徐 楊,竇 森,張一楓,田宇欣,段宏美,白 月
添加蒙脫石是否促進(jìn)白花苜蓿的腐殖化進(jìn)程?*
徐 楊,竇 森?,張一楓,田宇欣,段宏美,白 月
(吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,長春 130118)
植物殘?bào)w和微生物生物量是腐殖物質(zhì)(Humic substance,HS)形成的主要母體材料,同時(shí)黏土礦物作為土壤的重要組成部分,在HS的形成中也扮演重要角色,然而目前有關(guān)黏土礦物對HS形成過程的具體影響還不清楚。選擇將黏土礦物-蒙脫石和微生物-土壤浸提液作為控制條件對白花苜蓿進(jìn)行模擬培養(yǎng)腐殖化,通過表征培養(yǎng)過程中總有機(jī)碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)含量、類腐殖質(zhì)組成、類胡敏酸(Humic-like acid,HLA)的元素組成和紅外光譜特征,探究蒙脫石添加對白花苜蓿腐殖化進(jìn)程的影響。結(jié)果表明,模擬培養(yǎng)腐殖化后,蒙脫石添加雖然加速了TOC的分解,促進(jìn)HLA的生成,但使HLA的縮合度降低,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單化;而土壤浸提液添加則使蒙脫石處理加快了結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜的HLA積累。培養(yǎng)后,不同處理的HLA均向著接近土壤胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)O/C和H/C值的方向發(fā)展,其中未添加蒙脫石處理(AnM)的HLA復(fù)雜化程度與真正的HA最接近,更進(jìn)一步說明蒙脫石不能促進(jìn)HLA更接近土壤HA。綜上,在模擬培養(yǎng)腐殖化條件下,蒙脫石添加可促進(jìn)白花苜蓿TOC的分解及其HLA的形成,從而加快白花苜蓿的腐殖化進(jìn)程,但卻使形成的HLA結(jié)構(gòu)更加簡單化,與真正的HA仍存在較大的差異,該研究結(jié)果為土壤HS的形成機(jī)理與起源探索提供了一定的科學(xué)借鑒。
白花苜蓿;模擬培養(yǎng);腐殖化;腐殖物質(zhì);類胡敏酸
腐殖物質(zhì)(Humic substances,HS)是土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)(soil organic matter,SOM)的主體[1],執(zhí)拗性的植物殘?bào)w和微生物殘?bào)w是HS的重要來源[2]。然而,HS形成的機(jī)制仍有待闡明,這種知識(shí)的缺乏阻礙了我們對土壤管理選項(xiàng)的優(yōu)化或更新[2]。改變各種來源和動(dòng)態(tài)將導(dǎo)致HS的組成、性質(zhì)、過程和功能不同。因此,需要對HS的形成途徑進(jìn)行更加深入細(xì)致的研究[7]。研究者認(rèn)為被子植物對HS的形成與轉(zhuǎn)化起著至關(guān)重要的作用[3-4],其中白車軸草(L.)俗稱白花苜蓿研究較多,具有很大的研究價(jià)值,因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)選用白花苜蓿為培養(yǎng)材料,以探究HS的形成。
有學(xué)者采用微生物純培養(yǎng)方法來研究HS的形成[5],但由于未加黏土礦物催化,形成的類腐殖物質(zhì)(Humic-like substances,HLS)與土壤HS相差很大[6]。因此,HS與礦物表面之間的復(fù)雜相互作用,以及微生物作為參與者的作用需要比過去更詳細(xì)地闡明[7]。Birkel等[8]為證實(shí)黏土礦物催化作用,通過研究酚類(鄰苯二酚,連苯三酚和2,6-二甲基戊酚)在蒙脫石顆粒表面上的反應(yīng),得出礦物結(jié)構(gòu)中的鐵是黏土催化活性的部分原因的結(jié)論。Filip等[9]指出,黏土礦物可縮短暗色物質(zhì)形成的時(shí)間并增加堿提取腐殖酸類聚合物的數(shù)量。黏土礦物的催化作用主要通過間接影響酚類物質(zhì)的形成而實(shí)現(xiàn),但所形成的HS結(jié)構(gòu)未見差異。Duarte等[10]認(rèn)為礦物表面對土壤胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)分子中非晶形亞甲基結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)量的提升具有顯著抑制作用,即提高了HA的芳香度。然而對HS的形成條件仍有諸多不解,黏土礦物對腐殖化進(jìn)程的影響仍需要被更加準(zhǔn)確和詳細(xì)的闡明。本研究分別將黏土礦物-蒙脫石和微生物-土壤浸提液作為控制條件,以探究蒙脫石處理對白花苜蓿腐殖化進(jìn)程的影響,結(jié)果可為土壤HS的形成機(jī)理與起源探索提供了一定的科學(xué)借鑒。
