陳 盛，黃 達,2,3*，張 力，郭相平，張秫瑄，操信春

?作物水肥高效利用?

秸稈還田對土壤理化性質(zhì)及水肥狀況影響的研究進展

陳 盛1，黃 達1,2,3*，張 力4，郭相平1，張秫瑄1，操信春1

（1.河海大學 農(nóng)業(yè)科學與工程學院，南京 210098；2.桂林理工大學 土木與建筑工程學院，廣西 桂林 541004；3.廣西建筑新能源與節(jié)能重點實驗室，廣西 桂林 541004；4.鹽城市農(nóng)業(yè)資源開發(fā)規(guī)劃設計與評審中心，江蘇 鹽城 224000）

農(nóng)作物秸稈是農(nóng)作物的重要光合產(chǎn)物和最主要的副產(chǎn)品，資源十分豐富。其富含氮、磷、鉀等元素，是農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中一種十分寶貴的生物質(zhì)資源，利用潛力巨大。秸稈還田是最主要的秸稈資源化利用方式，具有改良土壤、保水控鹽和培肥增產(chǎn)等顯著效果。本文系統(tǒng)整理和總結(jié)了2012年以來秸稈還田對土壤理化性質(zhì)、水鹽運移、土壤肥力及作物產(chǎn)量、負面影響及防治措施的研究進展，探究其影響規(guī)律和作用機理，探尋不同秸稈還田處理方式的適用性。整理歸納了秸稈還田配合不同耕作方式、添加物及預處理和粉碎程度等改善土壤理化性質(zhì)的研究概況，總結(jié)了秸稈改善土壤理化性質(zhì)作用機理；對比分析了秸稈還田量、埋深、長度和還田方式等對秸稈還田調(diào)控水鹽運移的影響，探究了秸稈保水控鹽的作用機理；總結(jié)概述了秸稈還田提升土壤肥力，促進作物增產(chǎn)的研究成果，提出了配施氮肥，加快秸稈腐解和注意土壤初始水肥條件等合理建議；闡述介紹了當前秸稈還田面臨的主要問題及其防治措施；最后，在前人的研究基礎上提出了秸稈還田實際應用的部分注意事項，并對未來潛在研究方向進行了展望。以期為秸稈資源化利用、鹽漬土改良、農(nóng)業(yè)高效生產(chǎn)等方面的研究、應用與決策提供有價值的參考依據(jù)。

秸稈還田；土壤團聚體；水鹽運移；土壤肥力；土壤改良

0 引 言

我國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國，農(nóng)作物種植是我國的根基產(chǎn)業(yè)。作為農(nóng)作物種植產(chǎn)生的最主要副產(chǎn)品，秸稈年產(chǎn)量十分巨大，年產(chǎn)量超8 億t，居世界首位[1]。然而，受限于收集方式、利用技術和運輸成本等因素，我國早年秸稈資源化利用程度較低，處理方式以焚燒、廢棄為主，不僅造成資源浪費，而且導致環(huán)境污染。近年來，我國把農(nóng)業(yè)資源綜合利用納入生態(tài)文明建設總體布局，不斷完善法規(guī)政策，加大財政支持，健全標準規(guī)范，強化科技支撐，推動包括秸稈在內(nèi)的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源的高效利用，秸稈資源化利用率大幅度提高?！兜诙稳珖廴驹雌詹楣珗蟆凤@示，2017年全國秸稈產(chǎn)生量為8.05 億t，秸稈可收集資源量為6.74 億t，秸稈利用量為5.85 億t[2]，綜合利用率72.7%。有關分析報告表明，2019年，我國秸稈的綜合利用率達到86%，2020年為90%[3]。秸稈利用方式及比例圖1 所示，其中秸稈直接還田為最主要的利用方式，占比39%左右[3]。

圖1 我國2020年秸稈利用方式及比例Fig.1 Utilization mode and proportion of straw in China in 2020

近年來，眾多學者針對秸稈還田改善土壤理化性質(zhì)、調(diào)控水鹽運移和提升土壤肥力等方面，進行了大量深入的研究，成果豐碩。相關研究已證明，秸稈還田可降低土壤體積質(zhì)量，提高土壤孔隙度，促進大團聚體形成，改良土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，提升土壤穩(wěn)定性；增加土壤含水率，抑制土壤鹽分表聚，有效改良鹽漬土；增加土壤碳、氮、鉀、磷等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，提升土壤肥力，促進作物增產(chǎn)。對于穩(wěn)定農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)平衡、發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟、構(gòu)建資源節(jié)約型社會、減輕環(huán)境壓力都具有十分重要的意義。

