謝佳燕,吳聰,林佳,李睿
摘要:【目的】探究不同吡蟲啉亞致死濃度處理麥二叉蚜[Schizaphis graminum(Rondani)]后對其試驗(yàn)種群親代及連續(xù)2個(gè)子代世代的影響,以揭示麥二叉蚜多個(gè)世代對吡蟲啉亞致死濃度的響應(yīng),為田間合理用藥提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā坎捎貌煌瑏喼滤罎舛龋↙C20和LC40)吡蟲啉處理當(dāng)代麥二叉蚜后,利用生命表技術(shù)分析經(jīng)吡蟲啉亞致死濃度脅迫后麥二叉蚜親代(F0)及連續(xù)2個(gè)子代世代(F1和F2)存活及生命表參數(shù)的變化。【結(jié)果】不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜的存活和發(fā)育影響不同,與對照相比,LC20濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜親代種群及子代種群的存活率和壽命均無顯著影響(P>0.05,下同);LC40濃度吡蟲啉顯著降低親代麥二叉蚜種群的中位生存期(P<0.05,下同),為對照的71.55%,但對2個(gè)子代種群的中位生存期無顯著影響;不同世代間,LC40濃度處理的存活率和壽命隨世代數(shù)的增加而增加。與對照相比,LC20濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜親代及2個(gè)子代種群的繁殖均無顯著影響;LC40濃度吡蟲啉可顯著抑制麥二叉蚜親代種群的繁殖,但對F1及F2世代種群的繁殖無顯著影響。生命表分析結(jié)果表明,與對照相比,2個(gè)亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜同一子代世代的種群生命表參數(shù)均無顯著影響;同一亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對2個(gè)子代世代的種群生命表參數(shù)也無顯著影響。【結(jié)論】不同亞致死濃度(LC20和LC40)吡蟲啉對親代麥二叉蚜的生存率、壽命和繁殖率存在顯著影響,且呈明顯的劑量效應(yīng),但對2個(gè)子代種群的生命表參數(shù)均無顯著影響。
關(guān)鍵詞: 麥二叉蚜;吡蟲啉;脅迫;存活率;生命表
中圖分類號:S433? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2021)09-2375-07
Effects of sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid on the transgenerational life table characteristics of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)
XIE Jia-yan, WU Cong, LIN Jia, LI Rui
(School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan? 430023, China)
Abstract:【Objective】The effects of the imidacloprid on the parental generation and two successive filial progeny of the Schizaphis graminum(Rondani) were assessed. It was beneficial for revealing the response of an experimental population of S. graminum to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid through multiple generations, which could provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable usage of insecticides in the field. 【Method】The life table and survival characteristics of S. graminum in the parental generation (F0) and two successive filial progeny (F1 and F2) were detected after the parental individuals have been exposed to different sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid(LC20 and LC40). 【Result】Different concentrations of imidacloprid exerted different influences on the survival rate and growth of S. graminum. The LC20 concentration of imidacloprid had no significant effect on the survival rate and median survival time of the parental and successive two filial generations of S. graminum populations(P>0.05, the same below). However,the LC40 concentration of imidacloprid in the F0 generation significantly reduced the survival rate of aphids(P<0.05, the same below), and median survival time of the LC40 group was only 71.55% compared with the control aphids. However, there was no significant effect on the median survival of the two offspring populations. The survival rate and longevity of the LC40 group increased with numbers of generations in three successive generations. The LC20 concentration of imidacloprid had no significant effect on the fecundity of the parental and successive two filial generations of S. graminum populations compared with control. Moreover, the LC40 concentration of imidacloprid significantly reduced the fecundity of aphids in the F0 generation,while without a significant effect on the fecundity of S. graminum populations in the F1 and F2 generations. In addition, within generations, the values of life table characteristics of S. graminum in the LC20 or LC40 group were no significantly different compared with those of the control of both two successive filial generations. Moreover,the values of life table characteristics of aphids to the same sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid(the LC20 or LC40 group) were not significantly different between their two successive filial progeny. 【Conclusion】The results suggests that the survival rates, life span, and fecundity of parental aphids are significantly different from groups(LC20 and LC40) exposed the two sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid with obvious dose effect, while this effect on life table characteristics of S. graminum in two treated groups is not significantly different in the two successive filial generations.