白花苜蓿:選取被子植物門,車軸草屬的白車軸草,俗稱白花苜蓿為培養(yǎng)材料。白花苜蓿于2017年4月7日采自長春市凈月區(qū)吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)第三試驗(yàn)田。將采集得到的白花苜蓿進(jìn)行清洗后風(fēng)干,置于烘箱中90℃下高溫殺酶20 min,65℃烘干2 d,至重量不再變化。經(jīng)剪切、磨碎后過1 mm(20目)和0.3 mm(60目)篩子備用。含碳量為440.8 g·kg–1,C/N為26.85。
黏土礦物:選用蒙脫石,于2017年3月購自上海國藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司,CAS NO.:1318-93-0。
供試土壤及土壤浸提液:供試土壤為草甸黑土,于2017年4月25日取自吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)玉米連作試驗(yàn)田(43°48′46″ N,125°23′28″ E)0~20 cm耕層,土壤含碳量為9.76 g kg–1,C/N為7.28。于取土當(dāng)天按水土比1︰2.5提取土壤浸提液。其余土壤風(fēng)干過1 mm和0.3 mm篩子備用。
培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)于2017年4月26日開始。處理A在250 ml塑料燒杯內(nèi)分別加入45 g蒙脫石和15 g白花苜蓿(60目),混合均勻。接種10 mL土壤浸提液并用蒸餾水調(diào)節(jié)混合物含水量至田間最大持水量的80%左右,用保鮮膜封口,在保鮮膜上均勻設(shè)置5個(gè)直徑為1 mm的通氣孔,放置30℃培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)。同時(shí)設(shè)置了無蒙脫石(AnM)和無土壤浸提液(AnI)處理,培養(yǎng)條件和方法均與A處理相同。分別于培養(yǎng)0 d、90 d、180 d和360 d取樣分析,每個(gè)取樣時(shí)間3個(gè)重復(fù),每次取走整瓶。
土壤腐殖質(zhì)與培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物的類腐殖質(zhì)組分采用腐殖質(zhì)組成修改法進(jìn)行提取[11-12]。其中水溶性物質(zhì)(Water soluble substance,WSS)含碳量采用TOC 分析儀(日本島津 TOC-VCPH)測定;富里酸(Fulvic acid,F(xiàn)A)/類富里酸(Fulvic-like acid,F(xiàn)LA)和胡敏酸(HA)/類胡敏酸(Humic-like acid,HLA)采用重鉻酸鉀容量法;總有機(jī)碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)和胡敏素(Humin,Hu)/類胡敏素(Humin-like,HLu)采用德國碳硫分析儀(Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH)測定。用PQ=HA/(FA+HA)值表示材料的腐殖化程度。
土壤HA與培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物提取物(HLA)采用國際腐殖質(zhì)協(xié)會(huì)(International Humic Substances Society,IHSS)推薦的方法進(jìn)行提取純化[13]。HA和HLA的元素組成和紅外光譜分別采用德國Elementar Vario EL Ⅲ型元素分析儀和美國AVATAR 360傅里葉變換紅外光譜儀進(jìn)行測定。
文中數(shù)據(jù)采用 Excel 2010 與Origin 7.5 軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析處理,用SPSS Statistics 20.0軟件進(jìn)行顯著性差異分析,<0.05。
