抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨不是執(zhí)政黨，難于用直接和全面的外交方式來(lái)實(shí)行自己提出的外交政策。但中共作為中國(guó)一股重要的政治力量，同時(shí)也是世界反法西斯的重要力量，越來(lái)越被國(guó)際社會(huì)重視和承認(rèn)。隨著對(duì)外聯(lián)絡(luò)對(duì)象的不斷增加，中共中央南方局的對(duì)外交往也從民間擴(kuò)大到官方，并以美、英為重點(diǎn)對(duì)象，逐步打開(kāi)了外交局面，開(kāi)始了“半獨(dú)立外交”。

美國(guó)是世界頭號(hào)強(qiáng)國(guó)，也是反法西斯陣營(yíng)最主要的力量。周恩來(lái)很重視爭(zhēng)取美國(guó)對(duì)中共的了解和對(duì)中國(guó)抗戰(zhàn)的支援。在重慶，周恩來(lái)代表中共先后會(huì)見(jiàn)了美國(guó)駐華大使詹森、美國(guó)總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)顧問(wèn)柯里和其他美國(guó)政府官員，向他們介紹中共的抗日主張和八路軍、新四軍艱苦抗戰(zhàn)的情況。

皖南事變后，周恩來(lái)立即聯(lián)系美國(guó)總統(tǒng)特使居里，向他提供了國(guó)民黨頑固派制造摩擦的有關(guān)材料，著重闡明蔣介石如不改變反共政策，勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致中國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，使抗戰(zhàn)熄火，日本南進(jìn)。美國(guó)政府得到報(bào)告后，立即要居里向蔣介石聲明：“美國(guó)政府在國(guó)共糾紛未解決前，無(wú)法大量援華，中美間的經(jīng)濟(jì)、財(cái)政等各種問(wèn)題，不可能有任何進(jìn)展。”為了同美國(guó)建立直接聯(lián)系，1942年至1943年，周恩來(lái)曾多次邀請(qǐng)美國(guó)派官方代表團(tuán)訪問(wèn)延安。1944年7月至8月，美軍觀察組一行17人在包瑞德的率領(lǐng)下，分兩批到達(dá)延安。美軍觀察組的成員通過(guò)實(shí)地考察和與中共領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人交談，不僅直接了解了抗日根據(jù)地的情況，還更深入地感受到了中共希望在擊敗日本和建設(shè)新中國(guó)的斗爭(zhēng)中和美國(guó)合作。周恩來(lái)對(duì)此高度評(píng)價(jià)：“我們不應(yīng)把他們的訪問(wèn)和觀察當(dāng)作普通行動(dòng)，而應(yīng)把這看作是我們?cè)趪?guó)際間統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的開(kāi)展，是我們外交工作的開(kāi)始。盡管這種外交還是半獨(dú)立外交?！?/p>

英國(guó)作為反法西斯陣營(yíng)的重要成員國(guó)，其對(duì)國(guó)民黨政府也有著重要的影響，周恩來(lái)對(duì)英國(guó)駐華大使館的作用非常重視，他積極地與英國(guó)駐華大使卡爾交往。周恩來(lái)的溫文爾雅和熱情使卡爾佩服不已，卡爾對(duì)中共的抗日主張和取得的抗日成績(jī)也有了更深的了解。皖南事變后，周恩來(lái)親自到卡爾的寓所，向他揭露國(guó)民黨頑固派發(fā)動(dòng)皖南事變的內(nèi)幕，卡爾馬上將這一情況向英國(guó)政府匯報(bào)。英國(guó)政府在收到卡爾的報(bào)告后，告訴蔣介石，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)只會(huì)加強(qiáng)日軍的攻擊。1942年初，卡爾離華赴蘇，周恩來(lái)不僅參加了卡爾的離任告別宴會(huì)，還指示《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》發(fā)表兩篇社論，對(duì)卡爾表示惜別并致友好的臨別贈(zèng)言，稱(chēng)其為“中國(guó)的好朋友”。薛穆接任大使后，周恩來(lái)又多次前往，并就許多問(wèn)題與之交談，使他對(duì)中共的抗日立場(chǎng)和主張也有了較多了解，并建立起了良好的關(guān)系。1945年，在周恩來(lái)的安排下，薛穆還與正在參加重慶談判的毛澤東會(huì)面，雙方進(jìn)行了暢談。

