張曉英 王健 趙琦 陳佳玥 王敬之
摘 要 目的:了解上海市城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合地區(qū)兒童家長(zhǎng)對(duì)抗生素的認(rèn)知態(tài)度和使用現(xiàn)狀。方法:于2018年8—12月采用單純隨機(jī)抽樣方法抽取500名閔行區(qū)華漕社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心兒童保健門診就診兒童家長(zhǎng)作為研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查,共收到500份問卷,其中有效問卷481份,問卷有效回收率為96.2%。結(jié)果:“抗生素能夠治療病毒引起的感染”“科學(xué)家能夠研制出新的抗生素”的答題正確率均低于20.0%,答題正確率最高的問題為“大多數(shù)時(shí)候,普通感冒不需要使用抗生素治療”(75.9%)。88.0%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)同“家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)當(dāng)獲得更多關(guān)于如何使用抗生素的指導(dǎo)”,8.1%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)同“醫(yī)生不開具抗生素容易產(chǎn)生不滿情緒”,“覺得兒童病情不嚴(yán)重,自行服藥應(yīng)該會(huì)痊愈”“以前在醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)因?yàn)轭愃撇∏殚_具過抗生素,還有剩余”是家長(zhǎng)自行對(duì)兒童使用抗生素的主要原因。170名自行購(gòu)買抗生素的家長(zhǎng)中,主要購(gòu)買途徑為零售藥店的為143名(84.1%)。結(jié)論:閔行區(qū)華漕地區(qū)家長(zhǎng)對(duì)抗生素的認(rèn)知、態(tài)度與使用行為均具有提升和改善空間,對(duì)此提出如下建議:(1)政府應(yīng)繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)對(duì)抗生素的使用監(jiān)管力度,針對(duì)實(shí)際情況出臺(tái)相應(yīng)法規(guī)和政策;(2)相關(guān)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)抗生素臨床應(yīng)用重點(diǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的管理,對(duì)抗生素不合理使用的情況應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行整改;(3)社區(qū)醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)發(fā)揮專業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì),在日常診療過程中對(duì)居民進(jìn)行抗生素合理使用宣教,提升兒童家長(zhǎng)對(duì)不合理使用抗生素危害的認(rèn)知。
關(guān)鍵詞 抗生素;兒童家長(zhǎng);認(rèn)知態(tài)度與使用行為
中圖分類號(hào):R725.6 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2021)24-0012-04
Investigation and analysis of antibiotic awareness, attitude and use behavior of parents of children aged 0 to 6 years in Huacao Community in Minhang District, Shanghai
ZHANG Xiaoying1, WANG Jian2, ZHAO Qi3, CHEN Jiayue4, WANG Jingzhi1(1. General Practice Department of Jiuting Community Health Service Center of Songjiang District, Shanghai 201615, China; 2. General Practice Department of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; 3. School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; 4. Prevention and Health Care Department of Huacao Community Health Service Center of Minhang District, Shanghai 201107, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the knowledge, attitude and use behavior of antibiotics among parents of children in urban-rural integration area of Shanghai. Methods: From August to December 2018, a simple random sampling method was used to select 500 parents of children attending the Children’s Health Clinic of Huacao Community Health Service Center, Minhang District as the research objects to conduct a questionnaire survey, a total of 500 questionnaires were received, of which 481 were valid questionnaires. The effective response rate of the questionnaire was 96.2%. Results: “Antibiotics can treat infections caused by viruses” and “scientists can develop new antibiotics” had a correct answer rate of less than 20.0%. The question with the highest correct answer rate was “most of the time, the common cold does not require antibiotic treatment”(75.9%). 88.0% of parents agreed that “parents should get more guidance on how to use antibiotics”, 8.1% of parents agreed that “doctors do not prescribe antibiotics, which is easy to be dissatisfied”. “Feeling that children’s illness is not serious and self-medication should be cured” and “previously antibiotics have been prescribed in medical institutions because of similar conditions, and there is a surplus” which were the main reason why parents used antibiotics on their own children. Among 170 parents who bought antibiotics on their own, 143(84.1%) they had their main purchase route through retail pharmacies. Conclusion: Parents in Huacao, Minhang District, have room for enhancement and improvement in their cognition, attitudes and use behavior of antibiotics. In this regard, the following suggestions are made: (1) The government should continue to strengthen the supervision of antibiotic use, and introduce corresponding measures according to the actual situation; (2) Relevant medical institutions should further strengthen the management of key links in the clinical application of antibiotics, and promptly rectify the unreasonable use of antibiotics; (3) Community medical staff should give full play to their professional advantages and teach residents about the rational use of antibiotics in the daily diagnosis and treatment process to raise the awareness of parents of children on the harm of unreasonable use of antibiotics.
