李小娜 李開瑞 何迎春 徐朝軍 宋嵐
〔摘要〕 目的 研究血根堿(sanguinarine, SAN)對肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和細(xì)胞周期的影響,并探討其可能的作用機(jī)制。方法 將肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為空白組、SAN不同濃度(1.25、2.5、5、10 μmol/L)組、陽性組。采用噻唑藍(lán)[3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide, MTT]法和實(shí)時無標(biāo)記動態(tài)細(xì)胞分析技術(shù)(real time cellular analysis, RTCA)檢測細(xì)胞增殖;采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞周期分布;采用Annexin V-FITC/PI雙熒光染色法檢測細(xì)胞凋亡;采用蛋白免疫印跡(Western blot)法檢測增殖相關(guān)蛋白(PCNA)、周期相關(guān)蛋白(Cyclin D1、Cyclin D3、CDK4)、凋亡相關(guān)蛋白(Bax、XIAP、Survivin)表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 MTT法和RTCA檢測結(jié)果均顯示,不同濃度SAN均能夠抑制肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞增殖(P<0.01)。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測結(jié)果顯示,不同濃度SAN(2.5、5 μmol/L)處理肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞24 h后,其G1期比例顯著增加(P<0.01)。AnnexinV-FITC/PI雙熒光染色法結(jié)果,經(jīng)SAN(2.5、5 μmol/L)處理24 h后的肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯增加(P<0.01)。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)SAN干預(yù)后的肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞的增殖相關(guān)蛋白PCNA(P<0.01)、周期相關(guān)蛋白Cyclin D1、Cyclin D3、CDK4(P<0.01)、抗凋亡蛋白Survivin、XIAP(P<0.05或P<0.01)表達(dá)水平均顯著降低,促凋亡蛋白Bax(P<0.01)表達(dá)水平明顯提高。結(jié)論 SAN能抑制肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞增殖,將其細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G1期,并可誘導(dǎo)其細(xì)胞凋亡。
〔關(guān)鍵詞〕 血根堿;肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞;增殖;凋亡;細(xì)胞周期
〔中圖分類號〕R285.5? ? ? ?〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼〕A? ? ? ?〔文章編號〕doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2021.01.011
〔Abstract〕 Objective To investigate the effects of sanguinarine (SAN) on proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and to explore its mechanism. Methods Lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were randomly divided into the blank group, different concentrations of SAN (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 μmol/L) groups and the positive group. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide,thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and real-time cellular label free dynamic analysis (RTCA) were used to detect the cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the cell cycle distribution. Annexin V-FITC/PI double fluorescent staining was used to detect the cell apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of proliferation-related protein (PCNA), cell cycle-related proteins (Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3, CDK4), and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, XIAP, Survivin) Results The results of MTT and RTCA showed that SAN at different concentrations could inhibit the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells (P<0.01). Flow cytometry showed that the G1 phase proportion of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells was significantly increased (P<0.01) after treated with different concentrations of SAN (2.5, 5 μmol/L) for 24 h. Annexin V-FITC/PI double fluorescent staining showed that the apoptosis rate was significantly increased (P<0.01) after treated with SAN (2.5, 5 μmol/L) for 24 h. Western blot showed that, the expression of proliferation-related protein PCNA (P<0.01), cell cycle-related protein Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3 and CDK4 (P<0.01), and anti apoptotic protein Survivin and XIAP (P<0.05 or P<0.01) were decreased, while the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax was significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusion SAN can inhibit the proliferation and arrest the cell cycle in G1 phase, and induce apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells.
2.5? Annexin V-FITC/PI雙熒光染色法檢測細(xì)胞凋亡率
分組同“2.4”,藥物處理24 h后,消化、離心、收集沉淀移至EP管,各組加入100 μL 1×binding buffer重懸細(xì)胞,再分別加入5 μL FITC和10 μL PI,避光染色15 min后再加入100 μL 1×binding buffer終止染色,輕輕混勻,防止因混勻力度較大而出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞碎片,于熒光雙染流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡率,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
2.6? Western blot檢測相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)水平