本文全面、系統(tǒng)地整理和總結(jié)了2012年以來不同秸稈還田措施對土壤理化性質(zhì)、水鹽運移、土壤肥力和作物生長及產(chǎn)量影響的研究，探究其影響規(guī)律和作用機理，探尋不同秸稈還田處理方式的適用性，為秸稈資源化利用、鹽漬土改良、農(nóng)業(yè)高效生產(chǎn)和生態(tài)環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展等方面的研究、應用與決策提供有價值的參考依據(jù)。

1 秸稈還田改善土壤理化性狀

秸稈還田是改善土壤理化性質(zhì)的重要農(nóng)藝措施之一。秸稈還田可促進土壤中l(wèi)t;0.25 mm 粒徑顆粒向gt;0.25 mm 粒徑水穩(wěn)性團聚體團聚，導致大粒徑（gt;2 mm、0.25～2 mm）水穩(wěn)性大團聚體比例顯著增加，小粒徑（0.25～0.053 mm、lt;0.053 mm）水穩(wěn)性微團聚體的比例顯著降低[4-7]，團聚體穩(wěn)定性明顯增強[8-9]；可顯著提升土壤平均重量直徑（MWD）、幾何平均直徑值（GMD）、水穩(wěn)系數(shù)（K）和有機碳量（SOC），降低土壤體積質(zhì)量，提高土壤孔隙度[10-15]。從而改良土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，提升土壤穩(wěn)定性。

1.1 秸稈還田配合適當耕作方式提升改良效果

秸稈還田配合深耕、旋耕等耕作方式，顯著改善不同深度土層的理化性質(zhì)。鄒文秀等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在東北平原地區(qū)（黑土，質(zhì)地：壤黏土）采用玉米秸稈還田配合深耕翻和超深耕翻促進底層土壤重組，增加耕層厚度，擴大土壤持水率，增強土壤水分調(diào)節(jié)能力，大幅改善20～35 cm 和35～50 cm 土層的物理性質(zhì)。董建新等[17]研究表明，在黃淮地區(qū)（褐土，質(zhì)地：壤質(zhì)黏土）采用玉米秸稈顆?；€田配合深翻和旋耕，可降低0～20 cm 和 20～40 cm 土層的土壤體積質(zhì)量，提升田間持水率、土壤孔隙度和團聚體穩(wěn)定性。薛斌等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，江漢平原地區(qū)（水稻土，質(zhì)地：壤土、粉質(zhì)壤土）采用水稻秸稈還田配合傳統(tǒng)耕作的土壤體積質(zhì)量降低較明顯，免耕則增加土壤體積質(zhì)量。龐黨偉等[19]對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，泰萊平原地區(qū)（潮褐土，質(zhì)地：黏壤土）玉米秸稈不還田時，采用連續(xù)旋耕的耕作方式會導致0～30 cm 土層的有機質(zhì)量下降，土壤體積質(zhì)量增大，孔隙度降低；但秸稈還田后，相應的結(jié)果正好相反；連續(xù)2年旋耕加1年深耕的效果更佳。張玉銘等[20]比較了華北平原地區(qū)（潮褐土，質(zhì)地：黏壤土）玉米秸稈旋耕還田和深翻耕還田對土壤團聚體的影響，結(jié)果表明秸稈深翻耕還田促進0～40 cm 土層土壤有效融合，消除了耕層土壤養(yǎng)分表聚現(xiàn)象，明顯提升了20～40 cm 土壤有機碳氮量以及大團聚體對土壤有機碳氮的貢獻率。實際應用時，可結(jié)合種植作物生長特點選擇適宜耕作方式，提升秸稈還田改良效果。