此外，周恩來(lái)等中共中央南方局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人經(jīng)常就國(guó)共關(guān)系、抗戰(zhàn)、蘇援等問(wèn)題同蘇聯(lián)駐華大使潘友新、武官崔可夫進(jìn)行交談，得到了他們的支持和理解。同時(shí)，周恩來(lái)多次向法國(guó)駐華大使貝志高、加拿大駐華大使歐德倫等人積極宣傳中國(guó)抗戰(zhàn)情況和國(guó)共關(guān)系情況，表明中共抗日的堅(jiān)定決心，希望加強(qiáng)盟國(guó)之間的團(tuán)結(jié)合作。

經(jīng)過(guò)周恩來(lái)等人的不懈努力，中共的“半獨(dú)立外交”開(kāi)創(chuàng)了新的里程碑。1945年4月至6月，另一名中共中央南方局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人董必武作為中共代表成為中國(guó)代表團(tuán)的一員，出席在美國(guó)舊金山召開(kāi)的聯(lián)合國(guó)制憲會(huì)議，這是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在國(guó)際政治舞臺(tái)上的首次正式公開(kāi)亮相，打破了國(guó)民黨壟斷外交的局面，表明中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨已步入國(guó)際社會(huì)。

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， the Communist Party of China （CPC） was not the ruling party， and it was difficult to implement its proposed foreign policy in a direct and comprehensive diplomatic manner. Yet the CPC was increasingly valued and recognized by the international community as an important political force in China， and also as an important force in the world against fascism. With the increasing number of foreign contacts， the Southern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee expanded its international contacts from civil to official levels， with the US and UK as the key targets， gradually gaining new ground for its diplomatic policies and initiating a 'semi-independent diplomacy'.

Not only was United States the world's number one power but it was the most dominant force in the anti-fascist camp. Zhou Enlai attached great importance to gaining the United States' understanding of the CPC and support for China's war effort. In Chongqing， on behalf of the CPC， Zhou Enlai met with Mr. Nelson Trusler Johnson， the US Ambassador in China， and Mr. Lauchlin Currie， economic adviser to the president of the United States， among other US government officials， to brief them on the CPC's anti-Japanese advocacy and the arduous efforts of the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army in fighting the war.

Immediately after the Southern Anhui Incident， Zhou Enlai contacted Currie， the special envoy of the US President， and provided him with documents relating to the friction created by the Kuomintang diehards， with a focus on the fact that if Chiang Kai-shek did not change his anti-communist policy， it would inevitably lead to a civil war in China， which would extinguish the resistance efforts and allow Japan to advance southward. Right after receiving the report， the US government asked Currie to make clear with Chiang Kai-shek that "the US government is unable to provide substantial aid to China until the dispute between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China is resolved， and that no progress can be made on various economic and financial fronts between China and the US." To establish direct contact with the U.S.， Zhou Enlai invited the U.S. to send an official delegation to visit Yan'an on several occasions between 1942 and 1943. From July to August 1944， the United States Army Observer Group， consisting of 17 members with David D. Barrett as its chief， arrived in two batches in Yan'an. Through their fieldwork and conversations with the Chinese Communist leaders， the group members not only gained a direct understanding of the situation in the anti-Japanese base areas， but also gained a deeper sense of the Communist Party's desire to cooperate with the United States in the battle to defeat Japan and build a new China. Zhou Enlai spoke highly of this： "We should not regard their visit and observation as an ordinary action， but as the launch of our united front among the international community， the beginning of our diplomatic work. Even though this diplomacy is still semi-independent".

The UK， as an important member of the anti-fascist camp， also had an important influence on the Kuomintang government and Zhou Enlai attached great importance to the role of the British Embassy in China. He proactively engaged with the British Ambassador to China， Sir Archibald Clark-Kerr， who was impressed by Zhou Enlai's gentle and cultivated manner and warmth and gained a deeper understanding of the Communist Party's anti-Japanese ideas and achievements. After the Southern Anhui Incident， Zhou Enlai called on Clark-Kerr's apartment and exposed the inner workings of the Kuomintang's diehards in staging the Southern Anhui Incident， and Clark-Kerr immediately reported the situation to the British Government. In early 1942， when Clark-Kerr left China for the Soviet Union， Zhou Enlai not only attended Clark-Kerr's farewell party， also instructed the Xinhua Daily to publish two editorials， bidding farewell and expressing good wishes to him， calling him 'a good friend of China'. In 1945， Zhou Enlai arranged for Horace Seymour， the British Ambassador to China， to meet with Mao Zedong， who attended the Chongqing negotiations， and they had a good talk.