Key words: Schizaphis graminum(Rondani); imidacloprid; stress; survival rate; life table
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201729); College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Hubei(S202010496022); Teaching Research Project of Wuhan Polytechnic University(XM2020004)
0 引言
【研究意義】麥二叉蚜[Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)]是一種廣泛分布的害蟲,也是我國北方小麥產(chǎn)區(qū)的優(yōu)勢種,可直接危害麥類作物并能傳播大麥黃矮病毒,引起麥類作物大量減產(chǎn),導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失(曹雅忠等,2006)。目前,化學(xué)防治仍是麥蚜綜合治理的主要措施,但長期不合理使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥,導(dǎo)致麥蚜抗藥性水平顯著上升(彭麗年等,2000;Bass et al.,2015)。殺蟲劑在田間噴灑后,隨著時(shí)間的推移,可逐步降解,并逐漸遞減至亞致死濃度,從而對田間害蟲產(chǎn)生亞致死效應(yīng)(王澤華等,2017;韓瑞等,2020)。有效評估殺蟲劑對害蟲產(chǎn)生的亞致死效應(yīng),可更好地理解害蟲對殺蟲劑的響應(yīng),對于指導(dǎo)田間科學(xué)合理用藥具有重要的實(shí)踐意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】亞致死濃度的殺蟲劑不會(huì)直接殺死整個(gè)害蟲種群,但可對害蟲的行為、生長發(fā)育及生理生態(tài)等生物學(xué)特征產(chǎn)生影響(Koo et al.,2015;汝陽等,2017;Rix and Cutler,2018;辛天蓉等,2019;Ullah et al.,2020),還可通過作用于害蟲的生存和繁殖參數(shù)對害蟲的遷移和種群動(dòng)態(tài)產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步影響(Ayyanath et al.,2013;Rix et al.,2016;Cao et al.,2019;Hunn et al.,2019),并影響到未接觸殺蟲劑的后代(Costa et al.,2014)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LC25濃度的吡蟲啉可顯著降低F0代瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii)的壽命、繁殖力、內(nèi)稟增長率和凈增殖率,并延長其種群倍增時(shí)間,對其種群增長產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響(Jam et al.,2014)。桃蚜(Myzus persicae)種群經(jīng)吡蟲啉亞致死劑量脅迫后,可降低其F0代成蚜的繁殖力并縮短其壽命,降低F1代種群的內(nèi)稟增長率、凈增殖率和周限增長率,延長其平均世代歷期和種群加倍時(shí)間,壓低種群趨勢指數(shù),對桃蚜具有持續(xù)控制作用(曾春祥等,2006)。采用不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉處理禾谷縊管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)后,可明顯抑制禾谷縊管蚜種群的增長,并降低F1代的內(nèi)稟增長率、周限增長率和凈增殖率,延長種群倍增時(shí)間(Li et al.,2018)。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低濃度吡蟲啉還可刺激害蟲的繁殖能力,導(dǎo)致田間害蟲再猖獗(James and Price,2002;Cordeiro et al.,2013;Guedes and Cutler,2014;Cao et al.,2019),且這種影響還能延遲到繼代才出現(xiàn),從而導(dǎo)致害蟲種群暴發(fā)滯后(Cutler et al.,2009;Cutler,2013;Rix et al.,2016)。