1.2 秸稈聯(lián)合生物炭、化肥、氨化處理增強改善作用

秸稈與生物炭、化肥、氨化處理聯(lián)合使用，可進一步提升土壤理化性質(zhì)改良的效果。秸稈和生物炭聯(lián)合施用效果優(yōu)于秸稈或生物炭單獨使用，顯著促進土壤大團聚體形成，提高團聚體有機碳量[21]，提升土壤pH 值和土壤飽和導水率（SHC）[22]。秸稈還田配施化肥處理可增加gt;0.25 mm 團聚體量，降低0.053～0.25 mm 和lt;0.053 mm 團聚體量；提高0～20 cm 和20～40 cm 土層團聚體穩(wěn)定性，并顯著提高土壤有機碳量，團聚體穩(wěn)定性顯著增強，效果比單施化肥更顯著[23-25]。紫云英配合秸稈全量還田施用也有相似的效果[26]。將秸稈粉碎至粉末狀，并氨化處理后還田，可有效促進土壤已有孔隙向更大孔隙發(fā)展，提高土壤總孔隙度[27]，耕層土壤體積質(zhì)量、大團聚體量、平均重量直徑（MWD）、幾何平均直徑（GMD）等指標明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)秸稈還田[28]。未來可進一步研究秸稈還田聯(lián)合不同肥料、秸稈預處理或添加劑對土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響，制定更優(yōu)配合比，不斷優(yōu)化秸稈還田效果。

1.3 秸稈粉碎程度對土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的影響

秸稈粉碎程度不足時，秸稈以段狀為主，若與土壤混合不均勻，易使耕層土壤內(nèi)部形成空洞，導致根系無法與土壤顆粒有效接觸，影響播種質(zhì)量和根系生長；同時空洞還會導致土壤水分和溫度加快流失，影響后茬作物秧苗生長[29]。隨秸稈還田量和還田頻率的增加，上述危害會進一步加劇。Zhang 等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與10 cm 和20 cm 小麥秸稈相比，5 cm 段狀小麥秸稈還田對土壤孔隙度、體積質(zhì)量等物理性質(zhì)的改善效果顯著上升。張宏媛等[31]利用CT 掃描技術對比分析了5 cm段狀玉米秸稈和2 mm 粉末玉米秸稈的孔隙形態(tài)特征，發(fā)現(xiàn)2 mm 粉末秸稈孔隙數(shù)量多、分布均勻，呈現(xiàn)明顯的復雜多孔結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，實際生產(chǎn)時應提高秸稈粉碎程度，減小秸稈長度，建議以lt;5 cm 段狀或粉末狀秸稈還田為宜，并應確保秸稈與土壤充分均勻混合。

1.4 秸稈還田改善土壤理化性質(zhì)的作用機理

秸稈還田改善土壤理化性質(zhì)的原因主要是：①秸稈本身為有機物料，腐解后向土壤輸送大量有機碳氮物質(zhì)，并產(chǎn)生多糖、蛋白質(zhì)、木質(zhì)素等有機質(zhì)；土壤有機質(zhì)是團聚體形成的重要膠結(jié)物質(zhì)，可促進土壤中礦物和黏粒膠結(jié)形成大團聚體[22,32-35]；②秸稈還田增加土壤有機質(zhì)量，提升土壤通氣性能，改善土壤微生態(tài)環(huán)境，提高土壤微生物活性，促使作物根系分泌或溢泌出更多的有機化合物，進一步促進大粒徑團聚體形成[5,12,36]；③秸稈還田為蚯蚓、螞蟻、蟋蟀等動物提供了豐富的食物來源和適宜的生活環(huán)境，土壤中動物的數(shù)量增加。動物通過攝食、穿行、排泄等活動，疏松土壤，提高土壤孔隙率，驅(qū)動土壤碳氮循環(huán)，加快秸稈腐化[37]。這些因素共同作用，有效促進了土壤大團聚體的形成，顯著提升土壤穩(wěn)定性。

2 秸稈還田調(diào)控土壤水鹽運移

全世界約1/4 耕地受到鹽漬化影響[38]。鹽漬化土壤含鹽高，結(jié)構(gòu)差，孔隙少，滲透差，養(yǎng)分低，微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和活性差[39-41]，嚴重阻礙了作物正常生長，極大程度限制了農(nóng)業(yè)高效生產(chǎn)，對糧食安全生產(chǎn)、耕地紅線造成嚴峻威脅，亟須改良。秸稈還田可顯著影響土壤水鹽運移，增加土壤含水率，減少土壤水分蒸發(fā)，抑制土壤鹽分表聚，具有保水控鹽的作用，有效改良鹽漬土[42-44]。

