是定語從句,也可能是同位語從句。定語從句是對先行詞進行修飾限制,而同位語從句是對前面的名詞作進一步解釋,說明其內(nèi)容。根據(jù)句意,該題是同位語從句,且從句不缺少句子成分。what, which和who在同位語從句中要充當某一成分,而that引導同位語從句時,不充當句子成分,故選D。
2. 定語從句與狀語從句的混用
例:Here is so difficult a problem ___ none of us can solve.
A. which ? ? ? B. that
C. as ? ? ? D. what
【解析】 如果先行詞被the same, such, as, so所修飾,先行詞在定語從句中充當主語或賓語等時,則用關(guān)系代詞as引導定語從句。none of us can solve缺少賓語,其先行詞又被so修飾,故選C項,as充當solve的賓語。如果選that,該句就是so... that 句型,that從句不能缺少成分,所以solve要加上it。句意:這是一道我們都不能解決的難題。
3. 定語從句與強調(diào)句型的混用
例1: Is it that museum ___ they'd like to visit during their trip to Japan?
A. that ? ? ? B. which
C. where ? ? ? D. as
【解析】強調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)是:It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that+句子其他成分。判斷強調(diào)句的基本方法是:去掉It is/was 和空格,句子是完整的;否則就不是。本題去掉It is/was 和空格后,句子是完整的,所以是強調(diào)句型,故選A。句意:他們在日本旅行期間想?yún)⒂^的是那家博物館嗎?
例2: It was April 29, 2011 ___ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A. that ? ? ? B. when
C. since ? ? ? D. before
【解析】 去掉It was 和空格,句子不完整,April 29, 2011前要加介詞on,所以本句不是強調(diào)句。April 29, 2011為定語從句的先行詞,定語從句缺少時間狀語,故答案選B。句意:2011年4月29日,威廉王子與凱特·米德爾頓步入了婚禮殿堂。