亞致死濃度(LC15及LC5)的吡蟲啉雖然顯著降低了當(dāng)代棉蚜(A. gossypii)的壽命和繁殖力,但卻顯著提高其F1代的壽命、繁殖力、內(nèi)稟增長率和凈增殖率(Ullah et al.,2019)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】目前,有關(guān)殺蟲劑亞致死效應(yīng)的研究主要集中在當(dāng)代和子一代種群,其對害蟲更長世代種群參數(shù)影響的研究報(bào)道較少?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】采用生命表的方法分析亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜親代及連續(xù)2個(gè)子代種群生長和繁殖的影響,探討吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜的亞致死效應(yīng),為后期在田間科學(xué)、合理使用吡蟲啉防治麥二叉蚜提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料
麥二叉蚜種群于2011年采集自拉薩市麥田,于實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)未接觸任何藥劑人工飼養(yǎng)至2020年。采用盆栽普通小麥苗飼養(yǎng)于人工氣候培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi),飼養(yǎng)條件為溫度(24±1)℃、光照周期14L∶10D、濕度60%~70%(下同)。供試95.3%吡蟲啉原藥為江蘇常隆化工有限公司產(chǎn)品。
1. 2 吡蟲啉亞致死濃度確定
采用浸漬法(張曉寧等,2014)進(jìn)行室內(nèi)生物測定。選擇約100頭麥二叉蚜成蚜接于新鮮麥苗上,置于人工氣候培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)飼養(yǎng),24 h后棄成蚜留若蚜繼續(xù)飼養(yǎng),以第4 d的麥二叉蚜作為試蟲。將殺蟲劑用丙酮配制5 mg/mL的母液,再用含0.1% Trition-100的蒸餾水稀釋成不同濃度梯度。將麥二叉蚜連同小麥葉片放于細(xì)紗小籠中浸于預(yù)先稀釋的吡蟲啉溶液中,10 s后取出,濾紙吸去多余藥液,放入置有濾紙的培養(yǎng)皿中,于人工氣候培養(yǎng)箱中飼養(yǎng)。藥劑處理24 h后統(tǒng)計(jì)麥二叉蚜的存活和死亡個(gè)體數(shù),以毛筆輕觸蟲體,試蟲不動(dòng)記為死亡,計(jì)算死亡率和校正死亡率。以不含藥劑的處理為對照,每處理30頭麥二叉蚜,每個(gè)濃度3次重復(fù)。
1. 3 生命表組建
選擇約100頭麥二叉蚜成蚜接于新鮮麥苗上,置于人工氣候培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)飼養(yǎng),24 h后棄成蚜留若蚜繼續(xù)飼養(yǎng),于第4 d按照生物測定方法用亞致死濃度的吡蟲啉處理該試蟲(F0世代),以不含藥劑的處理為對照。處理24 h后,隨機(jī)選取存活個(gè)體接于新鮮麥苗上并于人工氣候培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)單頭單株飼養(yǎng)。每日8:00記錄麥二叉蚜存活、死亡及產(chǎn)蚜數(shù),并將每日新產(chǎn)子代蚜蟲計(jì)數(shù)后挑離麥苗,至成蚜死亡。子一代(F1世代)及子二代(F2世代)試蟲均為其前一世代試蟲所產(chǎn)第1批若蚜進(jìn)行單頭單株飼養(yǎng),并按照相同的方法進(jìn)行觀察和記錄。每處理3個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)15~20頭蚜蟲。