2.1 秸稈還田量對土壤水鹽運移的影響

秸稈對水鹽運移的影響與還田量有關，總體上，秸稈保水控鹽效果與還田量呈正相關關系，表層積鹽量、土壤蒸發(fā)強度和累積蒸發(fā)量與秸稈還田量呈反相關關系[45-48]。范雷雷等[45]在河套灌區(qū)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，不同玉米秸稈覆蓋時0～80 cm 土壤層含鹽量均有所減少,其中覆蓋量1.2 kg/m2和0.9 kg/m2處理抑制效果最優(yōu)，增幅為初始含鹽量的14.10%和24.74%。梁建財?shù)萚46]發(fā)現(xiàn)，在河套灌區(qū)玉米秸稈覆蓋可提高0～100 cm 土壤含水率，降低土壤含鹽量；相對于未覆蓋秸稈處理，秸稈覆蓋量0.6 kg/m2及以上均可使土壤表層達到脫鹽效果，保水脫鹽效果隨還田量增加而顯著提升。鄧亞鵬等[47]研究了黃河三角洲地區(qū)小麥秸稈覆蓋秋澆后鹽漬土壤水鹽運移的特征，結(jié)果表明，秸稈覆蓋抑制消融水蒸發(fā)，0.9 kg/m2處理的土壤含水率最高；減弱土壤積鹽，1.2 kg/m2和0.6 kg/m2分別在0～10 cm和0～40 cm 土層中的脫鹽效果最好。李小牛等[48]研究結(jié)果表明：秸稈層以上的田間持水率與玉米秸稈還田量成正比, 添加玉米秸稈后的0～20 cm 土壤層含水率均高于土壤層田間持水率。當然，秸稈還田量并非越多越好，當秸稈還田量過多時，秸稈腐解問題凸顯，加劇土壤空洞，不利于作物生長。

2.2 秸稈埋深和長度對土壤水鹽運移的影響

秸稈埋深和長度對土壤水鹽運移也有一定影響。除常規(guī)表層覆蓋還田外，近年來將秸稈埋入地下一定深度形成隔離層的方法也開始研究和應用。秸稈埋深方面，李芙榮等[49]研究了蘇北平原地區(qū)不同玉米秸稈埋深（0/40/70/40+100 cm 雙層）對土壤水鹽分布及其動態(tài)變化的影響。結(jié)果表明，不同玉米秸稈埋深對土壤含水率變化影響較小，除了70 cm 埋深，其他埋深處理對鹽分表聚的抑制效果較好，其中（40+100）cm雙層埋深處理的保水控鹽效果最佳。張金珠等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在北疆石河子，小麥秸稈埋深30 cm 可阻礙35 cm 以下土壤毛管水上升，從而影響土壤水鹽運移。王學成等[51]設計了不同棉花秸稈埋深（10/15/30/45 cm）對土壤水鹽分布和棉花根系構(gòu)型的影響，結(jié)果表明，在南疆阿拉爾，棉花秸稈埋深對二者影響顯著，土壤虛實程度有所差異，土壤水鹽分布發(fā)生變化，其中，埋深30 cm可促進棉花根系生長。秸稈長度方面，張宏媛等[31]對比分析了5 cm 段狀玉米秸稈、玉米秸稈顆粒和玉米秸稈粉末對秸稈層孔隙度和灌溉水入滲等的影響，試驗表明，5 cm 段狀玉米秸稈隔層孔隙度隨深度變化較明顯，其淋洗時水分優(yōu)先流現(xiàn)象最顯著，持續(xù)時間較長。張金珠等[52]研究不同小麥秸稈長度（1/10 cm）的秸稈隔層對鹽漬土入滲過程土壤水鹽分布的影響，結(jié)果表明，小麥秸稈長度影響鹽分滯留深度，秸稈10 cm 比1 cm 處理的全鹽量最大值深度有所下移。在實際應用時，應結(jié)合土壤水鹽分布情況和作物生長特點，針對性調(diào)整秸稈埋深和秸稈長度，調(diào)控土壤水鹽運移，確保作物處于適宜的水鹽環(huán)境。

