劉彤霞
一、理論基礎(chǔ)
(一)最近發(fā)展區(qū)理論對教師與教學(xué)的要求
最近發(fā)展區(qū)理論是由前蘇聯(lián)教育家維果茨基提出來的,它對導(dǎo)學(xué)案的影響主要是從教師和教學(xué)兩發(fā)面。
1.對教師在導(dǎo)學(xué)案的設(shè)計與編制上的要求
“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”理論對教學(xué)實踐提供了積極的信息,它要求教師在教學(xué)設(shè)計、教學(xué)原則、教學(xué)模式等的過程中要抓好學(xué)生的“關(guān)鍵期”。即導(dǎo)學(xué)案的設(shè)計和編制中要遵循教學(xué)設(shè)計的主體性、教學(xué)原則的適度性教學(xué)模式的主動性。
在教學(xué)設(shè)計上,主要體現(xiàn)在教師備課上面,而備課的主要任務(wù)是首先了解學(xué)生當(dāng)前所處的階段以及他們所面臨的問題,包括學(xué)生的性格特點、學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣、學(xué)習(xí)技能技巧以及已有的知識儲備,還包括學(xué)生對接受新知識的情感態(tài)度以及樂于學(xué)習(xí)的方式方法等。
2.對導(dǎo)學(xué)案教學(xué)的要求
最近發(fā)展區(qū)理論認為傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)處于教學(xué)的最低界限,好的教學(xué)應(yīng)該處于“教學(xué)最佳期”這個教學(xué)期是有最近發(fā)展區(qū)決定的,教學(xué)首先必須建立在學(xué)生的心理機能開始形成的基礎(chǔ)之前。因為它影響兒童發(fā)展的水平、速度以及智力活動特征。
導(dǎo)學(xué)案的教學(xué)模式實際上就是要求教師在上課之前充分了解學(xué)生的已有的知識儲備情況,并在此基礎(chǔ)上預(yù)測可能達到的水平,為學(xué)生創(chuàng)建“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”。
(二)建構(gòu)主義理論重視“學(xué)”與“教”
建構(gòu)主義的思想來源于認知加工學(xué)說,以及維果斯基、皮亞杰和布魯納等人的思想。
1.重視學(xué)生主體性的發(fā)揮
2.重視學(xué)生獲取知識的情境性
3.重視學(xué)習(xí)過程的自我建構(gòu)
4.重視教學(xué)目標(biāo)的多維性
建構(gòu)主義強調(diào)教師在教學(xué)活動中,應(yīng)該充當(dāng)“指導(dǎo)者”的角色,為學(xué)生搭建“腳手架”,教師把任務(wù)逐漸移交給學(xué)生,最后撤去腳手架。導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計的內(nèi)容還要激發(fā)起學(xué)生的求知欲。如果枯燥無味,那么所設(shè)實施“導(dǎo)學(xué)案”便失去了意義。同時,“導(dǎo)案”的設(shè)計需要注重情境、語境的設(shè)計。
Module 1 How Did They Start導(dǎo)學(xué)案
二、課前自學(xué)
1.課前熱身
(1) Could you please brainstorm as many ball games as possible?
(2) Which of the ball games do you like watching? Why?
(3) Which one of them are you good at?
2.課前閱讀
After reading ,please judge T/F
(1)For Americans, football actually means rugby.
(2)Basketball was invented by a high school principal.
(3)Alexander Cartwright is called “the father of baseball” because he invented it.
(4)Compared with others, soccer was the first to be played by people.
3.課前補充
Could you figure out whose rules the following statements are?
(1)The offense uses a bat, which is made of wood in the professional ranks.
(2)The court is divided into two main sections by the mid-court line.
(3)One of the simple rules—maximum of 15 players in a team, with up to 7 substitutes allowed.
(4)There are nine players on each side.
Long sentences analysis
(1)Naismith wanted to create a game that would provide exercise for a noisy class through the cold months.
(2) Naismith attached two baskets to two tall poles at each end of the gymnasium and gave the players a soccer ball and told them to try to throw the ball into the baskets.
三、課后鞏固
Make a list of great players,past and present and explain why they are so good .