劉嫦云
習(xí)語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言的精華,文化的結(jié)晶。恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂昧?xí)語(yǔ)能增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的表現(xiàn)力,使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)更形象。筆者梳理了近三年全國(guó)卷的高考真題,發(fā)現(xiàn)在真題中習(xí)語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用明顯增多,如下表所示:
從表格中我們可以看出高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷中習(xí)語(yǔ)的數(shù)量呈逐年增加的趨勢(shì),這體現(xiàn)了高考重視對(duì)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)科素養(yǎng)的考查。我們也可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀理解與完形填空是高考英語(yǔ)試卷中習(xí)語(yǔ)運(yùn)用的高頻區(qū),這是因?yàn)檫@兩種題型的文章直接從英文報(bào)刊、雜志與網(wǎng)絡(luò)文章中摘選,稍作修改,保留了其原汁原味。無獨(dú)有偶,在2022年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷中習(xí)語(yǔ)hit home出現(xiàn)了兩次,這提醒考生備考中不可忽視習(xí)語(yǔ)。
接下來本文結(jié)合高考考情,根據(jù)習(xí)語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)的位置進(jìn)行分析,來看看習(xí)語(yǔ)在真題中的具體考查方式與解題策略。
一、習(xí)語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)篇中
習(xí)語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言中的某些部分經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期使用而提煉出來的固定詞組、短語(yǔ)或語(yǔ)句。在邏輯上,習(xí)語(yǔ)的意義往往是獨(dú)立的、完整的、不可分的統(tǒng)一體。習(xí)語(yǔ)的整體意義決定了不能把其中的每個(gè)單詞都拆開單個(gè)理解。習(xí)語(yǔ)的真正意義也并非每個(gè)單詞解釋的疊加或組合??忌鑼?duì)作為一個(gè)整體的習(xí)語(yǔ)作出準(zhǔn)確判斷后,方能得出正確答案。
[例1](2022年新高考II卷閱讀B篇)We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people dont even realize its new. For them, its just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a childrens book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age... As I read, he reaches out and pokes(戳)the page with his finger.
...Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.
24. What do the underlined words“hit home for me”mean in paragraph 2?
A. Provided shelter for me. ? ? ? B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. ? ? D. Worked quite well on me.
解析:本題為詞義猜測(cè)題,考查考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)境推測(cè)習(xí)語(yǔ)意義的能力。根據(jù)劃線處下文作者兩歲的孫子把兒童讀物認(rèn)作平板電腦,不停地戳?xí)?。從這次與孫子看書的經(jīng)歷,作者尤其清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到了第一段提到的觀點(diǎn):許多年輕人甚至沒有意識(shí)到新時(shí)代新的多媒體工具是新的,對(duì)他們來說這很平常。故劃線詞意思是“我很清楚”,故選B。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)A通過以詞解詞(利用近義詞shelter對(duì)習(xí)語(yǔ)中的home進(jìn)行解釋),看似對(duì)習(xí)語(yǔ)的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,實(shí)則是誤導(dǎo)沒有讀懂習(xí)語(yǔ)的學(xué)生。
[例2](2022年甲卷閱讀C篇)Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(職業(yè))as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
28. Which of the following best explains“take the plunge”underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. ? ? ? ? ? ? B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. ? ? ? ? D. Stick to a promise.
解析:此題同樣以詞義猜測(cè)題的形式考查考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)境推斷習(xí)語(yǔ)意義的能力。本題的難度在于“fly the nest”也是個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ),不能簡(jiǎn)單錯(cuò)誤地理解為“飛出鳥巢”,其正確的含義是“自立門戶,獨(dú)立生活”。學(xué)生如果對(duì)這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)理解不到位可能會(huì)影響對(duì)下劃線習(xí)語(yǔ)的合理推斷。同時(shí)B選項(xiàng)“Take a degree”與劃線詞相似度較大,易干擾考生。
根據(jù)本段首句“Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel.”可知,Ginni從小就喜歡旅行。由本段末句“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.”可知,當(dāng)Ginni退休,兒子們自立門戶后,她決定是時(shí)候冒險(xiǎn)嘗試,踏上旅途了,故選A。
[例3](2022年甲卷閱讀C篇)The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her.
B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved.
