歷史沿革HISTORICAL EVOLUTION

中國(guó)和埃塞俄比亞兩國(guó)于1970年正式建交，在此之前，中國(guó)總理周恩來(lái)曾于1964年到訪埃塞俄比亞。作為回訪，埃塞俄比亞的皇帝海爾·塞拉西一世于1971年訪問(wèn)北京。此外，在同一年，埃塞俄比亞和中國(guó)兩國(guó)簽訂了首份貿(mào)易協(xié)議。在隨后的德格政府執(zhí)政期間（1974—1991年），埃中兩國(guó)交往逐漸增多。這期間雙方簽訂了一系列協(xié)議，包括第二次貿(mào)易協(xié)定（1976年）、貿(mào)易條例（1984年，1986年和1988年）以及保護(hù)雙邊投資協(xié)定（1988年）。德格政權(quán)倒臺(tái)后，埃塞俄比亞于1991年建立聯(lián)邦民主共和國(guó)，埃中兩國(guó)關(guān)系得到進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。兩國(guó)高層互訪不斷增多，并簽訂了兩份具有里程碑式意義的協(xié)定，分別是1996年簽訂的貿(mào)易、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技合作協(xié)定以及2009年簽訂的消除重復(fù)計(jì)稅協(xié)定。2017年5月，埃中兩國(guó)關(guān)系升級(jí)為全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系，充分體現(xiàn)了雙方堅(jiān)定的合作關(guān)系。

China and Ethiopia established diplomatic relations in 1970,following Premier Chou-En Lai’s visit to Ethiopia in 1964.This was reciprocated by the Ethiopian Emperor Haileselassie’s visit to Beijing in 1971.This year also marked the first ever Trade Agreement signed between Ethiopia and China.With the coming to power of the Derg regime (1974-1991),the intensity of bilateral relationships significantly increased.A number of agreements were signed during this period,including,the second Trade Agreement (1976),Trade Protocols (1984,1986,and 1988),and an Agreement for Mutual Protection of Investment (1988).Ethio-China ties have continued to strengthen after Derg’s removal from power and the formation of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in 1991.High level visits and interactions became more frequent,and two major milestone bilateral agreements were signed,for Trade,Economic,and Technological Cooperation(1996) and to Eliminate Double Taxation (2009).In May 2017,Ethio-China relation was elevated to a Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation Partnership level,in demonstration of the strong and unique partnership the two nations enjoy.

過(guò)去50年間，兩國(guó)歷屆政府密切合作，不斷擴(kuò)展雙方經(jīng)貿(mào)合作的深度和廣度，體現(xiàn)了埃中兩國(guó)深厚的關(guān)系。鑒于過(guò)去十幾年間經(jīng)濟(jì)雙位數(shù)的高速發(fā)展，以及采用類似的發(fā)展模式，與30—40年前的中國(guó)相比，今天的埃塞俄比亞在商業(yè)環(huán)境方面與中國(guó)有很多相似點(diǎn)。由于天然熟悉這種商業(yè)環(huán)境，中國(guó)投資者很早就來(lái)到埃塞俄比亞開(kāi)展投資，充分抓住了埃塞俄比亞經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的機(jī)遇。

The fact that successive regimes of government in both countries worked hard to maintain and broaden the scope of economic ties and cooperation over the last five decades,is a testament to the enduring nature of Ethio -China relationship.Owing to its developmental state model and the rapid double-digit economic growth it registered over a period of more than a decade.There are also similarities between the business environment of Ethiopia and that of China 30 -40 years ago.Comfortable and familiar with the operating environment,Chinese investors were among the first wave of foreign investors to take advantage of the opportunities presented by Ethiopia’s growing economy.

