黃月輝

在高中英語語法中，非謂語動詞是個難點。在高考考查的重點中，對于過去分詞的考查令廣大考生極為頭疼。其中考生對于過去分詞及其后賓語間的邏輯關(guān)系的考查更是錯誤頻出。

例如下面一題：

? ? ? ? ? in white uniform， he looked more like a cook than a doctor.

A. Dressed? ? ? ? B. To dress

C. Dressing? ? ? D. Having dressed

答案為A。

很多同學(xué)首先知道選擇的關(guān)鍵是看主語he與動詞dress的邏輯關(guān)系，雖然多次強調(diào)dress一詞有兩個必記結(jié)構(gòu)：be dressed in， dress oneself in，但是一方面很多同學(xué)仍然習(xí)慣性地根據(jù)句子的漢語意思來選擇答案，因此會理解為“他穿著白色制服”，根據(jù)漢語“他”和“穿著”之間的主謂關(guān)系，從而忽略dress的特殊之處，即 dress與人實際上是動賓關(guān)系，從而選擇了錯誤答案C。另一個做出錯誤選擇的原因是有些同學(xué)雖然被動地記住固定表達(dá)be dressed in， dress oneself in，但其實沒有真正理解dressed是表示狀態(tài)而是不強調(diào)過去分詞的被動之意。

錯誤原因：

1. 分不清楚名詞與動詞是主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系，往往根據(jù)動詞的漢語意思來想當(dāng)然地選擇答案。

2. 對于過去分詞考查難點的知識掌握不牢固，未能深入且真正地理解。

解決辦法：

首先，在學(xué)習(xí)這些特殊詞時，要仔細(xì)查閱詞典，揣摩詞典例句，徹底理解這類詞的用法。以dress 為例，查閱牛津高階英漢雙語詞典便可得知：dress表示 “穿衣服”之意時，可以作及物動詞也可以作不及物動詞，結(jié)構(gòu)為： dress （sb.） （in sth.）。 例如詞典中例句：

I dressed quickly. （此句中dress為不及物動詞）

She dressed herself and the children in their best clothes. （此句中dress為及物動詞，后面接人作賓語而不是衣服類詞語）

dress的及物動詞用法是出題的熱點， 漢語意思為“給（某人）穿衣服”?？疾閷W(xué)生對dress與其后的賓語（人）的被動關(guān)系。類似的詞有seat， lose， locate， absorb， expose， devote， engage， occupy， fix， involve， trap， bury， face， equip等。要想掌握好這些詞的用法，一定要牢記和理解下面的固定結(jié)構(gòu)：seat oneself at / in “使某人坐在……”，be seated at / in “某人坐在……”;lose oneself in （to sth.） “使沉迷于;使專心致志于……”，be lost in（to the world） “某人專心致志于……（全神貫注于某事而不注意周圍的事情）”;locate sth. in / at “把……安置在或建造于……”，be located

in / at“位于……;坐落于……”;absorb oneself in “使全神貫注……”，be absorbed in “被……吸引住;專心致志;全神貫注……”;expose oneself to“使面臨或遭受（危險或不快）……”，be exposed to “面臨著……，遭受著……”; devote oneself to “使某人自己致力于或?qū)Ｐ挠凇?，be devoted to “致力于或?qū)Ｐ挠凇?engage oneself in “使從事;使參加……”，be engaged in“忙于;從事于……”; occupy oneself in doing / with “使忙于（做某事）……”，be occupied in doing /with“（某人）忙于（做某事）……”;fix one's eyes / attention on “集中（目光、注意力等）”，be fixed on “（目光、注意力等）被集中于……”;involve oneself in“使參加，加入……”，be involved in “參與，與……有關(guān)聯(lián)”;trap oneself in “使落入險境，使陷入困境……”，be trapped in “陷入險境，困境……”;bury oneself in“使專心致志于……”，be buried in“某人專心致志于……”;equip oneself with “使配備，使裝備”，be equipped with “某人具備著……”;face oneself with “使某人面臨著……”， be faced with “某人面臨著……”;hide oneself in / at... “使自己躲在……”，be hidden? in / at “某人/物躲在……”;convince oneself of / that... “使確信，使相信……”，be convinced of / that... “某人確信，深信……”;concern oneself about“使某人擔(dān)憂……”，be concerned about “對……擔(dān)心、憂慮”。

以上結(jié)構(gòu)每一組的第一個固定表達(dá)形式都是動賓結(jié)構(gòu)，第二個都是被動形式，而且表示狀態(tài)而不表示被動含義。另外be determined to， be based on， be caught in， be stuck in， be intended to do / for， be born in...等固定形式也用過去分詞表示狀態(tài)。

因此，做這類題的判斷方法是：如果這些詞后面有賓語則一定是“oneself ”即人或固定的特殊賓語“eyes， attention”等;如果是被動形式，過去分詞后一定是介詞，而沒有名詞或代詞。例如：

In the reading room， we found her? ? ? ? ??at a desk， with her attention? ? ? ? ??on a book.