Besides， Zhou Enlai and other leaders of the Southern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee often talked with Soviet Ambassador Alexander Panyushkin and Military Attaché Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov on issues such as the relations between the Communist Party of China， the War of Resistance and Soviet aid， and won their support and understanding. At the same time， Zhou Enlai kept Mr. Zinovi Pechkoff， the French Ambassador to China， and Major General Victor Wentworth Odlum， the Canadian Ambassador to China informed of the situation of China's resistance efforts and the relations between the CPC and Kuomintang to show the CPCs firm determination in resistance against the Japanese aggression， hoping to strengthen the unity and cooperation among the allied countries.

The tireless efforts of Zhou Enlai and others set a new milestone for the CPC's 'semi-independent diplomacy'. Dong Biwu， another leader of the Southern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee， was a member of the Chinese delegation to the San Francisco conference convened from April through June 1945 to draw up the Charter of the United Nations， the first official public appearance of the CPC in the international political arena， breaking the KMT's monopoly on diplomacy and demonstrating that the CPC had entered the international community.

》》》延伸閱讀

中共代表董必武參加聯(lián)合國(guó)制憲會(huì)議

1943年5月共產(chǎn)國(guó)際宣布解散后，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨加速了走向世界的進(jìn)程。董必武便是這一新歷程的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者和先驅(qū)。

抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，董必武作為中共的七個(gè)國(guó)民參政員之一常駐重慶，參與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了整個(gè)中共中央南方局在國(guó)民黨統(tǒng)治區(qū)的工作。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨對(duì)于美、英的外交爭(zhēng)取工作始于反對(duì)國(guó)民黨頑固派第三次反共高潮的斗爭(zhēng)。當(dāng)國(guó)民黨部署重兵、準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)攻陜甘寧邊區(qū)時(shí)，董必武獨(dú)力承擔(dān)起領(lǐng)導(dǎo)南方局全面工作的重任，在開(kāi)展對(duì)于各民主黨派、民主人士工作的同時(shí)，向各國(guó)駐重慶記者和使館官員說(shuō)明真相，宣傳制止內(nèi)戰(zhàn)、共同抗日，迫使蔣介石改變反共計(jì)劃。毛澤東高度贊揚(yáng)董必武在重慶的工作“很得力”。

抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后期，董必武加強(qiáng)了同英、美等國(guó)記者，英、美使館和美軍代表團(tuán)的接觸，積極促成了1944年中外記者團(tuán)和美軍觀察團(tuán)訪問(wèn)延安，向世界介紹宣傳了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨帶領(lǐng)敵后抗日根據(jù)地軍民抗戰(zhàn)的情況，打破了國(guó)民黨對(duì)敵后抗日根據(jù)地的封鎖。

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨走向世界的一次重要展示，是董必武以中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨代表的身份，作為中國(guó)代表團(tuán)成員參加聯(lián)合國(guó)制憲會(huì)議。1945年4月25日，聯(lián)合國(guó)制憲會(huì)議在美國(guó)舊金山舉行，中共中央派遣董必武率隨員章漢夫、陳家康參會(huì)。5月1日，中國(guó)代表團(tuán)舉行中外記者招待會(huì)，到會(huì)記者600余人，最引人注目的是中共代表董必武。他不卑不亢、笑容可掬，一派政治家又似學(xué)者的風(fēng)度，博得全場(chǎng)熱烈的掌聲。不少人都通過(guò)董必武認(rèn)識(shí)了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的真實(shí)形象。董必武參加了舊金山會(huì)議第三委員會(huì)的工作，與他國(guó)代表經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)百小時(shí)的仔細(xì)推敲，為完成《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》這一歷史性的文件作出了貢獻(xiàn)。6月26日，董必武出席了《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》簽字儀式。董必武與中國(guó)代表團(tuán)全體成員一起，被安排最早在該憲章上簽字。隨后，他又參加了在舊金山歌劇院舉行的閉幕式，實(shí)現(xiàn)了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在世界政治大舞臺(tái)上的重要亮相。

