France 法國

Lower secondary education ends at 15 when pupils take a lower secondary leaving exam， the brevet， which comprises tests French， maths， history/geography and civics education together with continuous assessment from 13—15. After one year of upper secondary education， pupils can leave or continue their education. Those that stay on can choose from a range of baccalaureate， a technical brevet or vocational certificates.

初中教育在15歲結(jié)束，學(xué)生們需要參加初中畢業(yè)考試——初中畢業(yè)會(huì)考，其中包括法語、數(shù)學(xué)、歷史/地理和公民教育，以及從13到15歲的連續(xù)評(píng)估。經(jīng)過一年的高中教育后，學(xué)生可以選擇離開或繼續(xù)學(xué)業(yè)。那些留下來的學(xué)生可以在一系列文憑、技術(shù)證書或職業(yè)證書中進(jìn)行選擇。

Finland 芬蘭

At age 18 to 19 students usually take the matriculation examination. This comprises at least four tests：

· mother tongue （compulsory）;

· three other compulsory tests from second national language， foreign language， maths， and one test from sciences or humanities;

· one or more optional tests.

18至19歲的學(xué)生通常需要參加大學(xué)入學(xué)考試，這至少包括四項(xiàng)考試：

· 母語（必修）;

· 其他三門必修考試，包括第二民族語言、外語、數(shù)學(xué)，以及一項(xiàng)科學(xué)或人文學(xué)科的考試;

· 一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)可選測試。

South Korea 韓國

No national examination on completion of lower secondary phase education. However， students may need to take an entrance exam at age 15+ for some upper secondary schools.

At age 18+， pupils receive either a High School Certificate or a Vocational High School Certificate. All students who wish to go to junior college after upper secondary school （high school） have to take the national College Scholastic Ability Test （CSAT）. CSAT involves written tests in subject domains： Korean， maths， English， social studies， science and vocational education （pupils choose 9 tests from a range of options）， and a second foreign language.

Higher education institutions announce annually their student admission criteria which include elements such as CSAT score， comprehensive high school records， institution-administered examinations， interviews， essays and recommendation letters.

完成初中階段教育后沒有國家考試。然而，對(duì)于一些高中，15歲以上的學(xué)生可能需要參加入學(xué)考試。

18歲以上的學(xué)生會(huì)獲得高中證書或職業(yè)高中證書。所有希望在高中畢業(yè)后進(jìn)入大學(xué)的學(xué)生必須參加全國學(xué)院學(xué)術(shù)能力考試（CSAT）。CSAT包括以下學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的筆試：韓語、數(shù)學(xué)、英語、社會(huì)科學(xué)、科學(xué)和職業(yè)教育（學(xué)生從一系列選項(xiàng)中選擇9門考試），以及第二外語。

高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)每年都會(huì)公布他們的招生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，其中包括CSAT成績、綜合高中成績、院校管理的考試、面試、作文和推薦信等要素。

Japan 日本

No national assessment. Individual institutions arrange assessment at the end of lower secondary education （age 15） which may influence entry to senior high school although entry tests for these are often administered by municipal boards of education. Each local senior high school selects its own pupils under supervision of boards of education and in accordance with individual boards regulations. National and private upper secondary schools conduct their own entrance exams. Individual institutions issue a Certificate of Upper Secondary Education at age 18. This Certificate is just one of the requirements for entry to higher education.

日本沒有全國性的評(píng)估考試。地方院校在學(xué)生初中教育結(jié)束時(shí)（15歲）會(huì)安排評(píng)估，這可能會(huì)影響其高中入學(xué)，盡管這些入學(xué)考試通常是由市教育委員會(huì)管理。每所地方高中在教育委員會(huì)的監(jiān)督下，根據(jù)地方委員會(huì)的規(guī)定選擇自己要錄取的學(xué)生。國立和私立高中都有自己的入學(xué)考試。地方院校在學(xué)生18歲時(shí)頒發(fā)高中教育證書，但這一證書只是升學(xué)的條件之一。

The Netherlands 荷蘭

At age 15， schools assess whether students have acquired the knowledge， understanding and skills described in the attainment targets for basic secondary education （known as the first cycle）. Pupils then enter the second cycle which prepares students for specific， differentiated terminal examinations：

· VMBO， pre-vocational secondary education qualification： comprises a compulsory common component （Dutch， English， social studies I， physical education and arts I）， an optional component， and a sector-specific component （chosen from： engineering and technology， care and welfare， business or agriculture）.

