吳亮 張中華 謝文虎 宋小芬 鄧智剛 彭衛(wèi)華 向?qū)W蘭
【摘要】 目的:研究層面解剖技術(shù)在腹腔鏡下腎盂輸尿管連接處(UPJ)成形術(shù)中的臨床應(yīng)用效果。方法:回顧分析新余市人民醫(yī)院2015年3月-2022年1月收治的87例UPJ畸形患者的臨床資料,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式的不同進(jìn)行分組,其中36例患者采用傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù),將其歸為對照組,51例患者在腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)中應(yīng)用層面解剖技術(shù),將其歸為觀察組。比較兩組術(shù)中基本情況(術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間)、術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況(術(shù)后拔除引流管時(shí)間、術(shù)后下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、術(shù)后肛門恢復(fù)排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間);比較兩組術(shù)后3、6、12 h腹部疼痛評分[視覺模擬評分法(VAS)],統(tǒng)計(jì)術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:觀察組術(shù)中出血量為(85.72±15.86)mL,低于對照組(94.15±16.97)mL,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.372,P=0.020)。觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間為(3.43±0.88)h,短于對照組的(4.12±0.79)h,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.755,P<0.001)。觀察組術(shù)后拔除引流管時(shí)間為(3.82±0.36)d,短于對照組(5.03±0.41)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.529,P=0.013)。觀察組術(shù)后下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間為(1.38±0.37)d,短于對照組的(1.56±0.34)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.310,P=0.023)。觀察組術(shù)后肛門恢復(fù)排氣時(shí)間為(1.45±0.39)d,短于對照組(1.62±0.36)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.066,P=0.042)。觀察組術(shù)后住院時(shí)間為(8.81±1.50)d,短于對照組(10.56±1.53)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=5.315,P<0.001)。觀察組術(shù)后6 h腹部VAS評分為(1.85±0.41)分,低于對照組的(2.06±0.50)分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.147,P=0.035)。觀察組術(shù)后12 h腹部VAS評分為(2.28±0.56)分,低于對照組(2.59±0.51)分,
差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.637,P=0.010)。術(shù)后3 d內(nèi),觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為3.92%,低于對照組的19.44%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=3.936,P=0.047)。結(jié)論:在腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)中應(yīng)用層面解剖技術(shù)相比于傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù),術(shù)中出血量更少、手術(shù)時(shí)間更短,術(shù)后恢復(fù)更快,其疼痛程度更低,并能降低并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,值得臨床應(yīng)用推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 層面解剖技術(shù) 腹腔鏡 腎盂輸尿管連接處成形術(shù) 腎盂輸尿管連接處畸形
Study on Clinical Application Effect of Slice Anatomical Technique during Laparoscopic UPJ Plasty/WU Liang, ZHANG Zhonghua, XIE Wenhu, SONG Xiaofen, DENG Zhigang, PENG Weihua, XIANG Xuelan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(17): 00-004
[Abstract] Objective: To study the clinical application effect of slice anatomical technique during laparoscopic ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) plasty. Method: The clinical data of 87 patients with UPJ deformity who were treated in Xinyu People’s Hospital from March 2015 to January 2022 were retrospective analyzed, according to the different surgical methods, 36 patients underwent traditional open surgery were classified as the control group, while 51 patients underwent slice anatomical technique during laparoscopic UPJ plasty were classified as the observation group. The basic intraoperative information (intraoperative blood loss, surgical time), postoperative recovery (postoperative drainage tube removal time, postoperative ambulation time, postoperative anal exhaust recovery time, postoperative hospital stay) were compared between two groups; abdominal pain scores [visual analogue scale (VAS)] at 3, 6 and 12 h after surgery were compared between two groups; the incidence of complications in the two groups within 3 d after surgery was calculated. Result: Intraoperative blood loss in the observation group was (85.72±15.86) mL, which was less than (94.15±16.97) mL in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.372, P=0.020). Surgical time in the observation group was (3.43±0.88) h, which was shorter than (4.12±0.79) h in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=3.755, P<0.001). Postoperative drainage tube removal time in the observation group was (3.82±0.36) d, which was shorter than (5.03±0.41) d in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.529, P=0.013). Postoperative ambulation time in the observation group was (1.38±0.37) d, which was shorter than (1.56±0.34) d in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.310, P=0.023). Postoperative anal exhaust recovery time in the observation group was (1.45±0.39) d, which was shorter than (1.62±0.36) d in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.066, P=0.042). Postoperative hospital stay in the observation group was (8.81±1.50) d, which was shorter than (10.56±1.53) d in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (t=5.315, P<0.001). Abdominal VAS score at 6 h after surgery in the observation group was (1.85±0.41) points, which was lower than (2.06±0.50) points in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.147, P=0.035). Abdominal VAS score at 12 h after surgery in the observation group was (2.28±0.56) points, which was lower than (2.59±0.51) points in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.637, P=0.010). Within 3 d after surgery, the incidence of complications was 3.92% in the observation group, which was lower than 19.44% in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (字2=3.936, P=0.047). Conclusion: Compared with traditional open surgery, slice anatomical technique during laparoscopic UPJ plasty has less intraoperative blood loss, shorter surgical time, faster postoperative recovery and milder pain degree, and the latter one can reduce the occurrence of complications, therefore it is worthy of clinical application and promotion.
