曾福泉 鄭夢瑩 王利劍
江南四月,草長鶯飛。在明媚春色中來到杭州西子湖畔、步入浙江美術館的人們會告訴你,他們體驗了一場更加壯闊、更加絢麗、更加深刻的心靈之旅——
今年3月至4月展出的“中國歷代繪畫大系”(下稱“大系”)先秦漢唐、宋、元畫特展,以1500余件中國古代繪畫精品的出版打樣稿檔案,為參展觀眾打開一條穿越千年的藝術通道,讓中國優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的光芒映照當代人的內心。
這是一場歷時17年的“文化長跑”,如今即將抵達終點?!按笙怠眻F隊選擇在浙江美術館呈現(xiàn)17年來國寶匯聚取得的成果,有其特殊意義。
從2005年到2022年,“大系”項目從啟動到即將結項,橫跨4個五年計劃階段。從2002年到2022年,浙江美術館從決定籌建到今天,前后已歷經(jīng)20年。
一座館,一個展。這是浙江文脈滋長生發(fā)的生動注腳,是浙江不斷汲取文化自信這一“更基本、更深沉、更持久的力量”的鮮明寫照。在“大系”即將圓滿結項的時刻,我們置身于浙江美術館寬闊的展覽廳中,被中國歷代藝術珍品重重環(huán)繞,能更深切地感悟這項工作的重大意義。
品味宋畫,聆聽宋韻回響
步入浙江美術館大廳,映入眼簾的是3000多條數(shù)十米長的細線,在空中搭成一條五彩“通道”。展覽總策展人之一、浙江大學藝術與考古學院副院長王小松教授說,這一設計名為“千年回響”,寓意本次展覽以傳世藝術珍品的匯聚重現(xiàn),將傳統(tǒng)文化與當代人的心靈相連。
經(jīng)由繪畫,“走進”歷史。斯土斯民兩千多年來的豐富生活,借翰墨丹青而充滿鮮活氣息。特別是本次展覽精選的800余幅宋畫,規(guī)模之大前所未有,描繪出宋韻的斑斕紋理,訴說著宋韻的豐沛悠長,承載著宋韻綿綿不絕的回響。
有關專家研究估計,海內外存世的兩宋繪畫約1200件,而“大系”項目即收錄了1100余件。此次展覽共展出800余件宋畫數(shù)字化打樣稿,皆從《宋畫全集》中精選而來,數(shù)量之多、規(guī)模之大、內容之豐富,前所未見。
漫步展廳,近乎全景式展陳的兩宋繪畫巨制令人身心浸潤其中。邊走邊看,我們于筆墨精微和斑斕多姿中,看見宋人的美學格調、內心追求和對世界的理解,從中領略宋韻悠長。
在一組由十多面屏幕并排成組的大型裝置上,宋代杭州湖山佳勝的風姿在輪番展現(xiàn)的畫卷中一覽無余。生于杭州的南宋宮廷畫師李嵩,熟悉杭州的山山水水。他的《西湖圖卷》就展現(xiàn)在最大的一面橫屏上。斷橋殘雪、花港觀魚……西湖十景在他的巧妙抒寫下,沖融縹緲,意蘊深遠。
畫卷除了體現(xiàn)“諸法皆備”的藝術水準,折射出的更是兩宋時期的時代風貌——宋之韻,包涵日常生活領域的物質之韻,生產(chǎn)技術領域的匠心之韻,社會運行領域的秩序之韻,發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)明領域的智識之韻,學術思想領域的思辨之韻,文學藝術領域的審美之韻……林林總總,正是宋代文化中優(yōu)秀的文明元素、內在精神和傳承至今的文化價值。
一路顛沛流離南渡來到杭州的畫家李唐,以情入畫,心中筆下時時涌動歷史風煙?,F(xiàn)為美國大都會藝術博物館館藏的李唐畫作《晉文公復國圖》,通過1:1高保真數(shù)字化打樣稿在此次展覽中完美重現(xiàn)。安靜的展廳內,那一筆一劃似乎在與觀眾對話,述說著畫者收復中原的愿景和內心激蕩的家國情懷。
經(jīng)濟繁榮、民生富足的南宋,為畫家提供了新的創(chuàng)作視角和空間。展廳中,蘇漢臣和李嵩各自創(chuàng)作的《貨郎圖》通過大屏幕呈現(xiàn),與一架滿載物品的實體獨輪車交相輝映?!皟和劼犡浝蓙?,蜂擁而至喜相迎?!必浝深}材作品,正是對南宋商業(yè)經(jīng)濟繁榮、百姓生活祥和安定的直觀反映。
美國克里夫蘭藝術博物館館藏的《番王禮佛圖》、日本大阪市立美術館館藏的《明皇避暑宮圖》、中國臺灣臺北故宮博物院館藏的《文姬歸漢圖》……隨著腳步在展廳間步步深入,精品畫作不斷映入眼簾。山水畫、人物畫、風俗畫、禪宗畫……琳瑯滿目,自成體系。
