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CPS1基因與腫瘤關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展

2022-05-23 01:12黃天勁周宇
新醫(yī)學(xué) 2022年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:腫瘤結(jié)構(gòu)功能

黃天勁 周宇

【摘要】 氨甲酰磷酸合成酶1(CPS1)是催化尿素循環(huán)限速酶之一,主要在肝細(xì)胞和腸上皮細(xì)胞中表達(dá),正常生理情況下其在清除體內(nèi)代謝廢物氨的過(guò)程中起重要作用。研究表明,CPS1基因與肝癌、肺癌、結(jié)直腸癌等多種惡性腫瘤關(guān)系密切,通過(guò)多種信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路或影響嘧啶合成等途徑影響細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、遷移等細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為,從而影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展或患者的預(yù)后。因此,研究CPS1基因與腫瘤的關(guān)系,對(duì)惡性腫瘤早期診治、預(yù)后評(píng)價(jià)等方面有重要意義。該文就CPS1基因與腫瘤的關(guān)系進(jìn)行綜述。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 CPS1基因;腫瘤;結(jié)構(gòu);功能

【Abstract】 Carbamyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the urea cycle, which is mainly expressed in liver cells and intestinal epithelial cells. Under normal physiological conditions,CPS1 plays an important role in the removal of ammonia, a metabolic waste in the body. Studies have shown that CPS1 gene is intimately related to liver cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and other malignant tumors, and can affect cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and other cell biological behaviors through a variety of signal transduction pathways or affecting pyrimidine synthesis, thus affecting the occurrence and development of tumors or clinical prognosis of patients. Therefore, analyzing the relationship between CPS1 gene and malignant tumor is of great significance for early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of tumor. This article reviews the relationship between CPS1 gene and tumor.

【Key words】 CPS1 gene; Tumor; Structure; Function

氨甲酰磷酸合成酶1(CPS1)又稱肝細(xì)胞石蠟抗原1,為催化尿素循環(huán)限速酶之一[1]。尿素循環(huán)的主要功能是清除體內(nèi)代謝產(chǎn)生的有毒物質(zhì)氨,CPS1功能缺失或降低可引起尿素循環(huán)障礙,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致高氨血癥,嚴(yán)重者可導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)功能障礙甚至死亡[2]。近年來(lái)研究表明,CPS1基因在多種腫瘤組織中存在差異性表達(dá),可通過(guò)多方面影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及患者的預(yù)后。

一、CPS1基因的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能

CPS存在于高等生物及大多數(shù)細(xì)菌中,細(xì)菌中的CPS用于合成精氨酸和嘧啶,而在高等生物中,不同的CPS用于合成精氨酸、嘧啶及尿素。CPS1專指真核生物中合成尿素的CPS,是由一個(gè)約120 kDa大亞基和一個(gè)約40 kDa小亞基融合成的多肽[3]。CPS1基因位于染色體2q34上,長(zhǎng)度超過(guò)120 kb,包含38個(gè)外顯子和37個(gè)內(nèi)含子,主要在肝細(xì)胞和腸上皮細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[4-5]。真核生物中合成嘧啶的CPS與AST、二氫轉(zhuǎn)氨酶構(gòu)成243 kDa的復(fù)合酶(CAD)[6]。CPS1及CAD均能催化氨甲酰磷酸的形成,后者為一種不穩(wěn)定的高能磷酸化合物,是尿素和嘧啶合成的前體代謝物[7]。

