任春琦 朱正炎
[摘要]目的探討導(dǎo)致鈣化性主動脈瓣疾病(CAVD)的危險因素。方法回顧性分析北京市順義區(qū)醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科2018年1—6月住院并進行超聲心動圖檢查患者的臨床資料,包括年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)、是否吸煙、總膽固醇水平、三酰甘油水平、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平、血清鈣水平、是否合并高血壓等。結(jié)果共納入505例患者,根據(jù)是否存在 CAVD 將所有患者分為 CAVD 組(病變組, n=243)和主動脈瓣正常組(對照組,n=262)。病變組平均年齡(67.41±10.092)歲,顯著高于對照組的(59.52±10.361)歲。應(yīng)用二分類 logistic 進一步分析,結(jié)果顯示年齡、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇是主動脈瓣鈣化的影響因素。年齡( OR=1.090,B 系數(shù)=0.086)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇( OR=3.005,B 系數(shù)=1.100)均為危險因素。對年齡進一步分組,結(jié)果顯示中年組較青年組患 CAVD 的風(fēng)險并無增加,老年組患 CAVD 的風(fēng)險較青年組顯著增加[P=0.001,B 系數(shù)=1.711,OR=5.534,95%可信區(qū)間(2.096~14.612)]。結(jié)論 CAVD 與年齡、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平相關(guān),老年人患 CAVD 的風(fēng)險較青年人顯著增加。
[關(guān)鍵詞]鈣化性主動脈瓣疾病;超聲心動圖;低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;危險因素
[中圖分類號] R542.5+2[文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號]2095-0616(2022)10-0125-04
Study on the risk factors of calcific aortic valve disease
RENChunqiZHUZhengyan
Department of Cardiology, Beijing Shunyi Hospital, Beijing 101300, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the risk factors of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Methods The clinical data of patients who were hospitalized and underwent echocardiography in the Department of Cardiology of Beijing Shunyi Hospital from January to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical data include age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, total cholesterol level, triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, serum calcium level, and the presence of hypertension. Results A total of 505 patients were included and divided into the CAVD group (lesion group, n=243) and the normal aortic valve group (control group, n=262) according to the presence or absence of CAVD. The average age of patients in the lesion group was (67.41±10.092) years, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (59.52±10.361) years. Binary logistic analysis was used for further analysis, the results showed that age and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were the influencing factors of aortic valve calcification. Age (OR=1.090, B coefficient=0.086) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=3.005, B coefficient=1.100) were all risk factors. Age was further grouped, the results showed that the risk of CAVD in the middle-aged group was not higher than that in the young group, and the risk of CAVD in the old group was significantly higher than that in the young group (P=0.001, B coefficient=1.711, OR=5.534, 95% confidence interval [2.096-14.612]). Conclusion CAVD is associated with age and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The risk of CAVD in the elderly is significantly higher than that in the young.
[Key words] Calcific aortic valve disease; Echocardiography; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Risk factors
鈣化性主動脈瓣疾病(calcific aortic valve disease,CAVD)是最常見的心臟瓣膜疾病之一。據(jù)流行病學(xué)資料顯示,75歲以上成年人中約有2.8%達到 CAVD 水平;65歲以上成年人中近25%存在瓣膜硬化[1-2]。近年來,隨著人們對此疾病研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn) CAVD 不單純是隨著年齡進展而出現(xiàn)的一種退行性疾病,從病理生理基礎(chǔ)上,它是一種以瓣膜炎癥、脂質(zhì)沉積、鈣化為表現(xiàn)的主動過程,類似于動脈粥樣硬化的過程。但是導(dǎo)致 CAVD 的病因復(fù)雜、尚無明確定論,而且臨床上缺乏有效延緩其進展的藥物。本研究進一步探討 CAVD 的危險因素,力求為其臨床預(yù)防及治療提供依據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