如圖1所示,與未添加蒙脫石(AnM)相比,添加蒙脫石(A)對白花苜蓿腐殖化進(jìn)程的影響十分顯著,促進(jìn)了TOC的分解。培養(yǎng)90 d后,TOC的分解率為:A-t1(64.88%)>AnM-t1(22.58%);180 d后,總有機(jī)碳(TOC)進(jìn)入“緩慢分解階段”,A-t2(66.13%)>AnM-t2(27.72%);360 d后,A-t3(75.36%)>AnM-t3(37.34%),蒙脫石處理始終加速TOC的分解。與未加土壤浸提液(AnI)相比,添加土壤浸提液(A)使蒙脫石處理在培養(yǎng)初期促進(jìn)TOC的分解,隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的增加,兩類處理的TOC基本接近。培養(yǎng)90 d后,TOC的分解率為:A-t1(64.88%)>AnI-t1(47.75%);180 d后,TOC分解緩慢,A-t2(66.13%)>AnI-t2(54.64%);360 d后,兩類處理TOC的減少量基本接近(A-t3 75.36%,AnI-t3 73.98%)。
從圖2可知蒙脫石對類腐殖質(zhì)組分相對含量的影響。蒙脫石促進(jìn)TOC的分解主要是通過促進(jìn)WSS和HLu的減少來實(shí)現(xiàn)的,但同時(shí)促進(jìn)了HLA的形成和HLA與FLA的轉(zhuǎn)化。
各處理類腐殖質(zhì)組分的有機(jī)碳含量如表1所示。WSS的相對含碳量為:A-t0(13.22%)>AnM-t0(12.90%),AnM-t1(28.03%)>A-t1(14.43%),AnM-t2(15.50%)>A-t2(10.43%),AnM-t3(46.48%)>A-t3(7.581%),與未添加蒙脫石(AnM)相比,在模擬培養(yǎng)腐殖化過程中添加蒙脫石(A)使WSS的相對含碳量明顯減少。從HLA和FLA的變化看,培養(yǎng)0 d時(shí),A類處理的HLA相對含量明顯低于AnM類,兩類處理的FLA相對含量相近;90 d后,HLA的相對含碳量:A-t1(21.38%)>AnM-t1(4.002%),F(xiàn)LA的相對含碳量:A-t1(5.216%)> AnM-t1(4.419%),蒙脫石促進(jìn)HLA和FLA的積累;180 d后,HLA為:A-t2(14.19%)>AnM-t2(2.539%),F(xiàn)LA為:A-t2(8.485%)>AnM-t2(6.765%),HLA的積累量減少,F(xiàn)LA逐漸增加;隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間增加至360 d,HLA為:A-t3(21.38%)> AnM-t3(4.002%),F(xiàn)LA為:A-t1(5.216%)>AnM-t1(4.419%),蒙脫石進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)HLA的積累。 HLM在培養(yǎng)初期較容易被微生物分解利用,穩(wěn)定性較低;隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的增加,A類處理和AnI類處理的HLu的相對含碳量小幅度增加,逐漸變穩(wěn)定;AnM類處理的HLu則與之相反。
注:A為加入白花苜蓿、蒙脫石和土壤浸提液的處理, AnM和AnI分別為無蒙脫石和無土壤浸提液的處理,AnM-t1、A-t1、AnI-t1均代表培養(yǎng)90 d,AnM-t2、A-t2、AnI-t2均代表培養(yǎng)180 d,AnM-t3、A-t3、AnI-t3均代表培養(yǎng)360 d。有機(jī)碳?xì)埩袈蕿槟骋粫r(shí)間段的TOC與培養(yǎng)0 d TOC的比,即有機(jī)碳?xì)埩袈?TOCt/TOCt0。不同小寫字母代表同一時(shí)間不同處理間類腐殖質(zhì)組分差異顯著(P<0.05)。下同。Note:A stands for treatment of addition of white alfalfa, montmorillonite and soil extract; AnM for treatment of addition of white alfalfa and soil extract; AnI for treatment of addition of white alfalfa and montmorillonite; and -t1, -t2 and -t3 for duration of the incubation for 90, 180 and 360 days, respectively. Organic carbon residual ratio is the ratio of TOC after a certain period of incubation to the initial TOC(i.e., organic carbon residual ratio = TOCt/TOCt0). Different lower-case letters represent significant differences in humus-like components between treatments after the same period of incubation(P <0.05).The same below.