[Key words] Slice anatomical technique Laparoscopy Ureteropelvic junction plasty Ureteropelvic junction deformity
First-author’s address: Xinyu People’s Hospital, Jiangxi Province, Xinyu 338000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.17.001
腎盂輸尿管連接處(UPJ)畸形可造成腎臟集合系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)張、進(jìn)行性腎功能損害[1]。在過去幾十年里,開放性腎盂成形術(shù)被公認(rèn)為是治療UPJ畸形的最有效方法,近年來隨著腔內(nèi)泌尿外科的發(fā)展,微創(chuàng)手術(shù)方法逐步形成,腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)已成為UPJ畸形的主要治療手段[2-3]。然而,有研究指出腹腔鏡UPJ成形術(shù)用時(shí)遠(yuǎn)大于開放手術(shù),且術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率與開放手術(shù)相當(dāng),治療UPJ畸形優(yōu)勢不明顯[4]。而層面解剖技術(shù)能快速確定手術(shù)路徑,確保精細(xì)操作,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,降低術(shù)中并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,現(xiàn)已應(yīng)用于后腹腔鏡腎癌根治術(shù)中[5]。對此,本研究為探討層面解剖技術(shù)在腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)中的安全性和可行性,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 回顧性分析2015年3月-2022年1月新余市人民醫(yī)院收治的87例UPJ畸形患者的臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合UPJ畸形診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6];(2)患者均進(jìn)行了手術(shù)治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并心、肺、肝、腎等器官功能不全;(2)合并惡性腫瘤;(3)半年內(nèi)有泌尿系統(tǒng)手術(shù)史。根據(jù)手術(shù)方式的不同將患者分為對照組(n=36)和觀察組(n=51)。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法 對照組采用傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù),術(shù)前常規(guī)禁食,清潔灌腸,留置導(dǎo)尿管,預(yù)防性使用抗生素,患者取健側(cè)臥位,行氣管插管全麻。取12肋下腰部斜切口,長約8 cm,逐層切開至腰上三角。入腹腔后間隙,找到腎臟及輸尿管,游離腎臟中下部、腎盂、輸尿管上段,顯露UPJ,根據(jù)術(shù)中情況處理UPJ,用縫線在上下、前后標(biāo)志其切除位置,用5-0或6-0的可吸收縫線縫合,注意縫合時(shí)避免扭轉(zhuǎn),輸尿管內(nèi)置入5F雙J管。吻合口旁放置引流管1根,引流管<10 mL時(shí)拔除引流管。術(shù)后進(jìn)行止血、補(bǔ)液、預(yù)防感染等治療。
觀察組在腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)中應(yīng)用層面解剖技術(shù),術(shù)前常規(guī)禁食,清潔灌腸,留置導(dǎo)尿管,預(yù)防性使用抗生素,全麻下手術(shù),取右側(cè)80°斜臥位,根據(jù)情況置入3、4個(gè)套管針,在層面解剖理論技術(shù)指導(dǎo)下尋找各組織器官間無血管層面間隙,在無血管層面游離結(jié)腸、胰腺、脾臟、十二指腸、腎臟及腎蒂、血管、輸尿管上段;充分暴露UPJ。將UPJ處畸形段斜行切除;留置6F雙J管,縱行切開腎盂,裁剪修整腎盂;腹腔鏡下采用4-0可吸收線將輸尿管斷端與腎盂斷端全層間斷縫合(輸尿管內(nèi)置入5F雙J管)。吻合口旁放置引流管1根(引流管<10 mL時(shí)拔除引流管),將腎盂全層縫合關(guān)閉,檢查縫合嚴(yán)密,吻合口無張力,處理應(yīng)急情況如大出血,粘連,周圍臟器損傷等。術(shù)后止血、補(bǔ)液、預(yù)防感染等治療。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組術(shù)中基本情況,包括術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間。(2)比較兩組術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況,包括拔除引流管時(shí)間、下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、肛門恢復(fù)排氣時(shí)間及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。(3)比較兩組術(shù)后腹部疼痛程度,于術(shù)后3、6、12 h分別對患者腹部進(jìn)行疼痛評估,使用視覺模擬評分法(VAS)進(jìn)行評分,最高分為10分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高說明患者疼痛程度越強(qiáng)烈[7]。(4)比較兩組術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 對照組男27例,女9例;年齡14~50歲,平均(24.17±6.11)歲;手術(shù)部位:左腎19例,右腎17例。觀察組男36例,女15例;年齡17~52歲,平均(25.58±6.27)歲;手術(shù)部位:左腎28例,右腎23例。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組術(shù)中基本情況比較 觀察組術(shù)中出血量少于對照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況比較 觀察組拔除引流管時(shí)間、下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、肛門恢復(fù)排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.4 兩組術(shù)后腹部疼痛評分比較 術(shù)后3 h,兩組腹部疼痛評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后6、12 h,觀察組腹部疼痛評分均低于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.5 兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較 觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。