二、CPS1與腫瘤的關(guān)系

1. CPS1與肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)的關(guān)系

CPS1在HCC及膽管細(xì)胞癌中起重要作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在人HCC組織中CPS1的表達(dá)明顯下調(diào),且其下調(diào)可能與其啟動(dòng)子區(qū)CpG高甲基化相關(guān),故認(rèn)為CPS1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的高甲基化可作為HCC潛在的生物標(biāo)志物[8]。此外,也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在HCC中CPS1的高甲基化引起其表達(dá)下調(diào),可能有利于CAD作用于谷氨酰胺,啟動(dòng)合成嘧啶途徑,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞分裂[9]。因此,CPS1在HCC組織表達(dá)下調(diào)與其甲基化有關(guān)。進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CPS1與HCC患者某些臨床病理指標(biāo)及預(yù)后有關(guān)。Wang等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對(duì)于中、高分化HCC,低分化HCC中CPS1表達(dá)量明顯上調(diào),說(shuō)明CPS1與HCC的分化程度有關(guān)。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CPS1在復(fù)發(fā)性HCC和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移癌組織中明顯下調(diào),并且低表達(dá)的CPS1與HCC患者的短生存期有關(guān)[11]。然而,在肝內(nèi)膽管癌中,CPS1和CPS1-IT1表達(dá)均上調(diào),敲除CPS1或CPS1-IT1基因可抑制ICC-9810細(xì)胞增殖并促進(jìn)其凋亡,并且CPS1和CPS1-IT1在癌組織中表達(dá)增高提示患者預(yù)后不良[12]。由此可見(jiàn),在HCC的2個(gè)病理類型中CPS1的作用相反。CPS1在HCC中的作用機(jī)制仍未十分清楚。Chen等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肝細(xì)胞核因子3β(HNF3β)可通過(guò)結(jié)合CPS1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域,促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞株中CPS1轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),阿司匹林可能通過(guò)激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而下調(diào)其下游靶蛋白CPS1的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)HCC cAMP-PKA-CREB/atf1信號(hào)通路轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),從而減弱阿司匹林的抗腫瘤作用[14]。Aflatxion B1(AFB1)是一種能導(dǎo)致HCC的霉菌毒素,AFB1能下調(diào)正常肝細(xì)胞CPS1的表達(dá),進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞增殖及誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,并且CPS1與具有分化作用的Ⅱ型細(xì)胞骨架1、白蛋白可能具有一定相互作用,其相互作用強(qiáng)度相關(guān)性被AFB1改變,這提示CPS1可能在肝組織分化中發(fā)揮作用[15]。

2. CPS1與肺癌的關(guān)系

CPS1在肺癌中也發(fā)揮重要作用。Wu等[16]通過(guò)生物信息分析發(fā)現(xiàn),CPS1在肺腺癌組織中的表達(dá)水平明顯上調(diào),且CPS1上調(diào)與CPS1的低甲基化相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),化學(xué)治療藥物莫特沙芬釓能降低CPS1的表達(dá)水平。肝激酶B1(LKB1)是肺腺癌的一種腫瘤抑制因子,CPS1在LKB1失活的肺腺癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)比LKB1完整的肺腺癌細(xì)胞系明顯上調(diào)。敲除CPS1可抑制肺腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),降低與核酸生物合成途徑相關(guān)的代謝物水平,并且在敲低基礎(chǔ)上使用吉西他濱等化學(xué)治療藥物時(shí)具有相加效應(yīng),這表明CPS1可能成為肺癌較有前景的治療靶點(diǎn)[17]。在人非小細(xì)胞肺癌中,LKB1可通過(guò)AMPK通路抑制CPS1的轉(zhuǎn)錄,降低嘧啶/嘌呤值,影響S期進(jìn)程,導(dǎo)致DNA聚合酶活性下降和DNA損傷,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡,加入外源嘧啶可以逆轉(zhuǎn)DNA損傷及細(xì)胞凋亡[18]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)突變型非小細(xì)胞肺癌中,在抑制EGFR的基礎(chǔ)上敲低CPS1能導(dǎo)致精氨酸水平和嘧啶衍生物水平降低,進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞增殖,加入外源性嘧啶類化合物能夠在一定程度上解除這種抑制效果,這為開(kāi)發(fā)合理的EGFR抑制劑聯(lián)合療法治療EGFR突變的非小細(xì)胞肺癌提供理論基礎(chǔ)[19]。AFF1(AF4/FMR2家族成員1)是超伸長(zhǎng)復(fù)合體的核心因子,神經(jīng)降壓素(NTS)是一種由13個(gè)氨基酸組成的神經(jīng)肽。Yue等[20]在肺腺癌細(xì)胞中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AFF1可以通過(guò)抑制NTS的表達(dá)進(jìn)而抑制CPS1的表達(dá),IL-6通路能夠拮抗NTS對(duì)CPS1的調(diào)節(jié)作用,說(shuō)明CPS1的上游調(diào)控因子可能為NTS、IL-6等。