會(huì)后，董必武來(lái)到紐約，在美國(guó)繼續(xù)停留4個(gè)多月，開(kāi)辟了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨走向世界的又一個(gè)重要戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。他廣泛接觸各方友好人士和海外僑胞，積極宣傳中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的政策主張。他還沖破國(guó)民黨的新聞封鎖，在美國(guó)籌劃出版發(fā)行了用英文印刷的《中國(guó)解放區(qū)實(shí)錄》5000冊(cè)，介紹解放區(qū)在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下抗擊日本侵略者取得的光輝戰(zhàn)績(jī)和偉大成就。這些工作對(duì)于推動(dòng)美國(guó)民眾、海外僑胞和世界人民了解中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨起到了重要的作用。 （部分資料由中共重慶市委黨史研究室提供）

圖片/市政府外辦提供

編輯/楊艷

Following the dissolution of the Communist International in May 1943， the Communist Party of China accelerated its journey to the world， on which Dong Biwu was the initiator and the pioneer.

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， Dong Biwu， one of the seven councilors to National Political Council on behalf of the Communist Party of China， was based in Chongqing and took part in leading the work of the entire Southern Bureau of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in the Nationalist-ruled areas. The CPC's diplomatic efforts to win over the United States and Britain began with the struggle against the third anti-communist upsurge of the KMT's diehards. When the Kuomintang deployed heavy troops to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Area， Dong Biwu took up the responsibility of leading the Southern Bureau across the board. While working with the democratic parties and personages， he explained the truth to journalists and embassy officials in Chongqing and promoted the idea of stopping the civil war and fighting against Japanese aggression in a common endeavor， thus forcing Chiang Kai-shek to change his anti-communist schemes. Mao Zedong highly praised Dong Biwu's work in Chongqing as "very effective".

During the latter part of the war， Dong Biwu strengthened contacts with journalists from Britain and the United States， British and American embassies and the American military delegation， and actively facilitated the visit of a Chinese and foreign press corps and an American military observer group to Yan'an in 1944， which introduced and publicized to the world the situation of the Communist Party of China leading the military and civilian resistance in anti-Japanese base areas in the enemy rear and smashed the blockade imposed by the Kuomintang on the anti-Japanese base areas in the enemy rear.

One of the most important demonstrations of the CPC's global reach was Dong Biwu's role as a delegate of the CPC in the founding conference of the United Nations， held in San Francisco on April 25， 1945. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to send Dong Biwu to the United States with his associates Zhang Hanfu and Chen Jiakang to attend the convention. On May 1， the Chinese delegation held a press conference with the presence of 600 or more journalists， the most notable of whom was Dong Biwu， neither humble nor pushy and smiling with a manner of statesman or scholar. He received rounds of applause from the audience. Many people were introduced to the real image of the Communist Party of China through Dong Biwu. Dong Biwu participated in the work of the Third Committee of the San Francisco Conference and contributed to the completion of the historic document， the Charter of the United Nations， after hundreds of hours of careful deliberation with representatives of other countries. On June 26， Dong Biwu attended the signing ceremony of the Charter of the United Nations. Together with all members of the Chinese delegation， Dong Biwu was scheduled to sign the Charter at the earliest opportunity. This was followed by participation in the closing ceremony at the San Francisco Opera House， helping the Communist Party of China cut a splendid dash on the world political stage.

After the meeting， Dong Biwu came to New York and continued to stay in the United States for more than four months， creating another important battlefield for the Communist Party of China to go global. He reached out to a wide range of friendly people and overseas Chinese and actively promoted the policy ideas of the CPC. He also broke through the Kuomintang's press blockade and planned the publication of 5，000 copies of The Facts of the Liberated Areas of China， printed in English， to introduce the glorious achievements of the Liberated Areas against the Japanese invaders under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. These efforts have played an important role in promoting understanding of the Communist Party of China among the American public， overseas Chinese and the people of the world.

（Some information provided by the Party History Research Office of the CPC Chongqing Municipal Committee）

Photos / Foreign Affairs Office of Chongqing Municipal People's Government

Editor/Yang Yan