潘朝勇 曾匯霞 吳家圣 廖梅嫣 吳海賓 鐘友娣 羅永杰
[摘要]目的 探討急性胃腸損傷(AGI)分級(jí)聯(lián)合多因素組成的新評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)危重癥患者死亡的預(yù)測價(jià)值。方法 回顧性分析2016年1月~2020年3月肇慶市第二人民醫(yī)院ICU收治的危重患者658例,根據(jù)28 d的存活情況分為死亡組(112例)和存活組(546例)。評(píng)估兩組患者入院1周內(nèi)AGI的最高分級(jí),依據(jù)AGI最高分級(jí),賦予相應(yīng)分值(0~4分),得出AGI評(píng)分;記錄患者入院24 h內(nèi)急性生理慢性健康評(píng)分(APACHE Ⅱ)、序貫器官功能衰竭(SOFA)評(píng)分、多器官功能障礙綜合征(MODS)評(píng)分、改良早期預(yù)警評(píng)分(MEWS)。兩組資料進(jìn)行單因素分析,對(duì)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的相關(guān)因素進(jìn)一步行Logistic回歸分析,篩選危重患者死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,對(duì)比各評(píng)分的曲線下面積(AUC),評(píng)價(jià)AGI分級(jí)聯(lián)合多因素評(píng)估組成的新評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)危重患者死亡的預(yù)測價(jià)值。結(jié)果 死亡組患者年齡、第1周內(nèi)AGI得分、24 h內(nèi)APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA評(píng)分高于存活組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);依據(jù)ROC曲線判別出AGI、APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA、AGE的最佳診斷臨界值分別為AGI≥2分、APACHE Ⅱ≥21分、SOFA≥7分、年齡≥71歲。以患者生存狀態(tài)為因變量,多因素分析結(jié)果顯示:AGI≥2分(β=1.608,OR=4.994,95%CI=3.258~7.654)、APACHE Ⅱ≥21分(β=0.762,OR=1.587,95%CI=1.328~1.896)、SOFA≥7分(β=1.590,OR=4.904,95%CI=3.354~7.171)、年齡≥71歲(β=0.715,OR=1.122,95%CI=1.063~1.183)均是危重癥患者不良預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分、AGI、APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA評(píng)分再繪制ROC曲線,死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分AUC值為0.909,高于單用AGI評(píng)分、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分的AUC值(0.796、0.715、0.805),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 AGI分級(jí)評(píng)分聯(lián)合多因素評(píng)估組成的新評(píng)分系統(tǒng)能夠預(yù)警危重癥患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)危重患者死亡的預(yù)測價(jià)值優(yōu)于單獨(dú)使用任何一種評(píng)分。
[關(guān)鍵詞]危重癥;急性胃腸損傷;急性胃腸功能障礙;死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分;預(yù)測;預(yù)后
[中圖分類號(hào)] R44? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)9(b)-0008-04
Prediction value of acute gastrointestinal injury grade combined with multifactorial evaluation on death in critical patients
PAN Chao-yong? ?ZENG Hui-xia? ?WU Jia-sheng? ?LIAO Mei-yan? ?WU Hai-bin? ?ZHONG You-di? ?LUO Yong-jie
Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second People′s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing? ?526060, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the value of a new rating system for acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) grade combined with multiple factors to predict death in critically ill patients. Methods A single-center retrospective cohort study was used, 658 critically ill patients admitted to ICU at the Second People′s Hospital of Zhaoqing from January 2016 to March 2020 were enrolled. They were divided into death group (112 cases) and survival group (546 cases) according to 28 days survival. The highest grade of AGI within 1 week of admission was evaluated, according to the highest grade to give the score (0-4 points), as the AGI score. Physiological chronic health score (APACHE Ⅱ), sequential organ failure (SOFA) score, MODS score, and MEWS score which of within 24 h of admission in both groups were recorded. Data of two groups were analyzed by one-way analysis, and further Logistic regression analysis was performed factors, screening independent risk factors of death in critically ill patients, and drawing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of subjects to evaluate the predictive value of a new rating system for acute gastrointestinal injury grading combined with multifactorial critical patient death. Results The age, the AGI score in the first week, APACHE Ⅱ, SOFA score in the death group were higher than those in the survival group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). According to the ROC curve, the best diagnostic thresholds for AGI, APACHE Ⅱ, SOFA, and AGE were AGI ≥ 2 points, APACHE Ⅱ ≥ 21 points, SOFA ≥ 7 points, and age ≥ 71 years old. Results of multivariate analysis showed that AGI≥2 points (β=1.608, OR=4.994, 95%CI=3.258-7.654),APACHE Ⅱ≥21 points (β=0.762, OR=1.587, 95%CI=1.328-1.896), SOFA≥7 points (β=1.590, OR=4.904, 95%CI=3.354-7.171), age≥71 years (β=0.715, OR=1.122, 95%CI=1.063-1.183) were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in critically ill patients (P<0.05). The ROC curve was drawn for the death warning score, AGI, APACHE Ⅱ, and SOFA score, the death warning score AUC value was 0.909, which was higher than the AUC value of the AGI score, APACHE Ⅱscore and SOFA score alone (0.796, 0.715, 0.805), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The new scoring system of acute gastrointestinal injury rating combined with multi-factor evaluation can warn the death risk of critically ill patients, and the predictive value of critical patients′ death is better than that of any single score.