1. 4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 14.0進(jìn)行毒力回歸方程及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。對不同吡蟲啉亞致死濃度處理組和不同世代進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),采用Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK)多重比較檢驗(yàn)法進(jìn)行多重比較。采用Weibull分布的生存函數(shù)進(jìn)行存活曲線擬合和計(jì)算(梁霞等,2018),生存函數(shù)公式為Sp(t)= exp[-(t/b)c],式中,t表示存活時(shí)間,b為尺度參數(shù)(Scale parameter),c為形狀參數(shù)(Shape parameter)。采用Wilcoxon (Gehan)進(jìn)行生存時(shí)間的比較。生命表構(gòu)建參照徐汝梅和成新躍(2005)的方法,分別計(jì)算麥二叉蚜各處理組種群的凈增殖率(R0)、內(nèi)稟增長率(rm)、周限增長率(λ)和種群倍增時(shí)間等參數(shù)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜的亞致死濃度
根據(jù)室內(nèi)生物測定結(jié)果,得到吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜的亞致死濃度(表1)。其毒力回歸方程的Perarson擬合度檢驗(yàn)為x 2=1.26,P=0.74。分別采用3.94和9.46 mg/L的吡蟲啉濃度作為處理的亞致死濃度。
2. 2 亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜不同世代存活曲線參數(shù)的影響
將麥二叉蚜用不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉處理,測定其親代及連續(xù)2個(gè)子代世代麥蚜種群存活曲線的變化,結(jié)果(表2)表明,同一世代中,不同處理間存活曲線的c值無顯著差異(P>0.05,下同),且不同世代中麥二叉蚜種群的c值均大于1,為I型存活曲線,表明在不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉脅迫下,麥蚜個(gè)體的死亡主要發(fā)生在生長發(fā)育后期。
同一世代中,F(xiàn)0世代LC20處理的b值與CK無顯著差異,而LC40處理的b值顯著低于CK(P<0.05,下同);F1及F2世代中,LC20和LC40處理的b值均與CK無顯著差異。不同世代中,LC20處理各世代間b值無顯著差異(F=3.92,P=0.08);LC40處理隨世代數(shù)增加b值呈遞增趨勢,且差異顯著(F=12.77,P=0.007),表明LC40處理F0世代麥二叉蚜的存活率顯著低于F1和F2世代。
2. 3 亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜生存的影響
由圖1可知,同一世代中,不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜F0世代種群的中位生存期產(chǎn)生顯著影響,LC20處理試蟲的中位生存期較CK增加7.32%,而LC40處理試蟲的中位生存期顯著縮短為CK的71.55%;F1和F2世代中,LC20處理和LC40處理試蟲的中位生存期與CK無顯著差異。不同世代間,LC20處理試蟲F0世代的中位生存期顯著高于F1及F2世代[Wilcoxon (Gehan)統(tǒng)計(jì)量為6.87,P=0.030];LC40處理試蟲的中位生存期隨世代數(shù)遞增而增加,其F0世代中位生存期分別是F1及F2世代的87.50%[Wilcoxon (Gehan)統(tǒng)計(jì)量為1.77,P=0.180]和84.10%[Wilcoxon (Gehan)統(tǒng)計(jì)量為3.93,P=0.047]。
2. 4 亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜繁殖的影響
采用不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉處理麥二叉蚜后檢測對其親代和子代繁殖的影響,結(jié)果(圖2)表明,同一世代中,亞致死濃度吡蟲啉顯著影響F0世代麥二叉蚜的繁殖(F=13.70,P=0.00),LC40處理平均單雌產(chǎn)蚜總數(shù)顯著低于CK和LC20處理,產(chǎn)蚜總數(shù)僅為CK的64.19%;F1和F2世代中,LC20處理和LC40處理試蟲的單雌產(chǎn)蚜總數(shù)與CK無顯著差異。不同世代間,LC20處理試蟲的單雌產(chǎn)蚜總數(shù)在連續(xù)3個(gè)世代間無顯著差異(F=0.36,P=0.70);而LC40處理試蟲的每雌產(chǎn)蚜總數(shù)隨世代數(shù)延長而顯著增加(F=6.38,P=0.002),其F0世代單雌產(chǎn)蚜總數(shù)分別是F1和F2世代的68.51%和70.95%。