D. It needs to be fully introduced.
解析:本題為觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.”可知,南極洲之旅后, Ginni意識(shí)到那是一片珍貴的土地,應(yīng)該受到人類的尊重和保護(hù),這讓她深受觸動(dòng)。A選項(xiàng)選取習(xí)語(yǔ) “hit home (觸動(dòng))”中的一個(gè)單詞home有意干擾考生。如果考生沒有讀懂習(xí)語(yǔ)可能易誤選A。此處與2022年新高考II卷閱讀B篇同時(shí)出現(xiàn)習(xí)語(yǔ)“hit home”,只是這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)在兩個(gè)不同語(yǔ)境中的內(nèi)在含義有所不同。
通過以上解析,我們可以看出,當(dāng)習(xí)語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)篇中常考查詞義猜測(cè)題,這提醒考生回歸英語(yǔ)閱讀的本真,依據(jù)語(yǔ)境信息體會(huì)被猜測(cè)習(xí)語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)境意義。這往往離不開詞匯的積累以及對(duì)地道語(yǔ)言的接觸與感悟。同時(shí)考生要多了解一些錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)設(shè)置的常見規(guī)律,比如以詞解詞,以偏概全,望文生義等。
二、習(xí)語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中
選項(xiàng)本身就是習(xí)語(yǔ),原文中沒有輔助信息幫助考生理解習(xí)語(yǔ)的含義,加大了習(xí)語(yǔ)考查的難度,更加凸顯了對(duì)考生語(yǔ)言能力的考查。掌握習(xí)語(yǔ)的真正含義是解題的關(guān)鍵。
習(xí)語(yǔ)意義并非單詞意義的簡(jiǎn)單組合,其蘊(yùn)含的真正意義與字面意義相差甚遠(yuǎn)。對(duì)習(xí)語(yǔ)的理解可以追根溯源,探索其來龍去脈。比如2020年全國(guó)I卷中的pull ones weight這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)最早是從劃船來的。在劃船時(shí),每名成員都必須用力劃槳,用的力量至少足以推動(dòng)自己的體重(weight)。因此它被用來比喻“盡本分,盡職責(zé),做好分內(nèi)事”。
[例4](2021年甲卷完形填空)Older and wiser now, Burchill chalked up the incident to youthful indiscretion(莽撞).
“I have ? 55 ? ?and I admit responsibility for my ? 56 ? ,” he said in the letter. “I come to you, ? ? 57 ? , to apologize for the damage I had ? ?58 ? caused and to ask you to ? ?59 ? my lifetime ban from the hotel.”
57. A. hands in pockets ? ? ? ? ?B. nose in the air
C. hat in hand D. feet on the ground
解析:根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,Burchill為自己的行為道歉,因此當(dāng)然應(yīng)該是畢恭畢敬地(hat in hand)。此題選項(xiàng)本身就是習(xí)語(yǔ),得分的前提是學(xué)生理解選項(xiàng)中的各個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)的真正含義。A選項(xiàng)hands in pockets意為“手放在口袋里”,短語(yǔ)keep hands in pockets除了“把手放在口袋里”之意,還指“游手好閑”。B選項(xiàng)習(xí)語(yǔ)nose in the air 字面意思是“空中的鼻子”。想象一下,仰起頭來鼻孔朝天,這個(gè)動(dòng)作代表“高傲自大,目中無人”。 C選項(xiàng) hat/cap in hand從字面上來理解就是手里拿著帽子,其習(xí)語(yǔ)含義需要追根溯源。這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)是幾百年前的社會(huì)習(xí)俗流傳下來的。那時(shí),每當(dāng)農(nóng)民或普通人見到高官顯貴時(shí),他們一般都要脫下帽子拿在手上以示恭敬。于是hat/cap in hand引申為“恭敬地(乞求或請(qǐng)求)”。D選項(xiàng)feet on the ground“保持雙腳站立在地上”,類似中文里“腳踏實(shí)地”或“一步一個(gè)腳印”的含義,用來形容做事踏實(shí)、注重實(shí)際的品質(zhì)。
考生可以通過一些技巧理解掌握習(xí)語(yǔ),比如上面提到的對(duì)習(xí)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行合理想象,追根溯源幫助記憶等。同時(shí)高中英語(yǔ)教材與外刊閱讀材料往往穿插有豐富的習(xí)語(yǔ)與地道的英文表達(dá),我們多接觸多積累,從而提高對(duì)習(xí)語(yǔ)的感悟能力。此外,要糾正從字面上理解習(xí)語(yǔ)的錯(cuò)誤思維方式,尤其要注意規(guī)避習(xí)語(yǔ)中“以詞解詞”的命題陷阱。
責(zé)任編輯 吳昊雷