2.4死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分、AGI評(píng)分、APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分對(duì)危重患者的死亡預(yù)測價(jià)值的效能評(píng)估的比較
在Logistic回歸方程中求得AGI≥2分、APACHE Ⅱ≥21分、SOFA≥7分、年齡≥71歲的β值分別為1.608,0.762,1.590,0.715;取β值的近似值分別對(duì)AGI、APACHEⅡ、SOFA、平均年齡重新賦分:AGI≥2分(2分),AGI<2分(0分)。APACHE Ⅱ≥21分(1分)、APACHE Ⅱ<21分(0分);SOFA≥7(2分)、SOFA<7分(0分);年齡≥71歲(1分)、年齡<71歲(0分)。重新評(píng)定兩組患者的AGI、APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA、年齡得分,每個(gè)患者所得分值全部相加為該患者的死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分。以死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分、AGI、APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA評(píng)分為檢驗(yàn)變量,死亡或存活為狀態(tài)變量,繪制ROC曲線(圖2,封三),結(jié)果提示:死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分的AUC值高于AGI評(píng)分、APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分和SOFA評(píng)分,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表5)。
3討論
危重癥病情相對(duì)復(fù)雜,患者的基礎(chǔ)健康狀態(tài)、原發(fā)病的嚴(yán)重程度、治療過程中是否發(fā)生臟器功能衰竭均能影響危重癥患者的預(yù)后。危重癥患者受創(chuàng)傷和感染的影響,發(fā)生全身應(yīng)激反應(yīng),血管收縮、胃腸道供血減少、缺血缺氧導(dǎo)致胃腸黏膜屏障受損,從而引發(fā)腸腔內(nèi)的菌群紊亂及其毒性產(chǎn)物移位,促發(fā)全身炎癥反應(yīng),加重多器官功能障礙[7-8],最終發(fā)生膿毒癥,膿毒癥是危重癥患者病情嚴(yán)重的表現(xiàn)。ICU重癥患者中約59%存在胃腸功能障礙[2,9]。因此對(duì)危重癥患者的胃腸功能進(jìn)行針對(duì)性的評(píng)估以指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)施優(yōu)化的治療干預(yù)成為當(dāng)前亟待研究的目標(biāo)[10],得到臨床醫(yī)生的高度重視。在重癥醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域,“胃腸功能障礙”被稱為“AGI”[11]。2012年歐洲重癥醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)制定了《關(guān)于AGI的定義和處理指南》,來規(guī)范AGI的診治。近年來,多項(xiàng)研究表明重癥患者的AGI與不良預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[12-14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,出現(xiàn)AGI的占總例數(shù)的74.47%(490/658)。死亡組患者7 d內(nèi)AGI分級(jí)達(dá)到2級(jí)及以上的占死亡患者的89.29%,與既往研究相符[15]。證實(shí)AGI普遍存于危重癥患者中,可以作為危重癥患者疾病嚴(yán)重程度和轉(zhuǎn)歸的評(píng)估工具之一。本研究中死亡組患者1周內(nèi)AGI評(píng)分的ROC曲線的AUC為0.796,>0.7,證實(shí)AGI能較好地預(yù)測危重癥患者的不良預(yù)后,與既往研究一致[16]。
危重癥患者的病情評(píng)估工具常用的有APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分、MODS評(píng)分、MEWS系統(tǒng)。其中APACHE Ⅱ應(yīng)用最廣,在危重癥入院24 h內(nèi)完成,包含年齡、急性生理指標(biāo)、慢性健康狀況,對(duì)患者病情評(píng)估全面,不含AGI項(xiàng)目。而SOFA只有膽紅素指標(biāo)一項(xiàng)不能把胃腸道的評(píng)估全部概括,而MEWS僅含有心率、呼吸頻率、血壓,神志等項(xiàng)目,完全無胃腸道的評(píng)估。為此研究一種包含AGI在內(nèi)的新評(píng)分系統(tǒng)來更全面地評(píng)估危重癥的預(yù)后意義重大。但過于繁瑣的評(píng)估項(xiàng)目又不能廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,而AGI評(píng)分比較簡單,實(shí)用性強(qiáng)。目前國內(nèi)已有研究將胃腸功能評(píng)估與APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA等評(píng)分系統(tǒng)聯(lián)合起來評(píng)估膿毒癥患者的預(yù)后,結(jié)果顯示可以獲得更好的預(yù)測價(jià)值[17-18]。在本次研究中,APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA評(píng)分的AUC均>0.7,提示對(duì)重癥患者的預(yù)后評(píng)估均有較好的價(jià)值。再將AGI聯(lián)合APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA、MODS評(píng)分系統(tǒng)納入研究,進(jìn)入Logistic回歸模型的有AGI評(píng)分≥2分、APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分≥21分、SOFA評(píng)分≥7分、年齡≥71歲均是危重患者死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。將包括上述4個(gè)指標(biāo)在內(nèi)的新評(píng)分系統(tǒng)定義為死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分,繪制ROC曲線,得出其預(yù)測危重癥患者死亡的AUC為0.909,大于單用AGI、APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA評(píng)分的AUC值,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。提示本研究的死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分在預(yù)測危重癥患者死亡時(shí)具有較高的預(yù)測價(jià)值。本研究證實(shí)死亡預(yù)警評(píng)分綜合了包括胃腸功能在內(nèi)的多種因素,可以更加全面地評(píng)估危重癥患者的預(yù)后,對(duì)死亡患者的預(yù)測價(jià)值高于單獨(dú)使用一種評(píng)分。
綜上所述,由AGI分級(jí)聯(lián)合包括APACHEⅡ、SOFA評(píng)分等在內(nèi)的新評(píng)分系統(tǒng)能更準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測危重癥患者死亡的發(fā)生,臨床推廣應(yīng)用后能指導(dǎo)早期的優(yōu)化干預(yù),從而降低危重癥患者的病死率。
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(收稿日期:2020-06-15)