布拉格濱河區(qū)空間復(fù)興，布拉格，捷克

2021-04-27 08:07建筑設(shè)計(jì)彼得揚(yáng)達(dá)腦力工坊建筑事務(wù)所

世界建筑 2021年4期

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：彼得·揚(yáng)達(dá)/腦力工坊建筑事務(wù)所

1 濱河區(qū)正面外景/Front view of riverfront area

2 濱河區(qū)背面外景/Back view of riverfront area

項(xiàng)目概述

2009 年，我們共同發(fā)起的布拉格濱河區(qū)的規(guī)劃與建筑復(fù)興項(xiàng)目，已經(jīng)歷了10 年的建設(shè)。項(xiàng)目片區(qū)曾是碼頭與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)點(diǎn)，在經(jīng)受了2002 年的洪水之后荒廢，成為停車(chē)場(chǎng)。隨著項(xiàng)目的逐步激活，其文化與社會(huì)價(jià)值得以復(fù)興，隨之而來(lái)的是建筑的復(fù)蘇。

城市環(huán)境

布拉格濱河區(qū)是一個(gè)對(duì)整座城市都具有重要意義的公共空間，為城市的“脊椎”——伏爾塔瓦河與公共空間賦予了獨(dú)特的共生關(guān)系。在控規(guī)范圍內(nèi)的河岸邊，濱水建筑構(gòu)成了河道上的“脊骨”，通過(guò)堤岸上每一個(gè)獨(dú)立的 “脊骨”支撐起了整個(gè)城市的形體框架。

濱河區(qū)的復(fù)興計(jì)劃所涉范圍廣闊，沿著拉欣、霍熱伊希和德沃夏克這3 條布拉格的河堤延伸近4km。業(yè)已完成的一期工程產(chǎn)生了巨大的社會(huì)文化影響。其重點(diǎn)是重建河堤墻壁上的20 個(gè)拱洞（原為冰庫(kù)），將其與外部空間融為一體，而非創(chuàng)造典型的室內(nèi)環(huán)境，以期最大限度地與濱河區(qū)及河流產(chǎn)生對(duì)話(huà)。

功能規(guī)劃

這些拱洞將成為咖啡館、俱樂(lè)部、藝術(shù)工坊、工作室、畫(huà)廊、圖書(shū)館分館、社區(qū)會(huì)議空間與公共廁所等功能空間。建筑設(shè)計(jì)采用差異性的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)，將空間設(shè)計(jì)成包含了所有運(yùn)行和技術(shù)設(shè)備的基底與可以適應(yīng)不同情境的吧臺(tái)。拱洞中的每位租戶(hù)都會(huì)得到一本用戶(hù)手冊(cè)，內(nèi)含其身份信息，以及所添加的內(nèi)裝元素（如在大型拱洞中插入地板、外部吧臺(tái)等）。重點(diǎn)落在每個(gè)拱洞可能發(fā)生的調(diào)整，這樣即使每位租戶(hù)各自置入坐席家具與室內(nèi)元素，所有拱洞也仍能獲得一致的完整性。作為建筑師，我們把控著各處調(diào)整，盡可能地支持租戶(hù)在建筑學(xué)方向上的求同存異，這樣整體區(qū)域的基本外觀(guān)可以得到保留，也能體現(xiàn)各租戶(hù)的個(gè)性。雖然這往往意味著不同的建筑敏感度，但我們相信這將在另一個(gè)層面上使我們的拱洞設(shè)計(jì)更為完善。大多數(shù)和我們一起營(yíng)造出了濱河區(qū)氛圍的租戶(hù)仍將在那里繼續(xù)生活，新的項(xiàng)目也會(huì)從公開(kāi)競(jìng)賽獲得的一系列完整規(guī)劃中選出。我們相信他們會(huì)豐富濱河區(qū)的社會(huì)性，也會(huì)迸發(fā)出多樣的內(nèi)容與功能概念以滿(mǎn)足所有的需求。

作為建筑復(fù)興的一部分，我們開(kāi)始為濱河區(qū)建立起規(guī)劃方法論。策劃人一職的設(shè)立是為了引入權(quán)威人士把控這一寶貴公共空間的文化與社會(huì)品質(zhì)，補(bǔ)足管理者—建筑師—策劃人的功能三角。

建筑設(shè)計(jì)

干預(yù)措施與原有濱河墻體自然共生，融為一體，通過(guò)運(yùn)用針灸式策略，它們重新創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)富有紀(jì)念意義的整體，旨在最大限度地開(kāi)放墻內(nèi)空間以實(shí)現(xiàn)與濱河區(qū)最直接的聯(lián)系。建筑設(shè)計(jì)順應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境，以最小化的藝術(shù)手段厘清現(xiàn)有的形狀與關(guān)系，并找到新的由堤岸環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的互聯(lián)界面與可能性。

3 可開(kāi)啟和關(guān)閉的旋轉(zhuǎn)窗/Glazed round windows open and close

Description

The project has been built for 10 years.We coinitiated it in 2009 as a programme and architectural revitalisation of the Prague riverfront area that was built as a quay and transhipment point.The area was deserted after the 2002 floods and used as a car park.By gradual programme activation, we have achieved cultural and social revival, and subsequently,architectural rehabilitation.