蒙脫石對白花苜蓿培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物PQ值的影響如圖3所示。在培養(yǎng)0 d時(shí),A類PQ值低于AnM類處理;90 d后的PQ值為:A-t1(80.83)>AnM-t1(48.97),添加蒙脫石使PQ值迅速增加;180 d后, 兩類處理PQ值接近(A-t2 49.81,AnM-t2 49.36);360 d后,A-t3(62.84)>AnM-t3(26.19),蒙脫石再次使培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物的腐殖化程度增加,與土壤的PQ值(60.02)十分接近。從AnI類和A類處理看,在蒙脫石條件下,添加土壤浸提液對白花苜蓿堿提取組分的影響較小,360 d后兩類處理的PQ值均與土壤十分接近。
培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物HLA的元素組成見表2,各處理的培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物HLA中C、H均小于培養(yǎng)物,N和O大體均大于培養(yǎng)物,模擬腐殖化培養(yǎng)促進(jìn)N和O元素的積累及C和H的消耗。三種不同處理隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的增加,H/C值逐漸減少,O/C則先增加后減少。通過對比AnM和A處理可知蒙脫石對白花苜蓿腐殖化進(jìn)程的影響,培養(yǎng)90 d后,A處理的H/C由AnM處理的1.38增加至1.61;180 d后,由1.39變?yōu)?.53;360 d后,由1.36變?yōu)?.48。前期添加蒙脫石使A處理的H/C大幅度增加,HLA的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單化,而隨著培養(yǎng)的進(jìn)行,H/C的增加幅度逐漸減少,兩者HLA的復(fù)雜化程度的差距縮小。對比AnI和A處理,培養(yǎng)90 d后,A處理的H/C由AnI處理的1.81下降為1.61;180 d后,由1.62變?yōu)?.53;360 d后,兩者差距減?。ˋnI 1.50,A 1.48)。在蒙脫石條件下,前期添加土壤浸提液使A處理的H/C大幅度減小,促進(jìn)HLA結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜化;而隨著培養(yǎng)的進(jìn)行,兩類處理的HLA的復(fù)雜程度基本接近。
注:類腐殖質(zhì)組分相對含量為某一時(shí)間段類腐殖質(zhì)組分的含碳量與培養(yǎng)0 d時(shí)類腐殖質(zhì)組分的比,即相對含量=Ct/Ct0。Note:Relative content of humus-like components is the ratio of the carbon content of the humus-like component after a certain period of incubation to the initial value of the humus-like components(i.e., the relative content = Ct/Ct0).
表1 蒙脫石添加對培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物類腐殖質(zhì)組分相對含量的影響
注:不同小寫字母代表同一時(shí)間不同處理間類腐殖質(zhì)組分差異顯著(<0.05=。Note:the annotations are the same with Figure 1. Different lower-case letters represent significant differences in humus-like components between treatments, the same in duration of incubation(<0.05).
表2 蒙脫石添加對培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物HLA的元素組成的影響
圖3 蒙脫石添加對白花苜蓿培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物PQ值的影響
由范卡圖(圖4)可知,3類處理最終均是向著接近土壤HA的O/C和H/C值的方向發(fā)展。360 d后HLA與土壤HA的接近程度,AnM>A>AnI。未添加蒙脫石的AnM處理與土壤HA最接近,添加土壤浸提液的A處理其次,添加蒙脫石使形成的HLA結(jié)構(gòu)更加簡單,與真正的HA仍存在較大的差異。
不同處理的白花苜蓿HLA與土壤HA的紅外光譜主要吸收峰相對強(qiáng)度見表3。各處理的HLA均顯示2 920 cm–1處代表不對稱脂族C-H伸縮振動(dòng)的峰,2 850 cm–1處代表-CH2-對稱脂族C-H伸縮振動(dòng)的峰,1 640 cm–1處代表芳香C=C伸縮振動(dòng)的吸收峰;培養(yǎng)360 d后,各處理顯示出了與土壤HA相同的1 720 cm–1的酮、醛、酸中的羧基 C=O 伸縮振動(dòng)峰。用2920/1640 比值代表材料脂肪族含量與芳香族含量的比值。