2.3 秸稈還田方式對保水控鹽效果的影響

不同的秸稈還田方式對保水控鹽效果的影響有所差異。不同學者對比分析了秸稈表層覆蓋、秸稈掩埋、秸稈覆蓋+掩埋等還田方式的保水控鹽效果，所得結(jié)論基本一致，即秸稈覆蓋+掩埋方式更能抑制水分蒸發(fā)和鹽分表聚，效果優(yōu)于單一處理[53-56]。秸稈表層覆蓋可抑制蒸發(fā)，掩埋作為隔層可儲蓄水分，促使0～30 cm 土層保持“高水低鹽”狀態(tài)，適宜作物生長。此外，秸稈還田與覆膜、覆砂等農(nóng)技措施配合使用，可有效提升保水控鹽效果。部分學者對比研究了秸稈覆蓋、秸稈掩埋、上秸下秸、上膜下秸、地膜覆蓋等處理對土壤保水控鹽效果的影響，結(jié)果表明，不同措施的土壤保水控鹽效果與作用時期不同，且差異較大；上膜下秸的效果最佳，時效最長，能控制整個作物生育期[57-60]。趙文舉等[61]設置覆砂、覆膜、覆麥秸稈單獨或二者組合使用，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同處理均可顯著減少土壤水分蒸發(fā)，但保水效果有所差異，總體上，覆砂的保水效果優(yōu)于覆秸稈，二者搭配使用效果更佳。因此，可采用多層秸稈復合還田方式，進一步提升秸稈保水控鹽的效果。

2.4 秸稈還田調(diào)控土壤水鹽運移的作用機理

關于秸稈還田調(diào)控土壤水鹽運移的作用機理，學者們研究結(jié)論大致相同，主要如下：①淋洗入滲階段，秸稈隔層與上覆土層存在孔隙差異，土-秸界面處水勢差逆向，延緩濕潤鋒推進速度，秸稈隔層表現(xiàn)出阻水減滲的效果，即“毛細阻滯”[62-63]，導致土壤含水率上升；隨著秸稈隔層含水率的不斷增加，其導水率也不斷上升，當秸稈隔層含水率達到飽和時，秸稈隔層導水率大于周邊土壤導水率，產(chǎn)生二次阻礙[64]，即“水力阻滯”，導致上層水分入滲進一步減緩，同時減少下層水分上升。土壤水分因“毛細阻滯”和“水力阻滯”影響而延緩入滲，土壤水分在耕層土壤的蓄積時間延長，土壤含水率升高，促進了土壤中可溶性鹽離子的交換和溶解，待重力水完全下滲后，帶走更多的鹽分離子，提升淋洗脫鹽效果[30,64]；②在蒸發(fā)階段，由于秸稈隔層阻斷了毛管水上升路徑，地下水沿土壤毛管上升至隔層后只能以水汽擴散的形式穿越秸稈層及以上的土壤進入大氣，潛水蒸發(fā)能力大幅減弱，從而有效抑制了地下水或深層土壤中的鹽分向上運移，大幅降低土壤返鹽量[65-66]。

3 秸稈還田提升土壤肥力，促進作物增產(chǎn)

大量研究表明[67-78]，秸稈腐解能提高土壤中碳、氮、鉀、磷等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，增加土壤微生物的數(shù)量和活性，促進有機物分解和養(yǎng)分釋放，提升土壤肥力，同時創(chuàng)造適宜環(huán)境，有利于作物生長和產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的提高。

3.1 秸稈還田培肥增產(chǎn)效果明顯

隨著秸稈還田腐解，秸稈中營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)逐步分解釋放，從而顯著提升土壤肥力，有效提高作物水分利用效率、氮肥農(nóng)學利用效率、氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力、氮肥吸收利用率等生長指數(shù)[79-82]，促進作物生長，提高作物產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)。陳金等[83]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)玉米秸稈還田大幅度提高冬小麥全生育期干物質(zhì)積累總量，降低開花前干物質(zhì)積累量及其占全生育期比例。劉艷慧等[84]探究得到長期棉花秸稈還田可培肥地力，提高棉花總鈴數(shù)、單鈴重和產(chǎn)量。張學林等[85]研究結(jié)果顯示，與秸稈不還田處理相比，小麥秸稈還田后可顯著提高玉米穗行數(shù)、行粒數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、千粒質(zhì)量、籽粒蛋白質(zhì)、淀粉量和產(chǎn)量，脂肪量降低。同時，秸稈還田還具有調(diào)控土壤溫度、改善土壤微生物和緩解鹽分脅迫等作用，促進作物增產(chǎn)。研究表明，秸稈覆蓋還田對土壤溫濕度具有雙向阻礙作用，保溫保墑，有利于玉米生長和產(chǎn)量提升[86]。淺埋秸稈隔層可有效緩解植株受到鹽分脅迫，有利于番茄植株的光合作用和相關生理參數(shù)，提高番茄產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)[87-88]。此外，對秸稈進行氨化、堆肥等處理后還田可提升改善效果。氨化秸稈還田具有良好的蓄水保墑能力，增加夏玉米、冬小麥等作物的葉面積指數(shù)，提高作物水分利用率和產(chǎn)量，促進地上部干物質(zhì)積累，相關指標提升明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)秸稈還田[89-90]。低溫堆腐秸稈還田可以改善土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)，提升土壤肥力，實現(xiàn)玉米增產(chǎn)[91]。