收集2018年1—6月在北京市順義區(qū)醫(yī)院(我院)心血管內(nèi)科住院并進行超聲心動圖檢查,年齡≥18歲的患者共505例作為研究對象。其中男 328例(65.0%),女177例(35.0%)。排除風(fēng)濕性心臟病、先天性心臟病、人工心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后、主動脈瓣畸形、感染性心內(nèi)膜炎者[3-5]。將所有納入患者按是否存在 CAVD 分為 CAVD 組(病變組, n=243)和主動脈瓣正常組(對照組,n=262)。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2方法
1.2.1資料收集通過查閱病例資料收集患者的臨床資料,包括年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、是否吸煙、總膽固醇水平、三酰甘油水平、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平、血清鈣水平、是否存在 CAVD。
1.2.2超聲心動圖評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)超聲診斷儀采用探頭頻率2.5/3.5 MHz 進行檢查。CAVD 超聲診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):多切面顯示主動脈瓣一個或多個瓣葉(尤其瓣環(huán)及瓣葉根部,嚴(yán)重者可累及瓣體及瓣尖部)回聲呈局限性或彌漫性增強,且瓣膜厚度≥1 mm。其中超聲提示有鈣化點形成并伴有瓣膜活動度減低為嚴(yán)重鈣化,僅有回聲增強并不伴瓣膜活動度減低為輕度鈣化。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用 SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差( x ± s)表示,采用 t 檢驗,計數(shù)資料以[n (%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗;二分類 logistic 回歸分析評價 CAVD 的危險因素。 P <0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者臨床資料比較
病變組的年齡大于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義( P <0.05)。是否合并高血壓、總膽固醇水平、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P <0.05)。兩組男性占比、是否吸煙、三酰甘油水平、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、血清鈣水平、體重指數(shù),差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義( P >0.05)。見表1。
2.2 CAVD危險因素的預(yù)測
將是否存在 CAVD 作為因變量,單因素分析中差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的變量通過二分類轉(zhuǎn)換后作為自變量,進行二分類 logistic 回歸分析,以進一步確定 CAVD 的危險因素。結(jié)果顯示年齡和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇是 CAVD 的影響因素。年齡( OR=1.090,B 系數(shù)=0.086)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇( OR=3.005,B 系數(shù)=1.100)均為危險因素。見表2。
根據(jù)年齡將研究對象劃分為青年≤44歲,中年45~59歲,老年≥60歲。將年齡作為分類協(xié)變量,以青年組作為參考類別,中年及老年與其進行比較。結(jié)果顯示老年組[P =0.001,B 系數(shù)=1.711, OR =5.534,95%可信區(qū)間(2.096~ 14.612)]為 CAVD 的危險因素;可以認(rèn)為老年人患 CAVD 的風(fēng)險較青年人顯著增加,而中年人較青年人患 CAVD 的風(fēng)險并無增加。見表3。
3討論
CAVD 既往被認(rèn)為是一種隨年齡增長而被動發(fā)展的退化過程。但近年來研究表明,CAVD 是以組織不斷纖維化重構(gòu)和鈣化為特征的慢性進程,從硬化到慢性炎癥再到鈣化,最終導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的狹窄[6]。鈣化被認(rèn)為是被瓣膜間質(zhì)細(xì)胞驅(qū)動的主動進程[7],這些間質(zhì)細(xì)胞通過對不同的病理刺激[如炎癥遞質(zhì)、內(nèi)皮損傷、低密度脂蛋白沉積、氧自由基、鈣/磷酸鹽(Ca/Pi)水平升高等]反應(yīng)形成骨化或前鈣化狀態(tài)[8],從組織病理中可以看出此過程類似于動脈粥樣硬化的過程[9]。而既往的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),CAVD 與冠狀動脈粥樣硬化有多個共同的危險因素,如年齡、性別、BMI、吸煙、高血壓、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平、載脂蛋白 a[Apolipoprotein A,Lp(a)]等[10-12]。近年來的研究也表明,氧化的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇在 CAVD 中起到了核心作用[13]。在 CAVD 中,氧化的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇對瓣膜的浸潤,支持了瓣膜鈣化的發(fā)展可能,至少部分受到其影響。雖然 CAVD 與動脈粥樣硬化進程有相似之處,但又存在不同。因為主動脈瓣結(jié)構(gòu)與動脈管壁不同,而且所受到的血流動力學(xué)壓力也不同于動脈管壁,所以,鈣化性主動脈瓣的發(fā)生是多種因素及機制共同參與的結(jié)果,且并不完全明確[14]。而且臨床中用于抗動脈粥樣硬化的他汀類藥物,對 CAVD 并未見療效[15-16]。因此尋找到有效預(yù)防或延緩 CAVD 發(fā)生、發(fā)展的措施較為困難。
本研究通過超聲心動圖檢測 CAVD,篩選出患病與非患病者,結(jié)果顯示年齡和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇是 CAVD 的影響因素,而且年齡和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平均為危險因素。結(jié)合年齡分組,設(shè)置啞變量分析結(jié)果,老年人患 CAVD 的風(fēng)險高于青年人。以上結(jié)論與既往研究結(jié)論一致[16]。而且隨著年齡的增長,患 CAVD 風(fēng)險愈高。但本研究中,中年人較青年人風(fēng)險并無顯著增高,考慮可能與此疾病在中青年人群中發(fā)病率較低有關(guān),是否有陡然上升趨勢仍需增加樣本量進一步分析。本研究中,通過進行二元 logistic 回歸分析時顯示低密度脂蛋白膽固醇是 CAVD 的危險因素,與既往研究結(jié)論一致[16],也進一步證實了低密度脂蛋白膽固醇參與并促進了 CAVD 的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
作為導(dǎo)致動脈粥樣硬化危險因素的性別、吸煙、BMI 等指標(biāo),在本研究中并未顯示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,故 CAVD 的病理過程是否完全與動脈粥樣硬化過程相同仍需進一步研究。由于本研究中一些患者的臨床資料記錄不完整,未納入血壓、血糖、肌酐或 eGFR、C 反應(yīng)蛋白、LP(a)、尿酸等指標(biāo),研究不夠全面,仍需進一步研究、探討。
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(收稿日期:2021-12-13)