A. fitting; fixing B. sitting; to be fixed

C. seated; fixed? ? D. sit; fixed

觀察選項和題干后，大家可以看到第一個空后有at而沒有可作賓語的名詞或代詞，因此可選seated或者sitting。結(jié)合我們掌握的兩個句型seat oneself at / in， be seated at / in便可確定答案。第二個空也是如此則可斷定考查be fixed on的固定語法。

其次，同學(xué)們要切記運用英語時一定要擺脫英漢翻譯式的解題方法。而是要根據(jù)所學(xué)到的相關(guān)知識點來判斷。例如，seat oneself at / in 意為“使某人坐在……”，而不是“某人坐在……”。

總之，要克服非謂語動詞這一易錯點，同學(xué)們只要牢固掌握知識，同時訓(xùn)練英語式思維，最后通過練習(xí)檢查鞏固，就一定可以掌握好這類動詞的過去分詞用法。

【牛刀小試】

1. When? ? ? ? ??to danger and conflict， men tend to increase blood pressure，? ? ? ? ??nervous and anxious.

A. exposed; felt B. exposed; feeling

C. exposing; feeling D. exposing; felt

2. Ladies and gentlemen， please remain? ? ? ? ??until the plane has come to a complete stop.

A. seated? ? B. seating

C. to seat? ? D. seat

3. They were so deeply? ? ? ? ??in this matter that they found it hard to pull out.

A. involving? B. being involved

C. to involve? ? D. involved

4.? ? ? ? ??about his own safety， Peter put a card on the back of his car reading “Caution—Newly Licensed.”

A. Having concerned

B. Concerning

C. Concerned

D. Being concerned

5.? ? ? ? ??in her most beautiful skirt， the girl tried to make herself? ? ? ? ??at the party.

A. Dressed; noticed

B. Dressing; noticed

C. Dressed; noticing

D. Dressing; being noticed

6. Ideally? ? ? ? ??for Broadway theatre and Fifth Avenue， the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests.

A. locating

B. being located

C. having been located

D. located

7. At least 203 miners were killed， 22? ? ? ? ??and 13? ? ? ? ??in the coal mine gas explosion on Monday afternoon in Fuxin.

A. injuring; trapping

B. injured; trapped

C. injured; trapping

D. injuring; trapped

8. The programme was so? ? ? ? ??that the children kept their eyes? ? ? ? ??on the screen.

A. exciting; fixed? B. exciting; fixing

C. excited; fixed? D. excited; fixing

9.? ? ? ? ??to his research work， the professor cared little about any other things.

A. Devoting? ? B. Devoted

C. Having devoted D. To devote

10.? ? ? ? ??with difficult situation， the president decided to ask his advisors for some good advice.

A. Having faced? B. Face

C. Faced? ? ? ? ? D. To have faced

11.? ? ? ? ??with a camera， a compass and a GPS， the 18 students set out to make a study tour to Huangshan Mountain.

A. Equipping? ? B. Having equipped

C. Equipped? ? ? D. Being equipped

12. When he came back three hours later， they were still sitting on the sofa，? ? ? ? ??in conversation.

A. absorbing? ? ? B. absorbed

C. to absorb? ? D. to be absorbed

13.? ? ? ? ??true events， the film follows the life of Braddock， a boxer in New York.

A. Based on? ? B. Basing on

C. Being based on D. Having based on

14. It is reported that some wild animals were found? ? ? ? ??in a big cave in the mountain.

A. to hide dead? ? B. hidden dead

C. hiding dead? ? D. hidden death

15. In April， thousands of holidaymakers remained? ? ? ? ??abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.

A. sticking? ? ? ? B. to be stuck

C. stuck? ? D. to have stuck

16.? ? ? ? ??that the government can lead them out of the financial crisis， people are optimistic about the future of the country.

A. Convincing? ? B. Convinced

C. To convince D. Having convinced

17. He was so? ? ? ? ??in expanding his business that he nearly forgot he had a family.

A. engaged? ? B. being engaged

C. having engaged D. engaging

18. Have you heard of it？ Firefighters rushed into a burning house， three of them unfortunately? ? ? ? ??in and? ? ? ? ??their lives.

A. caught; losing? B. catching; lost

C. caught; lost? ? D. catching; losing

19. The rich only?? ? ? ? ?themselves in making money and had no eye for the needs and welfare of their workers.

A. devoted? ? B. occupied

C. enjoyed? ? ? D. concerned

20.? ? ? ? ??herself in her studies， Jenny was completely lost to the outside world.

A. Buried? ? ? ? ? B. Being buried

C. Burying? ? ? D. Having buried

21.? ? ? ? ??in thought， he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing? ? ? ? ? B. Having lost

C. Lost? ? ? ? D. To lose

22. The residents approve of the measures? ? ? ? ??so far in our city，? ? ? ? ??to bring a sharp rise in oil prices.

A. having been taken; intended

B. to be taken; intending

C. taken; to intend

D. taken; intended