將處于對數(shù)生長期的肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞懸液均勻平鋪于10 cm的培養(yǎng)皿中,分組同“2.4”。SAN處理24 h后,每皿加入100 μL裂解液,放置冰上裂解,用細(xì)胞刮將細(xì)胞及混合液刮至皿邊緣,再用移液槍移至1.5 mL EP管中,放置4 ℃冰箱裂解30 min,進(jìn)行離心(12 000 r/min,10 min,離心半徑15 cm),收集細(xì)胞上清,用BCA蛋白試劑盒測蛋白濃度,配置樣品并放置金屬?。?00 ℃/10 min)進(jìn)行蛋白變性,進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳,按照順序?yàn)闉V紙+膠+PVDF膜+濾紙進(jìn)行濕轉(zhuǎn)。加入25%脫脂牛奶,放置搖床封閉1 h,用TBST洗凈殘余的封閉牛奶液,根據(jù)目的條帶位點(diǎn)孵育一抗過夜(β-Actin、PCNA、Bax、XIAP、Survivin、Cyclin D1、Cyclin D3、CDK4均按照1∶1 000稀釋),洗膜3次,避光孵育各自熒光二抗2 h,于搖床上避光洗3次,于Odyssey-CLX進(jìn)行顯影,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
2.7? 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用“x±s”表示,若符合正態(tài)性及方差齊性,選擇單因素方差分析,若不滿足時,選擇秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
3 結(jié)果
3.1? SAN對肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞增殖的影響
MTT和RTCA實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與空白組相比,經(jīng)不同濃度SAN干預(yù)后的肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞的生存活力明顯降低(P<0.01)。結(jié)合上述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,選擇抑制增殖較好的低濃度SAN(2.5、5 μmol/L)處理肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞24 h后進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。與空白組相比,SAN 5 μmol/L組及陽性組細(xì)胞增殖相關(guān)蛋白PCNA表達(dá)顯著下降(P<0.01)。見表1、圖1、圖2。
3.2? SAN對肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞周期的影響
與空白組比較,SAN(2.5、5 μmol/L)組細(xì)胞周期G1期所占比例提高(P<0.01),且隨著SAN濃度的升高,G1期所占比例也呈增加趨勢。與空白組比較,SAN 5 μmol/L組A549細(xì)胞的周期相關(guān)蛋白Cyclin D1、Cyclin D3、CDK4的表達(dá)量顯著降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);SAN 2.5 μmol/L組A549細(xì)胞的周期相關(guān)蛋白Cyclin D1、Cyclin D3的表達(dá)量顯著降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖3、圖4。
3.3? SAN對肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
與空白組比較,SAN(2.5、5 μmol/L)組細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯增加,且以早期凋亡為主,細(xì)胞的凋亡率隨著藥物濃度的提升而增加(P<0.01)。與空白組比較,SAN5 μmol/L組及陽性組凋亡蛋白Bax的表達(dá)水平明顯增強(qiáng),抗凋亡相關(guān)蛋白XIAP、Survivin的表達(dá)水平顯著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。見圖5、圖6、圖7。
4 討論
在我國,肺癌的發(fā)病率與死亡率均居于癌癥首位,每年約有80萬人被確診為肺癌,近5年的生存率僅為20%[9]。某些抗癌治療手段會使免疫系統(tǒng)遭到破壞而導(dǎo)致患者體質(zhì)變差,且治愈率較低[10]。當(dāng)前研究[11]證明,中醫(yī)藥不僅可以減輕放療及化療的不良反應(yīng),還可以有效控制腫瘤惡變程度,在腫瘤康復(fù)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮重要作用。因此,從中藥中篩選高效、低毒的新型抗癌藥物,是目前治療肺癌相關(guān)研究的重要組成部分。
中藥單體SAN是從傳統(tǒng)草藥白屈菜及博落回等罌粟科植物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的苯并菲啶類生物堿[3],已被證實(shí)具有較好的抗癌活性。已有研究[12-15]證實(shí),SAN在胃癌、肝癌、宮頸癌等多種腫瘤中均有抗腫瘤作用,其機(jī)制可能與抑制細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡及阻滯細(xì)胞周期有關(guān)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用MTT法和RTCA法檢測SAN對A549細(xì)胞增殖的影響,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示不同濃度SAN處理肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞24 h后的增殖率均低于空白組。Western blot結(jié)果表明,SAN組肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞PCNA蛋白明顯降低,PCNA可反映DNA復(fù)制的狀態(tài),經(jīng)常作為腫瘤細(xì)胞活性標(biāo)志物。
腫瘤細(xì)胞失控性生長的原因之一是細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控機(jī)制發(fā)生紊亂,因此采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測SAN對肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞周期的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)A549細(xì)胞周期被SAN阻滯于G1期,且藥物濃度越高、G1期比重越高。SAN組肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)蛋白Cyclin D1、Cyclin D3、CDK4的表達(dá)均降低。在細(xì)胞周期中,具有代表性的Cyclin D1和Cyclin D3可促使細(xì)胞增殖加快[16]。蛋白激酶CDK4在細(xì)胞進(jìn)入增殖周期時首先被激活,可與Cyclin D1/Cyclin D3緊密結(jié)合,形成Cyclin/CDK激酶復(fù)合物,加快細(xì)胞從G1期到S期進(jìn)程[17-18]。綜上所述,SAN可能通過改變細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá),使肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G1期,抑制其增殖。
Annexin V-FITC/PI雙熒光染色法是觀察SAN對肺腺癌A549凋亡的影響比較直觀的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,其檢測結(jié)果表明,SAN可誘導(dǎo)肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞凋亡,且隨著藥物濃度的增加凋亡率也增加。Bax是具有代表性的促凋亡基因,屬于Bcl-2家族,當(dāng)Bax表達(dá)量激增時,會使神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡蛋白酶(Caspases)激活,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡;而且編碼的Bax蛋白可與Bcl-2結(jié)合形成異二聚體,加速腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡[19-20]。凋亡抑制因子XIAP可通過抑制Caspases活性調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡[21]。Survivin具有腫瘤特異性,只表達(dá)于腫瘤和胚胎組織,其表達(dá)水平越高提示預(yù)后越差[22]。
上述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,SAN能抑制肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞增殖、誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,但其具體機(jī)制需要更深入的研究。
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