Urban Context

Prague's riverfront area is a public space of city-wide significance, enabling a unique symbiosis of public space with the spinal cord of the city: the Vltava River.In the regulated part of the banks, the riverfront architecture becomes the backbone for the river spinal cord, which, through the individual"vertebrae" of the embankments, holds the skeletal system of the city on which the entire urban structure forming its body is hung.

The vast revitalised riverfront area stretches along the three Prague embankments: Ra?ín, Ho?ej?í and Dvo?ák, almost 4 km in length.The completed first phase has produced a great sociocultural impact.It focused on the reconstruction of 20 vaults in the riverside wall (originally ice storage areas).Instead of creating classic interiors, the vaults are merged with the exterior with maximum contact with the riverfront area and the river.

Programme

4 總平面/Site plan

5 首層平面/Ground floor

6 首層平面-衛(wèi)生間/Ground floor, Toilet

拉欣河堤上的6 處拱洞是遵照既有洞口幾近整圓的圓弧建造的。設(shè)計(jì)基于微小的干預(yù)措施，以少換多，用現(xiàn)代的方式呈現(xiàn)其既有的質(zhì)量，創(chuàng)造了獨(dú)特的場(chǎng)景與體驗(yàn)。原有的金屬拉伸網(wǎng)與濱河墻體上的石砌拱過(guò)梁被拆除，取而代之的是尺寸巨大的玻璃圓窗，這個(gè)圓窗以窗框內(nèi)部對(duì)角線(xiàn)為軸旋轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)啟。入口被設(shè)計(jì)為特制的金屬窗框配以重達(dá)1～1.5t的拉寬橢圓玻璃。既有洞口的石拱弧形被仿照石砌臺(tái)階形制的石堆補(bǔ)全，其內(nèi)隱藏著設(shè)備井、空調(diào)通風(fēng)口和防洪構(gòu)件。由有機(jī)玻璃制成的橢圓旋轉(zhuǎn)窗厚7cm，直徑5.5m，重約2.5t，每一扇的形狀都各不相同，且由于其尺寸超過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)玻璃，這些可能是世界上最大的旋轉(zhuǎn)窗了，開(kāi)啟和關(guān)閉都需要引擎驅(qū)動(dòng)。在使用室內(nèi)空間的時(shí)候，窗戶(hù)會(huì)被固定在開(kāi)啟60%的位置，其他時(shí)間則由運(yùn)動(dòng)傳感器控制自動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān)，也可以由工作人員開(kāi)啟。霍熱伊希河堤上的14 處拱洞則擁有鋼塑大門(mén)，呈指向門(mén)框內(nèi)側(cè)的弧形，這樣的處理方式使得大門(mén)開(kāi)啟后，拱洞內(nèi)可與整個(gè)濱河區(qū)產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系。在有公共廁所的拱洞里，入口會(huì)向室內(nèi)延伸出平滑的曲線(xiàn)，在公共區(qū)域之外分出廁所的隔間。

技術(shù)控制

地暖、空調(diào)與熱循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、紅外線(xiàn)加熱裝置的結(jié)合保證了全年的運(yùn)行，因此各拱洞可以全年開(kāi)啟窗扇與濱河區(qū)相連接。所有工程構(gòu)件都一體式澆筑融入拱頂之中，在視覺(jué)上沒(méi)有任何影響。在拉欣河堤，空調(diào)風(fēng)口以形狀各異的縫隙形式穿插在入口處仿制臺(tái)階的連接點(diǎn)與內(nèi)槽中；而在霍熱伊希河堤，空調(diào)風(fēng)口則穿插在窗框和地板與墻壁的插座里。電氣插座、上下水管都隱藏在地板下嵌入式的圓柱筒里。拱洞實(shí)現(xiàn)了無(wú)障礙設(shè)計(jì)，由便攜式防洪擋板保護(hù)。所有拱洞空間都應(yīng)用了模塊化的、設(shè)備齊全的艙體，其中包括了壁掛式不銹鋼馬桶、定制的自動(dòng)洗臉盆和干手器、照明設(shè)備、垃圾桶以及排風(fēng)扇。廁所門(mén)上的占用指示燈也各不相同，它們被設(shè)計(jì)為帶有象形圖案的玻璃球（男用、女用或通用）。污水處理系統(tǒng)是壓力泵系統(tǒng)，可將污水抽出至位于河堤水平面以上的污水管中?！?/p>