對比HA-AnM處理和HA-A處理的2920/1640比值:HA-A-t0(0.237)>HA-AnM-t0(0.186),HA-A-t1(0.184)>HA-AnM-t1(0.145),HA-A-t2(0.143)>HA-AnM-t2(0.138),HA-A-t3(0.136)> HA-AnM-t3(0.132),加入蒙脫石使生成的HLA脂肪族含量增加,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單化,隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的增加,兩類處理HLA的芳構(gòu)化程度差距縮小。而對比HA-AnI處理和HA-A處理,HA-AnI-t0(0.225)> HA-A-t0(0.186),HA-AnI-t1(0.243)> HA-A-t1(0.184),HA-AnI-t2(0.156)>HA-A-t2(0.143),HA-AnI-t3(0.142)>HA-A-t3(0.136),HA-AnI-t1的突然增加與礦質(zhì)化有關(guān),添加土壤浸提液使蒙脫石處理有助于HLA的芳構(gòu)化,隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的進(jìn)行,兩類處理芳構(gòu)化程度的差距逐漸縮小。HLA的紅外光譜規(guī)律與元素組成規(guī)律相對應(yīng)。
圖4 白花苜蓿培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物的HLA與土壤HA的范卡圖
蒙脫石處理和土壤浸提液處理加快了白花苜蓿TOC的分解。由于土壤浸提液中含有與土壤環(huán)境相似的微生物群體,對有機(jī)質(zhì)維持和周轉(zhuǎn)的貢獻(xiàn)顯著[14];而蒙脫石不僅可通過影響微生物群落棲息微環(huán)境來影響微生物的代謝[15-17],同時(shí)蒙脫石還具有催化作用[18],因此兩種處理共同促進(jìn)了白花苜蓿TOC的分解。蒙脫石促進(jìn)TOC的分解主要通過促進(jìn)WSS減少來實(shí)現(xiàn),但同時(shí)促進(jìn)了HLA和FLA的形成與轉(zhuǎn)化。從腐殖質(zhì)組成的穩(wěn)定性來看,WSS不穩(wěn)定,易分解[19],蒙脫石的催化作用使WSS迅速減少。而PQ值的變化主要與前期蒙脫石對HLA的吸附[20]、中期HLA的積累與后期HLA和FLA的相互轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān),添加蒙脫石使PQ值增加,最終接近土壤HA,促進(jìn)白花苜蓿的腐殖化進(jìn)程。Loya等[19]指出腐殖化使水溶性(WS)和酸溶性(AS)組分部分的14C活性降低,但酸不溶組分(AIS)中的14C活性增加,微生物代謝物和降解的化合物結(jié)合到SOM的頑固化合物中,本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了Loya等的研究。
表3 蒙脫石添加對培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物HLA的FTIR光譜主要吸收峰相對強(qiáng)度的影響
在白花苜蓿模擬培養(yǎng)腐殖化過程中,蒙脫石加快TOC的分解,促進(jìn)HLA的積累,結(jié)果與Gleixner[21]的研究一致。Gleixner指出當(dāng)大多數(shù)植物有機(jī)碳通過土壤微生物時(shí),除一部分用于細(xì)胞能量需求外,其余部分用于生物量的積累,微生物生物質(zhì)主要由細(xì)胞碎片形成土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)(SOM)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證實(shí)了前人的研究,進(jìn)一步指出蒙脫石促進(jìn)HLA的生成和FLA與HLA的相互轉(zhuǎn)化,以及對WSS、PQ值的影響,使對腐殖化進(jìn)程的認(rèn)識(shí)更具體化。
研究表明:蒙脫石使HLA的芳構(gòu)化程度降低,結(jié)構(gòu)趨于簡單化。添加土壤浸提液使蒙脫石處理的HLA結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化。培養(yǎng)中期AnI處理的HLA縮合度減少與未添加土壤浸提液前期腐殖化速度較慢有關(guān),培養(yǎng)仍處于礦質(zhì)化階段[22],白花苜蓿被微生物分解成簡單的有機(jī)化合物,使縮合度減少。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為黏土礦物可提高HA的芳香度,使HA的結(jié)構(gòu)更復(fù)雜。Duarte等[10]研究表明,礦物表面對土壤HA分子中非晶形亞甲基結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)量的提升具有顯著抑制作用,即提高了HA的芳香度。Filip等[9]表明黏土礦物的催化作用主要通過間接影響酚類物質(zhì)的形成而實(shí)現(xiàn),但所形成的HS結(jié)構(gòu)未見差異。