KEY WORDS antibiotics; parent of children; knowledge, attitude and use behavior
當(dāng)前,抗生素濫用已成為全球關(guān)注的公共衛(wèi)生問題,凡超時(shí)、超量、不對(duì)癥使用或未嚴(yán)格規(guī)范使用抗生素都屬于抗生素濫用。國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)發(fā)布的《中國(guó)抗菌藥物管理和細(xì)菌耐藥現(xiàn)狀報(bào)告(2016—2018年)》[1]中指出,我國(guó)在遏制細(xì)菌耐藥方面取得了明顯成效,《關(guān)于持續(xù)做好抗菌藥物臨床應(yīng)用管理有關(guān)工作的通知》[2]中強(qiáng)調(diào),應(yīng)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)抗菌藥物的臨床應(yīng)用管理。兒童在藥物的吸收、分布、代謝方面與成年人均有不同,因此較易發(fā)生藥物不良反應(yīng)和藥源性疾病[3]。相關(guān)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,2004—2015年我國(guó)兒童抗生素使用率為58.37%,雖較1993—2005年的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)有所下降[3-5],但還未達(dá)到國(guó)家抗感染藥物應(yīng)用率低于50%的目標(biāo)要求[4]。家長(zhǎng)對(duì)抗生素的認(rèn)知和使用態(tài)度直接影響兒童的抗生素使用情況[6],為了解上海市城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合地區(qū)兒童家長(zhǎng)對(duì)抗生素的認(rèn)知態(tài)度和使用現(xiàn)狀,有針對(duì)性地開展健康教育,選取上海市閔行區(qū)華漕社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心0~6歲就診兒童家長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查,為開展兒童抗生素臨床應(yīng)用管理提供參考。
1.1 一般資料
于2018年8—12月采用單純隨機(jī)抽樣方法抽取500名閔行區(qū)華漕社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心兒童保健門診就診兒童家長(zhǎng)作為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)就診兒童年齡為0~6歲;(2)知情同意,愿意接受問卷調(diào)查。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)在完成問卷調(diào)查等方面存在認(rèn)知、讀寫或語言障礙。
返回有效問卷的481名兒童家長(zhǎng)中,女性317名(65.9%),男性164名(34.1%);年齡在21~40歲之間的455名(94.6%);初中學(xué)歷209名(43.5%),大專以上學(xué)歷127名(26.4%);參加城鎮(zhèn)職工醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)的 122名(25.4%),參加新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)的257名(53.4%);家庭年收入在50 000元以上的229名(47.6%)。
1.2 研究方法
參照復(fù)旦大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院徐飚教授及其科研團(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的中文版《家長(zhǎng)對(duì)兒童使用抗生素的知信行調(diào)查》[7]問卷制訂本次問卷,問卷內(nèi)容包括兒童家長(zhǎng)的基本信息、抗生素相關(guān)知識(shí)知曉情況、對(duì)抗生素的使用態(tài)度、自行對(duì)兒童使用抗生素的原因、獲取抗生素相關(guān)知識(shí)的途徑和自行購(gòu)買抗生素的途徑。本次調(diào)查共收到500份問卷,其中有效問卷481份,問卷有效回收率為96.2%。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分率(%)表示,行χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 抗生素相關(guān)知識(shí)知曉情況
“抗生素能夠治療病毒引起的感染”“科學(xué)家能夠研制出新的抗生素”的答題正確率均低于20.0%,答題正確率最高的問題為“大多數(shù)時(shí)候,普通感冒不需要使用抗生素治療”(75.9%),見表1。
2.2 對(duì)抗生素的使用態(tài)度
88.0%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)同“家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)當(dāng)獲得更多關(guān)于如何使用抗生素的指導(dǎo)”,74.0%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)同“兒童患病時(shí)應(yīng)遵從醫(yī)生治療方案”,16.2%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)同“傾向于使用價(jià)格比較貴的抗生素”,8.1%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)同“醫(yī)生不開具抗生素容易產(chǎn)生不滿情緒”,見表2。