（潘奕譯）

7 總平面/Site plan

8 工作室示意/Atelier diagram

9 咖啡廳示意/Café diagram

The vaults will serve as cafes, clubs, studios,workshops, galleries, a library branch, space for neighbour meetings and public toilets.The architectural design works with modular diversity,the spaces are designed as a detailed base that includes all operational and technical facilities and a bar that can be moved to different positions.There is a user's manual that contains the identification of the individual tenants and the addition of builtin elements (the insertion of floors into large vaults,exterior bar, etc.).Emphasis is placed on the possible adjustment of each of the vaults so that they gain consistent integrity through the equipment of each tenant with their seating furniture and interior elements.As architects, we supervise the individual adjustments so that the basic vision of the area is preserved, while achieving authenticity for each tenant.We try to be supportive to the tenants and stay in the background architecturally,allowing a diversity of opinions.Although this often means different architectural sensitivity, we believe this will complement our basic vault design through another layer.Most of the tenants who co-created the phenomenon of the riverfront area will continue there and new projects have been selected from a whole spectrum of plans in an open public competition.We believe they will socially complement the riverfront area and offer various content and programme concepts that will cater to all needs.

As part of the architectural revitalisation, we initiated the creation of a programme methodology for the riverfront area.The position of curator was created to complement the functional triangle of manager – architect – curator, with an authority overseeing the cultural and social quality of this valuable public space.

Architectural Design

The interventions symbiotically merge with the original architecture of the riverside wall, into which they naturally fuse; by using the acupuncture strategy, they re-create a monumental whole.The aim is the most direct connection with the riverfront area with the maximum opening of the spaces inside the wall.The architectural design responds to the context of the place and works with minimal artistic means that allow purging of the existing shapes and relations and finding new interconnection views and possibilities arising from the environment of the embankment.

10 旋轉(zhuǎn)窗/Glazed round window

11 吧臺(tái)的不同格局/Bar position

12 拱洞內(nèi)景/Interior view of arch

The 6 vaults on the Ra?ín Embankment are built following the almost circular arc of the upper part of the existing openings.The design itself is based on a tiny intervention, which takes more than it adds and brings the existing quality back in a contemporary way, creating a unique situation and opportunity.The former stretch metal curtain wall and stone constructions built into the original bridge arches of the riverfront wall were knocked down and replaced with large-format glazed round windows that open by diagonal rotation inside the frame.The entrance portals are designed as atypical steel frames with dilated elliptic glass weighing 1～1.5 t.The stone arched linings of the existing portals are completed with stone stepped volumes following the former steps allusion, which hide the installation shaft, air-conditioning vent and anti-flood control elements.The elliptical pivoting windows made of organic glass 7 cm thick and 5.5 m in diametre weigh approximately 2.5 t.Each has a unique shape and,due to their size exceeding the standard glazing,these are probably the largest pivot windows in the world.Opening and closing are engine powered.For the operation of the inner spaces, the windows are fixed in the position of 60% of its opening.Other options are automatic opening with motiondetecting sensors, or they can be opened by the bar staff.The 14 vaults on the Ho?ej?í Embankment have steel sculptural entrances curved into the jamb in such a way that they connect the vault with the riverfront area in the entire space when opened.In the vaults with public toilets, the entrance wings follow a smooth arc into the interior membrane separating the cabins from the public area.

Technical Design

A combination of floor heating with airconditioning with heat recovery and infrared heaters allows year-round operation, so it can be connected with the riverfront area with the windows open all year.All of the engineering distributions are integrated into the vault structures so that they do not interfere with the visual design.The air conditioning has atypical slits inserted into the portal staircase joints and inner slots on the Ra?ín Embankment; whereas on the Ho?ej?í Embankment,it is inserted into the window jambs and outlets in the floor and walls.The electrical installation outlets, water and sewerage are hidden in built-in cylindrical floor boxes.The vaults are barrier-free,protected by portable flood-stop barriers.All of the spaces use modular, fully-equipped cabins that include wall-mounted stainless-steel toilets, custommade, automatic washbasins with hand dryers,lighting, waste bin and fan.The toilet doors have atypical light occupancy indicators designed as a glass ball with a pictogram (men, women or unisex).The entire sewerage removal system works as a pressure pumping system, which pumps the sewage into the sewer mains located above the level of the embankment.□