Fukuchi等[23]研究了鄰苯二酚、甘氨酸與葡萄糖在天然沸石催化作用下的縮聚反應(yīng),表明沸石有利于類HA中氮含量及分子量的提高,對醌、酮等羰基碳含量亦有提升作用。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究結(jié)果與前人不同,在模擬培養(yǎng)腐殖化360 d內(nèi),添加蒙脫石使HLA的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單化,而添加土壤浸提液則可使蒙脫石處理的HLA的芳香度增加。因?yàn)樵贖S形成過程中,生物大分子(例如,蛋白質(zhì)、多糖和木質(zhì)素)最初分解為低分子量化合物(例如,氨基酸、糖和酚)。低分子量化合物隨后通過縮聚反應(yīng)進(jìn)行重組,形成HS。木質(zhì)素蛋白理論[24]和美拉德反應(yīng)[25]已被提出作為低分子量化合物重組并最終形成HS的反應(yīng)途徑,這種反應(yīng)以親核反應(yīng)的形式進(jìn)行。通常,在酸性催化劑存在下,親核反應(yīng)得到增強(qiáng)[26]。眾所周知,黏土礦物以固體酸的形式廣泛分布在土壤環(huán)境中,所以蒙脫石可加速縮聚反應(yīng)進(jìn)行。然而蒙脫石的加入破壞了原本結(jié)構(gòu)相對穩(wěn)定的HLA,促進(jìn)低分子量化合物(如氨基酸,糖和酚)之間的縮聚反應(yīng),在短時(shí)間的培養(yǎng)期內(nèi),新縮聚形成的HLA的結(jié)構(gòu)仍然較簡單。而在蒙脫石條件下,在同等破壞HLA結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上加入土壤浸提液,更加速了縮聚反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行,所以添加土壤浸提液使蒙脫石處理的HLA結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜。但是隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的持續(xù)增加,蒙脫石的加入是否會(huì)使HLA結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化,還需要進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究。
在白花苜蓿培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物HLA與土壤HA對比的范卡圖中,3類處理最終均是向著接近土壤HA的O/C和H/C值的方向發(fā)展,未添加蒙脫石(AnM)的HLA與真正的HA最接近,說明蒙脫石不能促進(jìn)形成的HLA更接近土壤HA。Ahn等[27]研究表明:自然界中,土壤礦物通過氧化偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)催化酚向腐殖物質(zhì)聚合物轉(zhuǎn)化,采用三元體系法通過長絨毛栓菌所分泌的蟲漆酶、水鈉錳礦(-MnO2)以及鄰苯二酚之間的相互作用來模擬土壤過程,表明酶-土壤礦物-有機(jī)質(zhì)間的相互作用對腐殖質(zhì)形成過程具有重要意義。本研究證實(shí)了蒙脫石的貢獻(xiàn),可加快白花苜蓿的腐殖化進(jìn)程,但蒙脫石使生成的HLA更加年輕化,與真正的HA仍存在較大的差異。
在模擬培養(yǎng)白花苜蓿腐殖化過程中,蒙脫石促進(jìn)TOC的分解和HLA的生成,且使HLA的縮合度降低;因此蒙脫石未能像文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的那樣使HLA的芳構(gòu)化程度增加,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化,相反卻使其結(jié)構(gòu)更加簡單。而土壤浸提液添加,則使蒙脫石處理在促進(jìn)HLA積累的同時(shí),使HLA的縮合度增加,結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜化。在白花苜蓿培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物HLA與土壤HA的范卡圖中,3類處理最終均是向著接近土壤HA的方向發(fā)展,其中培養(yǎng)后未添加蒙脫石(AnM)處理中HLA與真正的HA最接近,說明蒙脫石不能促進(jìn)HLA更接近土壤HA。綜上,在模擬培養(yǎng)白花苜蓿腐殖化過程中,蒙脫石添加可加快白花苜蓿的腐殖化進(jìn)程,但卻使形成的HLA結(jié)構(gòu)更加簡單化,與真正的HA仍存在較大的差異。本研究結(jié)果探究了30℃培養(yǎng)條件下,蒙脫石對白花苜蓿模擬培養(yǎng)腐殖化的影響。今后還需要更多的研究來進(jìn)一步理解黏土礦物對腐殖化過程的具體作用機(jī)制。
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Does Amendment of Montmorillonite Promote Humification of White Alfalfa?