圖1：埃中兩國(guó)簽訂的主要協(xié)議Figure 1:Major milestone agreements between Ethiopia and China

隨著埃塞俄比亞決定設(shè)立駐中國(guó)大使館和新建三個(gè)領(lǐng)事館（上海、重慶和廣州），兩國(guó)經(jīng)貿(mào)聯(lián)系達(dá)到了新的高度。同樣的，埃塞俄比亞航空目前已開(kāi)設(shè)了直通中國(guó)5個(gè)城市的航班。新冠肺炎疫情的到來(lái)導(dǎo)致航班和乘客人數(shù)大幅下滑，但在此之前，這些航班每年能夠運(yùn)載超過(guò)100萬(wàn)的游客往來(lái)中國(guó)和埃塞俄比亞乃至非洲各國(guó)之間。盡管受到疫情影響，但埃塞俄比亞航空飛往中國(guó)的航班并未停運(yùn)，目前仍然是連接中國(guó)與世界各地的重要貨運(yùn)通道。

The economic and trade exchange of both countries has now reached a level where the Ethiopian government has decided to establish three consulate offices (Shanghai,Chongqing,and Guangzhou) in addition to the Embassy in Beijing.Similarly,the Ethiopian airlines currently have direct flights to more than five destinations in China.Before the COVID-19 pandemic took hold,and resulted in unprecedented decline in number of flights and passengers,the airline was transporting up to a million passengers a year between China and Ethiopia and the rest of Africa.The Ethiopian Airlines has continued to fly to China even during the COVID-19 crisis,and currently serves as one of the main carriers for cargo from China to the rest of the world.

埃塞俄比亞—中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作關(guān)系ETHIO -CHINA ECOMOMIC PARTNERSHIP

加入重要的合作平臺(tái)Participation in key cooperation platforms

埃塞俄比亞積極參加了由中國(guó)政府搭建的多個(gè)平臺(tái)，并與其它非洲國(guó)家深入發(fā)展經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系。埃塞俄比亞政府高層和民間企業(yè)代表參加的主要平臺(tái)包括：

Ethiopia has been actively and prominently taking part in various platforms created by the Chinese government to nurture and develop its economic and trade ties with African countries.Some of the major events in which high level Ethiopian government officials and representatives of private sector actively participated include:

中非合作論壇：目前是中非合作方面最大和最具成效的平臺(tái)。2000年以來(lái)，埃塞俄比亞積極參加中非合作論壇峰會(huì)和部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議，并于2003年12月在亞的斯亞貝巴舉辦了第二屆中非合作論壇部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議。2018年9月，在上臺(tái)僅僅幾個(gè)月后，埃塞俄比亞總理阿比·艾哈邁德·阿里就到訪北京參加第六屆中非合作論壇峰會(huì)。中非合作論壇同樣也是鞏固埃中政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的有效平臺(tái)。2000年首屆中非合作論壇在北京舉行時(shí)，中國(guó)在埃塞俄比亞的投資為零。到2018年第六屆中非合作論壇舉辦時(shí)，中國(guó)對(duì)埃塞俄比亞的直接投資超過(guò)40億美元。一些大型的投資項(xiàng)目自2000年初開(kāi)始運(yùn)作，這主要得益于埃中兩國(guó)政府和民營(yíng)企業(yè)代表在首屆中非合作論壇和分論壇上的洽談合作。

Forum for China Africa Cooperation (FOCAC):Arguably the biggest and most effective platform for China-Africa cooperation.Ethiopia has been actively taking part in the FOCAC summits and ministerial conferences that were being held since 2000.The country was also a host to the 2nd FOCAC Ministerial Conference in Addis Ababa,in December of 2003.Only a few months after coming into power,PM Abiy Ahmed visited Beijing in September of 2018 to attend the 6th FOCAC summit.FOCAC has been an effective platform for cementing Ethio-China political and economic relationships.Chinese investment in Ethiopia was non-existent when the first FOCAC summit was held in Beijing in 2000,by the time the 6th summit was held in 2018,Chinese FDI stock in Ethiopia had exceeded USD4 billion.Some of the major investments sourced from China since the early 2000’s,resulted from discussions held between Ethiopian and Chinese government officials and private sector representatives during the summit and on the sidelines.

