高潔
賓語(yǔ)從句是中考必考考點(diǎn)之一,主要考查的是時(shí)態(tài)及賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序,有時(shí)也會(huì)考查賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞??疾榈闹饕问绞菃雾?xiàng)填空、完形填空、短文填空和完成句子。閱讀理解和書(shū)面表達(dá)也會(huì)考查賓語(yǔ)從句。因此,大家應(yīng)熟練掌握賓語(yǔ)從句的用法。
中考考查重點(diǎn)
1.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞和代詞選擇。
2.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序。
3.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)。
考向一:賓語(yǔ)從句的種類
賓語(yǔ)從句是一種名詞性從句,在句中作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),或介詞的賓語(yǔ),或形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的不同連詞,賓語(yǔ)從句可分為三類。
由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。that只有語(yǔ)法作用,沒(méi)有實(shí)在的意義,在口語(yǔ)和非正
式文體中可以省略。
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn't know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2由連接代詞who、whom、whose、what、which和連接副詞when、where\why、how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I don't know why the train is late.
3由if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。if和whether 在句中的意思是“是否”。
I want to know if (whether) he lives there. He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
考向二:賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序
賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為陳述句的語(yǔ)序,即按照主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)的順序。陳述句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句,語(yǔ)序不變,即仍用陳述語(yǔ)序。
He is an honest boy. The teacher said.
-The teacher said (that) he was an honest boy.
2一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句,語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z(yǔ)序。Does he work hard? I wonder.
-I wonder if/whether he works hard.
【典例】Miss Green didn't tell us in 2002.
A. where does she live
B. where she lives
C.where did she live
D. where she lived
【答案】D
【解析】該題考查的是賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)。賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用陳述句的語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài),故選D。
考向三:賓語(yǔ)從句主句與從句時(shí)態(tài)一致的問(wèn)題
如果主句是現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)),
那么賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。
I remember he gave me a book yesterday.
He has told me that he'll leave for New York tomorrow.
I don't think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
【典例】1.Would you please tell me
A. when did he come home
C.if he had seen the film
B. where he would play football
D. why he didn't watch the game
【答案】D
【解析】該題考查的是賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)。主句用的實(shí)際上是現(xiàn)在時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句在這個(gè)句子里應(yīng)用陳述句的語(yǔ)序和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
2. I don't know when
A.will the train leave
B.the train will leave
C.would the train leave
D.the train leave
【答案】B
【解析】該題考查的是賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)。只有B項(xiàng)在語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)上符合要求。
如果主句是過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)),那么賓語(yǔ)從
句一定要用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí))。
He told me that he would take part in the high jump.
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the US soon.
如果賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是客觀事實(shí)或真理,即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
He told me that the earth is round.
方法技巧
賓語(yǔ)從句須注意,幾點(diǎn)事項(xiàng)應(yīng)牢記。
一是關(guān)鍵引導(dǎo)詞,不同句子詞相異。
陳述句子用that,一般疑問(wèn)是否(if,whether)替特殊問(wèn)句更好辦,引導(dǎo)還用疑問(wèn)詞。
二是時(shí)態(tài)常變化,主句不同從句異。主句若為現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)看意;主句若為過(guò)去時(shí),從句時(shí)態(tài)向前移。三是語(yǔ)序要記清,從句永保陳述序。
that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
that是賓語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞,放在主句和從句之間。它引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句由陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái),故從句的語(yǔ)序不變。在that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中,that作連接代詞,無(wú)意義,在句中不作任何成分,在口語(yǔ)或非正式的文體中通??梢允÷?。
that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的用法
位置:that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)、介詞或形容詞之后。
①作及物動(dòng)詞,如say、think、tell、know、hear、see、hope、remember、wish、forget等的賓語(yǔ)。如:
She says that she will help me learn English this evening.
她說(shuō)今天晚上她會(huì)幫我學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
②作介詞的賓語(yǔ):連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ),只用在except、 but、in之后。如:
He is a good boy except that he is careless.
他是一個(gè)好男孩,只是有點(diǎn)兒粗心。
③作“be+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語(yǔ)。某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句,如 sure、 glad、 certain. pleased. sorry. happy、 afraid等,連詞that可省略。如: I'm happy (that) I passed the exam.我很高興我通過(guò)了考試。
2時(shí)態(tài):主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)具體情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài);主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句中也必須用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。試比較:
He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.他說(shuō)他想盡快見(jiàn)到他。
He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.他說(shuō)他想盡快見(jiàn)到他。
【特別提醒】
當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),而賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容表示的是客觀真理、事實(shí)、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象、名言警句、格言、諺語(yǔ)等時(shí),此時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),這些情況下不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制。如:
The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.老師告訴我們,地球圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
3引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略的幾種情況:
引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞that通??梢允÷?。
She said (that) she would come to the meeting.她說(shuō)過(guò)要來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)的。
I promise you (that) I will be there.我答應(yīng)你我會(huì)去的。
I hoped (that) I would / should succeed.我曾希望我會(huì)成功。
He thinks (that) they will give him a visa.他想他們會(huì)給他簽證。
He thought (that) they would give him a visa.他本想他們會(huì)給他簽證。
I expect (that) the plane will be diverted.我料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。
Iexpected (that) the plane would be diverted.我本料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。
Everybody knows (that) money doesn't grow on trees.眾所周知,金錢是不會(huì)從樹(shù)上長(zhǎng)出來(lái)的。
I suggested (that) they should I shouldn't drive along the coast.我建議他們沿著/不要沿著海岸開(kāi)車。
【注意】有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可位于句首,此時(shí)that不可省略:
That she is a good girl know.她是一個(gè)好姑娘,我是知道的。
引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略的幾種情況:
that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),并不是在任何情況下都可以省略,在以下幾種情況中that不能省略。
①?gòu)木涞闹髡Z(yǔ)是that時(shí),that不能省略。
We know thatis an interesting film.我們知道那是一部有趣的電影。
②and連接的兩個(gè)表示陳述意義的賓語(yǔ)從句并列時(shí),有時(shí)省去第一個(gè)從句的連詞that,但第二個(gè)從句的連詞that一般不可以省略。如:
He told me (that) they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.
他告訴我,他們決定不了去做什么并且問(wèn)了我的意見(jiàn)。
③that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不能省略。如:
I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.
對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知,只知道他是南方人。
⑤如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如: We thought it strange that Xiao Zhang did not come yesterday.
小張昨天沒(méi)來(lái),我們覺(jué)得很奇怪。
6賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
在think,believe,suppose,expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí),謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定的意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?,英語(yǔ)稱這種現(xiàn)象為否定轉(zhuǎn)移。如:
①我認(rèn)為今晚他不能來(lái)。
【誤】Ithink he can't come this evening.
【正】I don't think he can come this evening.
②他認(rèn)為我們現(xiàn)在不在教室里。
【誤】He doesn't think we are in the classroom now
【正】 He thinks we are not in the classroom now.
【特別警示】
含有“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”現(xiàn)象的句子,主句的主語(yǔ)必須是第一人稱,此時(shí),變成反意疑問(wèn)句,附加問(wèn)句要由從句來(lái)決定;如果主句的主語(yǔ)是其他人稱,附加問(wèn)句要由主句來(lái)決定。如:
I don't think he is right,is he?我認(rèn)為他不對(duì),是嗎?
He thinks I can come,doesn't he?他認(rèn)為我能來(lái),是不是?