3. CPS1與結(jié)直腸癌的關(guān)系

CPS1與結(jié)直腸癌亦相關(guān)。通過(guò)大數(shù)據(jù)分析庫(kù)(如The Cancer Genome Atla等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù))分析發(fā)現(xiàn),CPS1在結(jié)腸腺癌組織中表達(dá)增加,并認(rèn)為CPS1是結(jié)腸癌進(jìn)展的重要基因之一[21-22]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CPS1與結(jié)直腸癌放射、化學(xué)治療作用有關(guān)。Lee等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CPS1蛋白在結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)比非腫瘤性人結(jié)腸上皮原代細(xì)胞高,在接受新輔助同步放射、化學(xué)治療的直腸癌患者中,CPS1的過(guò)度表達(dá)預(yù)示治療效果差。在一項(xiàng)關(guān)于紫草素抗腫瘤活性的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),紫草素處理后的結(jié)腸癌小鼠模型中CPS1 mRNA表達(dá)增加,說(shuō)明紫草素的抗腫瘤作用可能與CPS1有關(guān)[24]。在另一個(gè)研究中,二甲雙胍可增加HCT116移植瘤和結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞株中AMPK和p53的表達(dá),進(jìn)而降低CPS1的表達(dá)[25]。此外,通過(guò)蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)分析顯示,CPS1在潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)進(jìn)展者(UC伴高度異型增生或癌)組織中表達(dá)上調(diào),在UC非進(jìn)展者(無(wú)不典型增生)中表達(dá)正常,提示CPS1可能與UC相關(guān)的結(jié)腸癌相關(guān)[26]。

4. CPS1與其他腫瘤的關(guān)系

除了HCC、肺癌及結(jié)直腸癌之外,CPS1在其他腫瘤組織中的情況也有少許研究。Wu等[27]通過(guò)Oncomine和GEPIA等公共數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的轉(zhuǎn)錄組數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),啟動(dòng)子區(qū)低甲基化的CPS1在多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(GBM)中表達(dá)上調(diào),通過(guò)PI3K-Akt信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)GBM的進(jìn)展。Liu等[28]通過(guò)RNA測(cè)序和CARD10基因敲除的代謝質(zhì)譜分析表明,CPS1為CARD10調(diào)控的下游基因,并且CARD10可通過(guò)調(diào)控CPS1促進(jìn)膀胱癌生長(zhǎng),這可能成為膀胱癌的潛在治療靶點(diǎn)。

三、展 望

綜上所述,CPS1是催化尿素循環(huán)的關(guān)鍵酶之一,主要參與清除機(jī)體代謝產(chǎn)生的有毒物質(zhì)氨。近年來(lái),CPS1被發(fā)現(xiàn)在多種惡性腫瘤中表達(dá)異常,且在大多數(shù)腫瘤中上調(diào)。同時(shí)CPS1表達(dá)受多種活性因子如AFB1、LKB1調(diào)控或與甲基化相關(guān)。此外,CPS1與多種信號(hào)通路因子或信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路如AMPK、cAMP-PKA-CREB/atf1、PI3K-Akt等相互作用,共同影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及患者的預(yù)后。值得注意的是,CPS1與CAD催化合成的氨基甲酰磷酸是尿素循環(huán)和嘧啶合成的前體代謝物,因此,CPS1的生物活性可間接影響嘧啶合成進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展。盡管CPS1在腫瘤方面的研究已取得一定的進(jìn)展,但仍有許多問(wèn)題尚未完全清楚。因此,有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行更深入的研究,以期尋找腫瘤早期診治或進(jìn)展評(píng)估的生物標(biāo)志物提供可能的實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)及理論依據(jù)。

參 考 文 獻(xiàn)

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(收稿日期:2021-08-25)

(本文編輯:楊江瑜)

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物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律歸納
腫瘤標(biāo)志物正常不等于沒(méi)有腫瘤
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