千年丹青,盛世再現(xiàn)。利用圖像、文字、新媒體科技等多元化展示手法,展覽呈現(xiàn)了宋代繪畫的宏富成就。雖是調色樣稿,但經(jīng)過高清拍攝后的巨制,與原畫的相似度非常高。在技術加持下,大宋的萬千氣象更是得以清晰、靈動地展現(xiàn)在觀眾眼前。
品讀這些令人嘆為觀止的宋畫,觀眾得以“穿越”千年時光,徜徉于宋朝的亭臺樓閣、繁華街市、日常生活當中。“太難得了,多少名畫是一直想看卻看不到的?!闭驹凇肚迕魃虾訄D》前,一位觀眾看得入神,流連忘返。
的確,當觀眾視覺、聽覺全面啟動,觀古今于須臾,這種非凡的體驗,在此前是不曾有過的。傳世宋畫留給我們的不僅是藝術神韻,更是充盈著世情風物的古代文明繪影,為今人打開了一條回溯歷史長河、與宋人神思交會的通途。
“數(shù)字”新生,國寶重煥光彩
數(shù)字技術賦能,數(shù)以萬計的中國古代繪畫珍品從歷史中款步走來,開啟了新的“生命奇旅”。穿梭于一個個展廳間,感受文物重煥新生。
北宋畫家王希孟傳世作品《千里江山圖》,一向被視為中國畫史上青綠山水的稀世杰作。在浙江美術館,還原的《千里江山圖》長卷被放大了數(shù)倍,陳列在主大廳入口處的展臺之上,等待著觀眾一覽匠心的獨特、山河的雄壯。在燈光裝置作用下,“只此青綠”,色彩更鮮明,風采更動人。
“利用技術手段,作品在被放大呈現(xiàn)后,很多細節(jié)甚至看得比原作更清晰?!薄按笙怠眻F隊有關負責人說,“大系”在圖像拍攝、掃描、校色、印刷等每一步驟都有極為嚴格的把控,力求圖像品質達到原真效果。
《溪山行旅圖》《山莊圖》《摹張萱搗練圖》……此次展覽中,不少國寶級名畫都進行了放大再現(xiàn),為觀眾、研究者提供了精確清晰、無限接近原作的觀賞體驗和學術研究基礎。
等比例復制的敦煌、云岡、龍門、大足等四大石窟,以及四川安岳石窟、杭州西湖石窟等若干個典型洞窟,這些數(shù)字化成果匯聚一堂,讓觀眾零距離品讀中國石窟藝術和佛教藝術。
石窟復原,采用的正是全球領先的3D石窟復原技術——通過激光掃描、攝影測量技術進行數(shù)字采集,以算法進行三維模型建構,在此基礎上,經(jīng)由3D打印技術以及后期色彩、質感重塑,使一個個石窟跨越時空,呈現(xiàn)眼前。9C8C3BEA-68B8-4A0B-879F-639E336F8A77
稀世珍品有了數(shù)字檔案,為后續(xù)轉化成線上展覽、智慧導覽軟件、虛擬場景體驗等提供了基礎。VR/AR、動態(tài)捕捉、眼動儀……本次展覽以“藝術+科技”為理念,甄選來自浙江大學、中國戲曲學院等院校的近10組優(yōu)秀數(shù)字藝術作品聯(lián)袂展出。此外,還呈現(xiàn)了部分來自其他文化科技公司開發(fā)的相關應用。
來到一樓展廳,欣喜地看到不少觀眾正在花樣體驗古畫創(chuàng)意玩法。其中,融合《山海經(jīng)》元素,以“中國歷代繪畫大系”收錄作品《九龍圖》為主題打造的VR項目就吸引著不少觀眾。戴上設備,跟上劇情,觀眾便能沉浸式感受神龍騰躍于云端、靈火縈繞在周身的虛擬世界“元宇宙”?!氨M管美術館因疫情防控需要實施限流,但很多年輕人依然愿意來排隊,周末更是人氣十足?!闭箯d內一位志愿者說。
先“留”下來,再“活”起來、“火”起來。多年來,“大系”項目以數(shù)字化的方式保存了大量珍貴的文化遺產(chǎn),為補寫、改寫、重寫中國藝術史、文化史建立了數(shù)量可觀、質量可靠的圖像資料庫。
從數(shù)字化采集,到數(shù)字化利用,共享理念貫穿始終。正因如此,歷代繪畫精品以另一種形式“團聚”,與觀眾面對面相會,讓人們得以領略積淀數(shù)千年的深厚底蘊,也為文物保護和傳統(tǒng)文化的創(chuàng)造性轉化、創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展提供了新路徑。
久久為功,傳遞文化溫情
篳路藍縷,久久為功?!按笙怠眻F隊積17年之功,聯(lián)合全球文博機構,匯集藝術、考古、科技等領域數(shù)百位專家學者之力,成功實現(xiàn)了中國古代繪畫藝術從物質形態(tài)向數(shù)字形態(tài)的衍生與轉化。