中國(guó)國(guó)際進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)：2018年首屆中國(guó)國(guó)際進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)舉辦，埃塞俄比亞政府和民營(yíng)企業(yè)積極參加。進(jìn)博會(huì)極大地推進(jìn)了埃塞俄比亞和中國(guó)企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)貿(mào)往來(lái)。埃塞俄比亞的主要出口商參加了2018年和2019年兩屆進(jìn)博會(huì)，簽訂了大量的咖啡、芝麻和大豆貿(mào)易協(xié)議。進(jìn)博會(huì)的成果也有效增加了埃塞俄比亞的出口，并降低了雙方的貿(mào)易不均衡的程度。

China International Import Expo (CIIE):Ethiopian government and private sector have been actively participating in the China International Import Expo (CIIE),since the yearly event begun in 2018.CIIE has been instrumental in creating the platform for the facilitation of trade and investment deals between local and Chinese business people.Top Ethiopian exporters that took part in both the 2018 and 2019 events have returned back with initial agreements for large volumes of coffee,sesame,and soybean exports to China.The outcomes from this expo have contributed to enhancing Ethiopia’s export performance,and narrowing down the current level of trade imbalance between Ethiopia and China.

中非經(jīng)貿(mào)博覽會(huì)：自2018年中非經(jīng)貿(mào)博覽會(huì)首次在中國(guó)長(zhǎng)沙舉辦以來(lái)，埃塞俄比亞便深入?yún)⑴c其中。埃塞俄比亞的咖啡、芝麻、大豆和皮革企業(yè)都參加了博覽會(huì)。埃方代表團(tuán)和埃塞俄比亞投資委員會(huì)在博覽會(huì)期間舉辦了投資論壇和會(huì)議。

China Africa Economic &Trade Expo (CAETE):Ethiopia had a high-profile participation at the first ever China Africa Economic&Trade Expo held in Changsha,China,in July of 2018.Ethiopian businesses in coffee,sesame,soybean,and leather took part in the event.The Ethiopian mission to China and EIC also organized investment forums and meetings on the sidelines of the event.

一帶一路：“一帶一路”倡議是埃中全面合作需要遵循的框架。埃塞俄比亞是“一帶一路”倡議的重要合作方，目前與中國(guó)和地方政府合作開(kāi)展大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展項(xiàng)目，包括由中方承建和融資支持的埃塞俄比亞—吉布提鐵路項(xiàng)目。

Belt &Road Initiative (BRI):The BRI remains to be an overarching framework for Ethio -China cooperation.Ethiopia is a key partner to the BRI,and is undertaking major infrastructural and developmental projects along the Belt and Road,in cooperation with the Chinese and regional governments.Notable among these is the Ethio-Djibouti Railway project constructed by a Chinese contractor and with financial support from China.

合作領(lǐng)域Areas of cooperation

基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展

Infrastructural development

中國(guó)在金融方面助力埃塞俄比亞基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施，包括：公路、鐵路、水壩和通訊基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。中國(guó)資本最初進(jìn)入埃塞俄比亞主要以國(guó)有企業(yè)為主，在兩國(guó)雙邊協(xié)議的框架下，借助中方的援助和優(yōu)惠貸款，相關(guān)項(xiàng)目重點(diǎn)集中在建筑和能源領(lǐng)域。主要的標(biāo)志性項(xiàng)目包括：

China has provieded the financing support to help the development of the infrustructure in Ethiopia including：roads,railways,hydroelectric dams,and telecom infrastructure.The initial flow of Chinese investment into Ethiopia was largely made by state-owned enterprises in the construction and energy sectors on the back of bilateral agreements between the two governments,in exchange for aid and concessional loans from the Chinese government towards these types of projects.Major landmark infrastructural projects include：

·亞的斯亞貝巴—阿達(dá)瑪高速公路Addis Ababa -Adama Expressway

·亞的斯亞貝巴—環(huán)線公路工程Addis Ababa Ring-road Project

·亞的斯亞貝巴—輕軌項(xiàng)目Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit Project

·埃塞俄比亞—吉布提鐵路Ethio -Djibouti Railway

·吉蓋爾·吉貝和特克澤大壩Gilgel Gibe and Tekeze Dams

·華為和中興通訊基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目Huawei and ZTE Telecom Infrastructure Projects

中國(guó)的投資在埃塞俄比亞工業(yè)園建設(shè)方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。作為埃塞俄比亞首家工業(yè)園，東方工業(yè)園由中國(guó)民營(yíng)企業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)。

Chinese investment also played a great role in the development of industrial parks in Ethiopia.One of the first industrial parks to be developed in Ethiopia,the Eastern Industrial Park Zone was developed by a Chinese private developer.