XU Yang, DOU Sen?,ZHANG Yifeng, TIAN Yuxin, DUAN Hongmei, BAI Yue
(College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China)
Humic substances (HS), the main component of soil organic matter, are kind of macromolecular compounds, specific and multi-phased in property, formed during humification. However, in the past two decades, doubts have been arising about rationality of the disassociation process of HS. Currently, the research has shifted its focus from on chemical properties of HS to on identification of processes and mechanisms related to HS renewal and stabilization. Plant residues and microbial biomass are the main parent materials for the formation of humic substances, meanwhile, clay minerals, as an important part of the soil, also play an important role in the process. However, still little is known about any specific effects of clay minerals on formation of HS. Some scholars have used microbial pure culture methods to study formation of HS, but because of the absence of clay minerals, the formation of HS studied does not represent that in soil. Therefore, more efforts should be done to further elucidate in detail the complex interactions between HS and the surface of minerals, as well as the role of soil microbes as a participant. In order to explore effects of montmorillonite on humification process, white alfalfa, an angiosperm, was used in an incubation experiment with montmorillonite and microbe-soil extract as control conditions.In this experiment, there were three treatments, i.e. Treatment A, white alfalfa with montmorillonite and soil extract added; Treatment AnM, white alfalfa with soil extract added only; and Treatment AnI, only white alfalfa. Effects of the treatments and duration of the incuabtion on composition of humus-like substances and structure of humic-like acids (HLA) formed as incubation product of white alfalfa were studied. Water-soluble substances (WSS), fulvic-like acid (FLA), humic-like acid (HLA) and humin-like (HLu) were extracted with the modified humus composition method. HLA samples were extracted with the method recommended by the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) for analysis of structure of HA with the elemental composition- infrared spectroscopy.Results show that the amendment of montmorillonite promoted decomposition of TOC and accumulation of simple structured HLA. After 90 days of incubation, H/C in Treatment A increased from 1.38 to 1.61, after 180 days from 1.39 to 1.53, and after 360 days from 1.36 to 1.48. The sharp increase in H/C in the early stage in Treatment A made the structure of HLA simple. However, with the incubation going on, the increase in H/C gradually dulled in trend. Its ratio of 2920/1640 in the infrared spectrum tended to be in consistence with that in elemental composition. At the end of the incubation, HLA, regardless of treatments, developed eventually quite close to the O/C and H/C of soil HA in value. Among the treatments, the HLA in Treatment (AnM) was the closest to real soil HA in complexity, indicating that montmorillonite cannot help HLA turn into soil HA.Overall, montmorillonite amendment may promote decomposition of TOC and formation of HLA, and accelerate humification process of white alfalfa; however, it does not enhance the aromatization of HLA in degree and the structure of HLA in complexity as speculated or reported in the literature. Instead, it simplifies the structure of HLA, which is still quite different from real soil HA.
White alfalfa; Simulated incubation; Humification; Humic substances; Humic acid
S151.9
A
10.11766/trxb201903060110
徐楊,竇森,張一楓,田宇欣,段宏美,白月. 添加蒙脫石是否促進(jìn)白花苜蓿的腐殖化進(jìn)程?[J]. 土壤學(xué)報(bào),2020,57(5):1230–1239.
XU Yang, DOU Sen,ZHANG Yifeng, TIAN Yuxin, DUAN Hongmei, BAI Yue. Does Amendment of Montmorillonite Promote Humification of White Alfalfa?[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2020,57(5):1230–1239.
* 國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41571231)資助 Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 41571231)
,E-mail:dousen1959@126.com
徐 楊(1994—),女,山東青島人,碩士研究生,從事土壤環(huán)境與生物化學(xué)研究。E-mail:857472355@qq.com
2019–03–06;
2019–04–21;
優(yōu)先數(shù)字出版日期(www.cnki.net):2019–11–01
(責(zé)任編輯:盧 萍)