對“大系”團隊來說,現(xiàn)在宛如一個豐收的時刻。特展推出以來,已有數(shù)以萬計的觀眾為之傾倒,浙江美術館的預約平臺常常提前數(shù)天就滿額。此刻回望,感慨系之。在“大系”項目啟動之初,浙江大學作為主體實施單位,甚至沒有一張早于清代的繪畫藏品。17年來,“大系”團隊秉持浙江精神,以高度的政治責任感、文化責任感,本著對民族、對國家、對歷史負責的態(tài)度,先后三次開展全球范圍內的中國古代繪畫藏品圖像搜集工作,與海內外有關文博收藏單位反復協(xié)商溝通,往來通訊、信函數(shù)以萬計,實地奔波數(shù)十萬公里,從而使流散海外的包括敦煌藏經(jīng)洞和黑水城繪畫在內3569 件(套)繪畫精品,通過高精度數(shù)字化方式重返祖國懷抱,與國內8910 件(套)藏品圖像“團聚”,共同構成了縱貫兩千余年的中國古代繪畫史的恢宏圖景。
在采訪本次展覽策展情況時,“大系”團隊多位成員首次向我們講述了在全球新冠肺炎疫情這一重大變局沖擊影響下,他們是如何克服重重困難持續(xù)推進“大系”編纂工作的。
疫情發(fā)生后,國內外博物館一齊迎來了閉館潮,許多海外博物館的裁員舉措更讓溝通和拍攝工作變得無比艱巨。“大系”團隊花了更大的努力讓溝通變得更加溫暖有效:將郵件準確地從英文再翻譯成聯(lián)絡人所在國家的語言;為每一張質量不達標或者缺信息的作品制作詳細的拍攝示意圖;附上合同、官網(wǎng)和出版物的信息;和這些機構分享中國的抗疫情況和抗疫經(jīng)驗,送去祝?!?/p>
大英博物館在數(shù)次閉館期間,只要庫房臨時開啟就會為“大系”項目拍攝敦煌藏品圖片。德國國家博物館在搬遷博物館期間堅持拍攝作品。因疫情“失聯(lián)”半年的法國國家圖書館,在再次取得聯(lián)絡后也盡力協(xié)助拍攝。國內外博物館與“大系”項目17年合作所產(chǎn)生的信任,換來了2年間13個國家70余家博物館在困難時刻堅持為“大系”帶來1160余件全新拍攝、掃描的作品。
在疫情最為復雜嚴峻的那段時期,“大系”編輯們有很長一段時間無法回出版社工作,各自分散在家。編輯工作負責人把沉重的彩樣圖和A3紙大小的稿紙整理好,再分別郵寄或送到各編輯家中。一位編輯說,在家時把自己鎖在小房間工作,稿紙攤在床上,就這樣花了20多天,完成了《明畫全集》董其昌卷的初審核工作。
今天流連于“大系”項目精美成果前的觀眾,可能很難想象這些傳世珍品由“畫”入“書”、從“書”到“展”所經(jīng)過的艱辛歷程,但是一定能通過展覽感受到“大系”團隊心中涌動的那份對于我們這個民族深摯的文化溫情,并與之產(chǎn)生深深的共鳴。
Chinese Painting Special Exhibition,
a Millennium Echo
By? Zeng Fuquan? ?Zheng Mengying? ?Wang Lijian
If you come to Hangzhou during April, a most delightful spring month in the Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze River) area, and visit the Zhejiang Art Museum at the West Lake, you will be expecting something grander, something close to your heart and soul: a giant collection is on special display here at the Zhejiang Art Museum, which comprises of over 1,500 fine prints of paintings from pre-Qin (before 221 BC), Han (202 BC-220 AD), Tang (618-907), Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1206-1368) dynasties.