目前由中國(guó)官方和民間投資者開(kāi)發(fā)的工業(yè)園包括：

Currently there are several industrial parks being developed by public and private Chinese investors,notable among these are：

華堅(jiān)輕工業(yè)園：作為中國(guó)最大的鞋類生產(chǎn)商和出口商，華堅(jiān)集團(tuán)于2011年在埃塞俄比亞建立了工廠，并計(jì)劃在10年間投資20億美元發(fā)展制鞋產(chǎn)業(yè)。該公司為Guess和Calvin Klein代工生產(chǎn)，并希望10年內(nèi)從埃塞俄比亞出口金額達(dá)到40億美元。華堅(jiān)集團(tuán)計(jì)劃在埃塞俄比亞創(chuàng)造10萬(wàn)個(gè)崗位，幫助該國(guó)成為新的全球制造中心。華堅(jiān)輕工業(yè)園位于勒布區(qū)（亞的斯亞貝巴的西南郊），占地面積138公頃。該工業(yè)園將專注于皮革和其它混合投資項(xiàng)目。

Huajian Light Industrial Park:Huajian is One of the largest shoe producers and exporters in China.Huajian set up a factory in Ethiopia in 2011,as part of its plan to invest USD2 billion over 10 years in developing manufacturing clusters focused on shoemaking for export.The company produces shoes for brands such as Guess and Calvin Klein,and hopes to see its exports from Ethiopia reach USD4 billion within ten years.Huajian plans to create 100,000 new jobs in Ethiopia,helping the country become a new international manufacturing hub.Huajian Light Industrial Park currently under construction in Lebu area (South Western outskirts of Addis Ababa)lies on 138 ha of land.The park will specialize in leather and other mixed portfolios of investments.

陽(yáng)光阿達(dá)瑪工業(yè)園：該工業(yè)園由來(lái)自中國(guó)的民營(yíng)投資企業(yè)江蘇陽(yáng)光集團(tuán)承建。江蘇陽(yáng)光集團(tuán)的紡織業(yè)務(wù)擁有年均生產(chǎn)350萬(wàn)件高檔男女服飾以及3500萬(wàn)米精紡毛織物的產(chǎn)能。此外該企業(yè)還是世界最大的羊毛紡織和高檔服飾生產(chǎn)基地。位于阿達(dá)瑪?shù)年?yáng)光工業(yè)園占地80公頃。

Sunshine Adama Industrial Park:This park is being developed by Jiangsu Sunshine Group,a private Chinese investment group.Jiangsu Sunshine Group’s textile business has annual production capacity of 3.5 million sets of high-grade men’s suits and women’s wear,35 million meters of superfine worsted wool fabrics.It is also the world's largest wool textile and high-grade apparel manufacturer.The Sunshine Park in Adama is situated on 80 hectares of land.

國(guó)王阿達(dá)瑪工業(yè)園：國(guó)王是中國(guó)最大的紡織和服裝企業(yè)之一。該公司在阿達(dá)瑪?shù)墓I(yè)園占地32公頃，主要生產(chǎn)紡織品和服飾。

Kingdom Adama Industrial Park:Kingdom is one of the largest private Chinese textile &garment companies.It is developing a park on 32 hectares of land in Adama,to manufacture textile and garment.