2. 5 亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對麥二叉蚜不同世代生命表參數(shù)的影響
親代麥二叉蚜暴露于不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉后,測定吡蟲啉對其子代生命表參數(shù)的影響,結(jié)果(表3)發(fā)現(xiàn),同一世代中,麥二叉蚜種群的LC20和LC40處理的生命表參數(shù)與對照組無顯著差異;對于相同亞致死濃度處理組,所有生命表參數(shù)在2個(gè)世代間也無顯著差異。
3 討論
化學(xué)防治仍是目前我國田間作物害蟲防治的重要措施。田間噴灑的殺蟲劑會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的延續(xù)逐漸遞減至亞致死濃度,從而對昆蟲產(chǎn)生亞致死效應(yīng)(Rix et al.,2016;Cao et al.,2019)。眾多研究表明,殺蟲劑亞致死濃度可影響昆蟲的發(fā)育、存活和生長水平(Rix and Cutler,2018;Ullah et al.,2020)。大豆蚜(A. glycines)種群經(jīng)LC30吡蟲啉脅迫后其存活率急劇下降(張傲楠等,2020)。LC30濃度吡蟲啉能顯著延長蘿卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)的發(fā)育歷期(李昭等,2018)。亞致死濃度殺蟲劑對害蟲生長和存活的影響可能因殺蟲劑種類及使用殺蟲劑濃度不同而有所差異(惠婧婧等,2009)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉會(huì)顯著影響親代麥二叉蚜的存活和生長,且不同濃度間存在差異,并存在明顯的劑量效應(yīng);但對子代連續(xù)2個(gè)世代種群的存活均無顯著影響。
亞致死濃度殺蟲劑處理昆蟲還可影響其生存及繁殖能力,昆蟲通過生命表參數(shù)的不同響應(yīng),從而對其種群數(shù)量波動(dòng)產(chǎn)生影響(Ayyanath et al.,2013;Rix et al.,2016;Cao et al.,2019;Hunn et al.,2019)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)昆蟲暴露于殺蟲劑的亞致死濃度后,可降低昆蟲的生存及繁殖,影響種群的生命表參數(shù),從而抑制種群數(shù)量的增長(Miao et al.,2014;張傲楠等,2020)。LC30濃度吡蟲啉處理大豆蚜后,其繁殖率降低,凈生殖率、內(nèi)稟增長率及周限增長率明顯降低,種群倍增時(shí)間延長,種群數(shù)量的增長受到抑制(張傲楠等,2020)。以不同亞致死濃度吡蟲啉處理豌豆蚜(Acyrthosi phonpisum)可導(dǎo)致豌豆蚜壽命和繁殖力均顯著低于對照組,且對當(dāng)代和下一代豌豆蚜均表現(xiàn)為抑制作用(惠婧婧等,2009)。麥長管蚜(Sitobion avenae)取食以LC10濃度吡蟲啉處理的小麥后,其生長和繁殖力與對照組無明顯差異,但經(jīng)LC50濃度處理后,其生長和繁殖力顯著降低(Miao et al.,2014)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)LC40濃度吡蟲啉處理后,可導(dǎo)致親代麥二叉蚜的單雌產(chǎn)蚜量顯著降低;LC20濃度吡蟲啉對親代麥蚜的單雌產(chǎn)蚜量無顯著影響。但2個(gè)亞致死濃度吡蟲啉對2個(gè)子代麥二叉蚜的種群生命表參數(shù)均無顯著影響。采用環(huán)氧蟲啶處理棉蚜后,也發(fā)現(xiàn)其亞致死濃度能顯著縮短當(dāng)代蚜蟲的產(chǎn)卵期,但對F1代種群的生命表參數(shù)未產(chǎn)生明顯影響(Cui et al.,2018)。因此,亞致死濃度殺蟲劑對昆蟲生長、發(fā)育和生命表參數(shù)的影響與殺蟲劑劑量、昆蟲響應(yīng)世代數(shù)和昆蟲種類密切相關(guān)。
4 結(jié)論
不同亞致死濃度(LC20和LC40)吡蟲啉對親代麥二叉蚜的生存率、壽命和繁殖率存在顯著影響,且呈明顯的劑量效應(yīng),但對2個(gè)子代種群的生命表參數(shù)均無顯著影響。實(shí)踐過程中,通過評估害蟲多個(gè)世代種群對不同殺蟲劑亞致死濃度脅迫的響應(yīng),對于指導(dǎo)田間合理用藥具有重要的實(shí)踐意義。
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