· HAVO， senior general secondary education qualification： common component as above， specialized components and an optional component chosen from subject combinations： “science and technology”， “science and health” and “economics and society”. As well as terminal exams， pupils have to write a project which is expected to take 80 hours.

· VWO， a pre-university qualification： as HAVO but with a greater study load.

學(xué)校會(huì)評(píng)估學(xué)生在15歲時(shí)是否獲得了基礎(chǔ)中等教育成就目標(biāo)（稱為第一周期）中描述的知識(shí)、理解力和技能。然后，學(xué)生們進(jìn)入第二周期學(xué)習(xí)，為進(jìn)行具體的、差異化的期末考試做準(zhǔn)備：

· VMBO，職前中等教育學(xué)歷：包括必修公共部分（荷蘭語、英語、社會(huì)科學(xué)Ⅰ、體育和藝術(shù)Ⅰ）、可選部分和特定專業(yè)部分（從工程和技術(shù)、護(hù)理和福利事業(yè)、商業(yè)或農(nóng)業(yè)中選擇）。

· HAVO，高級(jí)普通中等教育學(xué)歷：包括如上所述的公共部分、專業(yè)部分和從學(xué)科組合中選擇的可選部分（“科學(xué)與技術(shù)”“科學(xué)與健康”和“經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)”）。除了期末考試，學(xué)生們還必須完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，預(yù)計(jì)需要80個(gè)小時(shí)。

· VWO，大學(xué)預(yù)科學(xué)歷：類似HAVO，但學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)更重。

New Zealand 新西蘭

The National Certificate of Educational Achievement （NCEA） is the main qualification at all levels of the senior secondary school. It allows a diverse range of students in an increasingly wide variety of courses in schools to have their achievements recognized and reported. Students completing Year 11—the final year of compulsory education （age 15/16） obtain credits towards the NCEA. Approved courses are listed in the New Zealand Qualifications Framework （NZQF）.

Students can achieve the NCEA from a wide range of studies within the school curriculum and beyond. Each subject is assessed externally and by internal assessment? using achievement standards developed by education， industry and national standards bodies. These standards are in place for general/academic （school curriculum） subjects and for vocational and technical subjects.

NCEA is intended to be a comprehensive record of what pupils achieve and a “l(fā)aunching pad” for their ongoing learning and future careers. It is standards-based and complements external assessment with internal assessment in all conventional school subjects at three levels （Level 1 NCEA， Level 2 NCEA， and Level 3 NCEA， broadly equivalent to Year 11， Year 12 and Year 13）.

教育評(píng)鑒國家級(jí)證書（NCEA）是高中各級(jí)的主要證書。它允許學(xué)校中越來越多不同課程的不同學(xué)生的成績得到認(rèn)可、獲得報(bào)告。完成11年級(jí)，即義務(wù)教育最后一年（15/16歲）的學(xué)生能獲得NCEA的學(xué)分。這些批準(zhǔn)的課程通常列在新西蘭資格認(rèn)證框架（NZQF）中。

學(xué)生可以從學(xué)校課程內(nèi)外的廣泛學(xué)習(xí)中取得NCEA。每個(gè)科目都使用由教育、行業(yè)和國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)構(gòu)制定的成績標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行外部評(píng)估和內(nèi)部評(píng)估。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于普通/學(xué)術(shù)（學(xué)校課程）科目以及職業(yè)和技術(shù)科目。

NCEA旨在全面記錄學(xué)生的成績，并為他們后續(xù)的學(xué)習(xí)和未來的職業(yè)生涯提供一個(gè)“跳板”。它以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為基礎(chǔ)，與所有傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校課程三個(gè)級(jí)別（1級(jí)NCEA、2級(jí)NCEA和3級(jí)NCEA，大致相當(dāng)于11年級(jí)、12年級(jí)和13年級(jí)）的外部評(píng)估和內(nèi)部評(píng)估相輔相成。

Word Study

comprise /k?m'pra?z/ v. 包括;包含

The collection comprises 327 paintings.

domain /d?'me?n/ n. 領(lǐng)域，范圍，范疇

Physics used to be very much a male domain.

administer /?d'm?n?st?（r）/ v. 管理;施行;執(zhí)行

The questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers.

supervision /'sju?p?'v??n/ n. 監(jiān)督;管理;指導(dǎo)

Children should not be left to play without supervision.

complement /'k?mpl?ment/ v. 補(bǔ)充;補(bǔ)足;使完美

The team needs players who complement each other .