無(wú)錫一棉迪熱達(dá)瓦項(xiàng)目：無(wú)錫一棉紡織集團(tuán)是中國(guó)最大的國(guó)有紡織企業(yè)之一，該公司目前正在埃塞俄比亞迪熱達(dá)瓦工業(yè)園建立大型的紡織工廠。該項(xiàng)目占地51公頃，通過(guò)300條紡錘設(shè)備生產(chǎn)高端紡線和布料。目前項(xiàng)目一期已經(jīng)完成，100條紡錘投入運(yùn)行。如果產(chǎn)能完全釋放，該項(xiàng)目每年能夠生產(chǎn)2.6噸紡線和3000萬(wàn)米坯布，創(chuàng)造3500個(gè)就業(yè)崗位。

Wuxi No.1 Dire Dawa Project:Wuxi Jinmao Co.Ltd,one of the largest state-owned textile companies in China,is establishing a large-scale textile manufacturing factory inside Dire Dawa Industrial Park.Situated on 51 hectares of land,the factory will produce high-end yarns and fabrics with 300 thousand spindles.The first phase of the project is already complete,with 100 thousand spindles in operation.At full capacity,the factory will produce up to 26,000 tons yarns and 30 million meters of gray fabrics annually,and create 3500 jobs.

貿(mào)易合作

Trade cooperation

中國(guó)是埃塞俄比亞的主要貿(mào)易合作伙伴，占據(jù)埃塞俄比亞進(jìn)口量的18%。進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品包括機(jī)械設(shè)備、電子產(chǎn)品、紡織品和服飾、醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品、建筑材料、化工品以及其它加工類產(chǎn)品。中國(guó)同樣也是埃塞俄比亞商品的重要出口目的地，相關(guān)商品包括咖啡、芝麻和大豆。然而，向中國(guó)的出口僅占埃塞俄比亞總出口量的8%，因此對(duì)于埃塞俄比亞而言，雙邊貿(mào)易依然體現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重逆差。

China is a leading trading partner to Ethiopia.It accounts for over 18% of total imports.Imported items include machinery&equipment,electronics,textile &apparel,pharmaceuticals,construction materials,chemicals,and other processed products.China is also emerging as the main export destination for some of the key export commodities out of Ethiopia,mainly coffee,sesame,and soybean.However,exports to China are still at around 8% of total exports and Ethiopia currently has a wide trade imbalance with China.

投資合作

Investment cooperation

來(lái)自中國(guó)的直接投資

FDI Inflows from China

中國(guó)目前已是埃塞俄比亞主要的投資來(lái)源國(guó)，同樣埃塞俄比亞也日益成為中國(guó)重要的投資目的地。2010年至2017年間，中國(guó)對(duì)埃塞俄比亞的投資占中國(guó)對(duì)非總投資的21%。2017年，中國(guó)主導(dǎo)的投資項(xiàng)目數(shù)量占埃塞俄比亞吸引外資項(xiàng)目的一半。接下來(lái)兩年，也就是2018年和2019年，中國(guó)投資項(xiàng)目數(shù)量占比進(jìn)一步增長(zhǎng)至60%，使得中國(guó)成為埃塞俄比亞最大的投資來(lái)源國(guó)。過(guò)去5年間，無(wú)論是投資金額還是項(xiàng)目數(shù)量，中國(guó)對(duì)埃塞俄比亞的直接投資約占埃塞俄比亞吸引總外資的27%。

圖2：全球vs 中國(guó)對(duì)埃塞俄比亞的投資量，2007—2018 （ETB,000）Figure 2:Total vs Chinese FDI inflows into Ethiopia,2007 -2018 (ETB,000)

China has emerged as a major FDI sourcing destination for Ethiopia.Ethiopia is an increasingly favored investment destination for China as well,representing more than 21% of Chinese FDI flows into Africa over the period from 2010 -2017.In 2017,the number of Chinese investment projects accounted for half of the total FDI projects in the country.In the following two years,i.e.,2018 and 2019,the percentage of Chinese investment projects to total FDI projects climbed to 60%,making China the single largest source of FDI into Ethiopia.Both in volume of investment and number of projects,Chinese FDI inflow has averaged at around 27% of total FDI inflows to Ethiopia over the last five years.