This exhibition celebrates a 17-year cultural project, which is now about to complete. At this special occasion, we can feel its significance more deeply in the spacious exhibition hall of the Zhejiang Art Museum, surrounded by the historical treasures of Chinese art. Walking into the hall of the museum, your eyes will be caught by a colorful passage in the air, which is collectively formed by 3,000-odd thin threads, each more than ten meters in length. Professor Wang Xiaosong, the co-curators of the exhibition and deputy dean of the School of Art and Archaeology of Zhejiang University, explained why the design is called “Millennium Echo”: this exhibition is a collection and reproduction of precious art pieces, and it will connect traditional Chinese culture with Chinese people in the modern times.9C8C3BEA-68B8-4A0B-879F-639E336F8A77
The paintings open the door for us to walk into the history of the Song dynasty. The rich contents of local peoples lives during the past 2,000 years are vividly depicted, especially in the unprecedentedly huge selection of 800 pieces of artworks.
The painting prints are all large sized and displayed in a near panorama style for the audience to stroll around and be wholly immersed in the sea of art. For instance, on a big installation consisting of more than ten screens side by side, the beautiful sights of Hangzhous lakes and mountains in the Song dynasty are shown on the digital scrolls alternately. The largest horizontal screen displays The West Lake Scroll, a work created by Li Song (1166-1243) who was born in Hangzhou and worked as a Southern Song (1127-1279) court painter. In addition to showing the artistic standards back then, the paintings further reflect the cultural landscape of the two Song dynasties.
Using diverse new technologies, the exhibition presents the magnificent achievements of ancient Chinese painters. Although the paintings on display are in reprints, thanks to high-definition shooting they appear very similar to the original works. Looking at these breath-taking artworks makes the audience feel they are traveling through thousands of years back to the past, wandering through its bustling streets among the busy crowds.
A Panorama of Rivers and Mountains by Wang Ximeng (1096-1117) is regarded as a rare masterpiece of Chinese landscape painting. At the Zhejiang Art Museum, the reproduction of this masterpiece has been enlarged several times compared to its original size, and is displayed on a stand at the entrance of the main hall, waiting for visitors to appreciate its unique craftsmanship and the majestically rendered natural landscape. The lighting installation further enhances its color and charming style.
“Using technologies, the paintings are all presented in a magnified manner, and the audience can see many details even more clearly than in the original works, “ said the person in charge of the whole art project. For the project team, all processes, including the image shooting, scanning, color correction, printing, are under extremely strict control, in order to ensure the best quality possible.
Apart from A Panorama of Rivers and Mountains, many other reprints of national painting treasures have also been enlarged for display, letting the viewers look as closely as possible at the artworks and providing researchers with accurate and clear materials for academic research.9C8C3BEA-68B8-4A0B-879F-639E336F8A77
Beside paintings, famous caves such as the four major caves of Dunhuang, Yungang, Longmen and Maiji Mountain are also replicated 1:1. These digital achievements come together to allow visitors to appreciate Chinese cave art and Buddhist art more intimately.
Cave restoration is done by using the worlds leading 3D cave restoration technology — through laser scanning, photogrammetry technology for digital acquisition, algorithms for three-dimensional model construction. Based on the above technologies, such a cave can thus be printed, rendered in color and shaped in texture before being presented in front of the audience.
In addition, all these precious treasures have a digital archive, which provides the basis for future online exhibitions, intelligent tour software, virtual scene experiences, VR/AR, motion capture devices, eye-tracking devices ... This exhibition is based on the concept of “art plus technology”, with nearly 10 groups of outstanding digital artworks selected from Zhejiang University, the National Academy of Chinese Theater Arts and other institutions.
In the past 17 years, the art project team has been working with a high sense of political and cultural responsibilities. They have gone on three tours for a full-scale collection work, searching for images of ancient Chinese painting collections around the world. They have repeatedly negotiated and communicated with the relevant cultural institutions and museums at home and abroad, and traveled hundreds of thousands of kilometers. It is through these arduous efforts that the team has finally managed to collect 3,569 pieces/sets of paintings, putting them all through high-precision digitization and bringing them to back to China to be reunited with the other 8,910 pieces/sets from the domestic collection. Together they form a magnificent historical landscape of ancient Chinese painting spanning more than 2,000 years.
The project team also explained for the first time how they overcame hardships and kept pushing forward on schedule in the face of COVID-19: many museums closed down and even began to cut staff; during the most complicated and severe period of the epidemic, the editors of the project were unable to return to the publishing house for a long time and had to work at home separately under limited and inconvenient conditions.
Today, visitors who linger in front of the exquisite achievements of the art project may find it difficult to imagine the arduous journey of these artworks, but through the exhibition they can certainly feel the profundity of Chinese culture and resonate with it deeply.9C8C3BEA-68B8-4A0B-879F-639E336F8A77