3 討論
UPJ畸形可引起腎盂積水、腎功能障礙等,UPJ畸形形成原因較多,主要與輸尿管發(fā)育不全、扭曲、肌層肥厚及纖維組織增生等因素有關(guān),腎盂出口位置較高、腎盂輸尿管外血管畸形、異位及纖維增生等也可引起畸形的發(fā)生[8]。UPJ畸形發(fā)生后尿液排出受阻,腎盂積水,易并發(fā)結(jié)石、感染,腎實(shí)質(zhì)受壓后腎功能進(jìn)行性減退,甚至發(fā)生腎功能衰竭,還可能因腎臟功能受損發(fā)生繼發(fā)性高血壓[9]。臨床上多采取手術(shù)治療,手術(shù)方式包括開放性腎盂成形、畸形段切除或擴(kuò)張等。開放性手術(shù)成功率高,遠(yuǎn)期效果良好,但創(chuàng)傷較大,患者恢復(fù)較慢,住院時(shí)間較長,而且可并發(fā)多種并發(fā)癥[10]。近年來隨著腹腔鏡技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,臨床醫(yī)生的操作技術(shù)不斷完善,臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)不斷積累,使得UPJ畸形治療逐漸向微創(chuàng)方向迅速發(fā)展[11]。
本次研究中,觀察組術(shù)中出血量少于對照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間短于對照組(P<0.05),這說明在腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)中應(yīng)用層面解剖技術(shù)相比于傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù),術(shù)中出血量更少、手術(shù)時(shí)間更短,可能是因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)開放手術(shù)要切開各層肌肉筋膜等組織,切口較長,創(chuàng)傷較大,不可避免的損傷血管使得術(shù)中出血量明顯升高[12]。而腹腔鏡UPJ成形術(shù)采用“小切口”微創(chuàng)技術(shù),能避免過多離斷血管,降低患者術(shù)中出血量和輸血率[13];并且在腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)中應(yīng)用層面解剖技術(shù)還能清楚顯示腎臟組織的細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu),相比于傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)視野更清晰,手術(shù)更加準(zhǔn)確、精細(xì),能避免其他臟器受到不必要的干擾損傷,進(jìn)而有效縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,改善患者術(shù)中基本情況[14]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后6、12 h,觀察組腹部疼痛評分均低于對照組,且觀察組下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、術(shù)后肛門恢復(fù)排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于對照組(P<0.05),其原因可能是傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大,術(shù)后切口疼痛明顯,患者應(yīng)激反應(yīng)較強(qiáng)烈,易影響患者腸功能恢復(fù)[15]。而腹腔鏡UPJ成形術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,創(chuàng)口愈合較快,術(shù)后應(yīng)激反應(yīng)較弱,患者術(shù)后早期就能進(jìn)行飲食、翻身活動(dòng),可有效促進(jìn)患者胃腸蠕動(dòng),加快患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),進(jìn)而縮短患者下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間[16]。
本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)觀察組術(shù)后拔除引流管時(shí)間短于對照組(P<0.05),且術(shù)后3 d內(nèi),觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對照組(P<0.05),這可能是由于傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大,局部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)破壞明顯,細(xì)小血管離斷較多,術(shù)后滲血嚴(yán)重,進(jìn)而延長術(shù)后引流管留置時(shí)間,同時(shí)傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)還將腹腔內(nèi)臟器暴露在外,增加了腹腔感染、切口感染和臟器損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并且腹腔內(nèi)血管豐富,術(shù)后出血不易發(fā)現(xiàn),易引起失血性休克等不良后果[17]。而腹腔鏡UPJ成形術(shù)作為一種微創(chuàng)手術(shù),對患者影響較小,在降低患者術(shù)中出血量的同時(shí),保證患者手術(shù)耐受能力,進(jìn)而減少術(shù)后感染的發(fā)生[18];而腹腔鏡UPJ成形術(shù)還采用了層面解剖技術(shù),通過以腹腔解剖技術(shù)為指導(dǎo),可以精確解剖,避免手術(shù)失血和誤傷,減少腹膜和腎靜脈損傷的可能,從而使得其術(shù)后并發(fā)癥明顯降低[19-20]。然而本研究還存在一定不足之處,因此次研究是將在腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)中應(yīng)用層面解剖技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)相比較,無法體會出層面解剖技術(shù)的具體效果,下一步需將在腹腔鏡手術(shù)病例間進(jìn)行對比深入研究。
綜上所述,在腹腔鏡下UPJ成形術(shù)中應(yīng)用層面解剖技術(shù)相比于傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù),其手術(shù)時(shí)間更短、術(shù)中出血量更少、術(shù)后恢復(fù)更快,并且還能降低患者術(shù)后疼痛程度,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,對患者預(yù)后有利。
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(收稿日期:2022-04-18) (本文編輯:張明瀾)