中國(guó)對(duì)埃塞俄比亞的投資迅速增長(zhǎng)，并且覆蓋了多個(gè)行業(yè)。如前所述，最初的投資主要進(jìn)入建筑和能源領(lǐng)域，主要是由國(guó)企主導(dǎo)。然而最近10年，中國(guó)對(duì)埃投資轉(zhuǎn)移至制造業(yè)。目前超過(guò)1000家中國(guó)企業(yè)在埃塞俄比亞運(yùn)營(yíng)，創(chuàng)造了數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的就業(yè)崗位，改善了進(jìn)出口表現(xiàn)。目前制造業(yè)項(xiàng)目占中國(guó)對(duì)埃總投資的79%，而建筑領(lǐng)域相關(guān)投資僅為10%左右。目前在埃塞俄比亞經(jīng)商的企業(yè)中，超過(guò)90% 為民營(yíng)企業(yè)。

China has rapidly increased its investment scale in Ethiopia,going into more diversified sectors.As mentioned above,the initial wave of investment went into construction and energy sectors and it was mainly state led.Chinese investments over the past decade however,have primarily focused on manufacturing activities.Currently there are over 1000 Chinese enterprises operating in Ethiopia,creating thousands of job opportunities,and boosting export performance .Manufacturing projects account for about 79%of total FDI inflows from China,in contrast to investments into the construction sector which stands at approximately 10%. And the overwhelming majority (more than 90%) of Chinese enterprises operating in Ethiopia,are privately owned.

今年以來(lái)，埃塞俄比亞政府頒布了新的投資條例，并推行了多項(xiàng)經(jīng)貿(mào)投資措施，確保本地和外資企業(yè)享受更為優(yōu)良的商業(yè)環(huán)境。此外，埃塞俄比亞開(kāi)放了之前不允許外商投資的領(lǐng)域，這些舉措將進(jìn)一步增加吸引外資量，包括來(lái)自中國(guó)的投資。

With the introduction of a brand-new investment proclamation this year,and unprecedented number of other reforms introduced in the trade and investment space,the Ethiopian government is hard at work in making the business environment more friendly to local and foreign private sector businesses.This,coupled with the opening up of sectors previously closed for foreign direct investment,will greatly enhance FDI inflows overall,including from our major investment partner -China.

促進(jìn)吸引外資的合作協(xié)議

Cooperation agreements to promote FDI

埃塞俄比亞投資委員會(huì)與中國(guó)政府各部門(mén)和中國(guó)民間協(xié)會(huì)簽署了多項(xiàng)框架性協(xié)議（諒解備忘錄），這些協(xié)議包括：

The Ethiopian Investment Commission has signed various framework agreements (Memorandum of Understandings) with various organs of the Chinese government and private sector associations in China.Some examples are：

與中國(guó)貿(mào)促會(huì)簽署的諒解備忘錄：埃塞俄比亞投資委員會(huì)與中國(guó)貿(mào)促會(huì)和地方分會(huì)簽署了一系列合作諒解備忘錄，旨在進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)雙邊投資。委員會(huì)還主導(dǎo)推動(dòng)一項(xiàng)新的合作機(jī)制—非洲投資與增長(zhǎng)合作伙伴項(xiàng)目，中國(guó)貿(mào)促會(huì)是其中重要的伙伴。

MoUs with China Council for Promotion of Investment and Trade(CCPIT):EIC has signed a number of MoUs with the central and provincial level CCPIT officials,for cooperation in investment promotion and facilitation activities.EIC is also hosting in its premises a project known as Partnership for Investment and Growth in Africa (PIGA),in which the CCPIT is one of the implementing partners.

與中國(guó)紡織工業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì)簽署的諒解備忘錄：此項(xiàng)備忘錄于2016年簽署，旨在吸引中國(guó)投資埃塞俄比亞的紡織和服飾行業(yè)。

MoU with China National Textile and Apparel Council (CNTAC):This MoU was signed in 2016 to cooperate with CNTAC to promote Chinese investment into textile and apparel sector of Ethiopia.

與廣東省政府簽署的諒解備忘錄：此項(xiàng)備忘錄于2017年簽署，主要是為了促進(jìn)廣東對(duì)埃塞俄比亞建筑材料、制鞋、皮革和家具等行業(yè)的投資。

MoU with Guangdong Provincial Government:This MoU was signed in 2017 with Gungdong provincial government to facilitate and support investment from the province,mainly in building materials,footwear,leather products,and furniture.