2.3 自行對(duì)兒童使用抗生素的原因
“覺得兒童病情不嚴(yán)重,自行服藥應(yīng)該會(huì)痊愈”“以前在醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)因?yàn)轭愃撇∏殚_具過抗生素,還有剩余”是家長(zhǎng)自行對(duì)兒童使用抗生素的主要原因,見表3。
2.4 獲取抗生素相關(guān)知識(shí)的途徑
通過咨詢醫(yī)生獲取抗生素相關(guān)知識(shí)的家長(zhǎng)為246名(51.1%),通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)途徑的164名(34.1%),其他途徑依次為藥店工作人員137名(28.5%)、書籍119名(24.7%)、朋友或家人111名(23.1%)、電視100名(20.8%)、知識(shí)講座46名(9.6%)、報(bào)紙45名(9.4%)、廣播26名(5.4%)和其他8名(1.7%)。
2.5 自行購(gòu)買抗生素的途徑
170名自行購(gòu)買抗生素的家長(zhǎng)中,主要購(gòu)買途徑為零售藥店的為143名(84.1%),其次為鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院50名(29.4%)、村衛(wèi)生室29名(17.1%)、集市4名(2.4%)、其他3名(1.8%)和網(wǎng)上藥店2名(1.2%)。
本次調(diào)查顯示,60.3%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)同“我國(guó)民眾存在過度使用抗生素的現(xiàn)象”。成都某社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心回顧了2018年2—9月期間收治的100例急性上呼吸道感染患者抗生素使用情況,其中95%的患者均使用了抗生素[8]。西安某醫(yī)院對(duì)2018年3—4月187例兒科門診患兒就診前抗生素的使用情況調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,其中155例(82.89%)患兒均使用了抗生素,兒科患者的抗生素應(yīng)用存在濫用、不規(guī)范和不合理現(xiàn)象[9]。
80.7%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)為抗生素能夠治療病毒引起的感染,Hawking等[10]的研究顯示,大多數(shù)家長(zhǎng)無法區(qū)分病毒感染和細(xì)菌感染的區(qū)別。65.5%的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)為兒童使用抗生素后,癥狀消失就應(yīng)該立即停藥,該比例高于2015年WHO報(bào)道的53%的中國(guó)人傾向于在癥狀消失后停止使用抗生素[11]。以上調(diào)查結(jié)果說明家長(zhǎng)對(duì)抗生素相關(guān)知識(shí)了解不足,健康宣教工作任重而道遠(yuǎn)。家長(zhǎng)對(duì)抗生素使用態(tài)度調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,15.8%的家長(zhǎng)會(huì)根據(jù)兒童病情決定是否要自行服用抗生素,但實(shí)際上有35.3%的家長(zhǎng)會(huì)自行購(gòu)買抗生素給兒童使用,雖然這一比例低于Yu等[7]報(bào)告的國(guó)內(nèi)農(nóng)村地區(qū)62.0%的抗生素自行購(gòu)買率,但提示兒童家長(zhǎng)存在“知行不一”的情況。
綜上所述,閔行區(qū)華漕地區(qū)家長(zhǎng)對(duì)抗生素的認(rèn)知、態(tài)度與使用行為均具有提升和改善空間。對(duì)上海市閔行區(qū)某社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心的調(diào)查顯示,2009—2012年兒科門診抗菌藥物的使用率和不合理使用比例均有所減少,說明開展抗菌藥物處方監(jiān)管能夠有效規(guī)范抗生素的使用[12]。對(duì)此,筆者提出如下建議:(1)政府應(yīng)繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)對(duì)抗生素的使用監(jiān)管力度,針對(duì)實(shí)際情況出臺(tái)相應(yīng)法規(guī)和政策;(2)相關(guān)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)抗生素臨床應(yīng)用重點(diǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的管理,對(duì)抗生素不合理使用的情況應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行整改;(3)社區(qū)醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)發(fā)揮專業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì),在日常診療過程中對(duì)居民進(jìn)行抗生素合理使用宣教,提升兒童家長(zhǎng)對(duì)不合理使用抗生素危害的認(rèn)知。
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