3.2 秸稈配合氮肥施用培肥增產(chǎn)效果更佳

秸稈還田可能會造成土壤pH 值升高，改變硝化和反硝化過程，提高土壤氨揮發(fā)，導致土壤氮素損失[92]；此外，由于秸稈碳氮比較高，秸稈腐化過程中微生物大量增殖消耗土壤速效氮，導致土壤氮素不足，影響作物生長，造成減產(chǎn)。因此，秸稈還田應配合化肥施用，尤其是氮肥，降低碳氮比，加速秸稈降解，降低化感抑制效應[93]，避免還田腐解前期與微生物“爭氮”產(chǎn)生的不利影響，并提高作物氮肥農(nóng)學利用率[94]。研究表明，秸稈還田配氮肥可激發(fā)氮的礦化作用，顯著增強土壤供氮能力；同時，加速秸稈腐敗，增加土壤有機質(zhì)，提升土壤營養(yǎng)元素吸附力，彌補微生物在秸稈降解過程中對養(yǎng)分的固持[95]，顯著提高土壤中有機碳和總氮量[96]，并可將總氮儲存在上部根區(qū)，在有限的條件下減輕氮和灌溉水的負面影響[97]，從而提升培肥增產(chǎn)效果。此外，秸稈還田配合氮肥施用，可有效降低氮肥施用量，與單施氮肥相比，降幅可達15%～30%[98-100]，不僅提升作物產(chǎn)量，還能降低化肥成本，同時減輕農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染。

3.3 土壤水肥條件對秸稈還田增產(chǎn)效果有差異

土壤水肥條件不同，秸稈還田效果可能有所差異，前期研究結(jié)論尚未一致，有待進一步論證。Rasool等[101]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)番茄的果實產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和水分利用效率均受灌溉、施肥和秸稈還田的影響；在較低的施氮肥和灌溉水平下，水稻秸稈還田較無秸稈處理番茄產(chǎn)量顯著增加，可溶性糖量、糖酸比（SAR）和維生素C（Vc）等指標均有所提升；但在較高的施氮肥和灌溉水平下，秸稈還田處理則會降低番茄產(chǎn)量，由此推斷秸稈還田可以緩解有限灌溉水和氮肥造成的脅迫，從而提高溫室種植番茄的果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。該研究結(jié)論與張素瑜等[102]的研究結(jié)論有所矛盾。張素瑜等[102]研究表明在輕旱和水分適宜的土壤水分條件下，玉米秸稈還田可促進小麥根系生長，延長根系衰老時間，提升作物利用效率和產(chǎn)量；但土壤水分條件較差時，秸稈還田效果正好相反。這可能與作物種類、土壤質(zhì)地和氣候環(huán)境等因素有關。因此，秸稈還田應注意水肥條件的適用情況，達到正向增產(chǎn)效果。

4 秸稈還田產(chǎn)生的負面影響及防治措施

秸稈腐解緩慢和易誘發(fā)病蟲害是當前秸稈還田實際生產(chǎn)應用時面臨的主要難點問題，對農(nóng)業(yè)種植及管理造成較大負面影響，導致農(nóng)民對常規(guī)秸稈還田技術產(chǎn)生抗拒情緒，制約秸稈還田推廣應用，亟須解決。

4.1 秸稈腐解緩慢及其防治措施

秸稈初期腐解緩慢，短時間內(nèi)大量秸稈積聚，易超過土壤消納能力，不僅加劇土壤空洞，影響后茬作物種子萌發(fā)與秧苗扎根，造成作物出苗率低、苗期根系虛浮等問題，影響作物產(chǎn)量；而且秸稈腐解養(yǎng)分釋放與作物需求不匹配，造成秸稈營養(yǎng)元素利用率下降。

秸稈腐解的影響因素紛繁復雜，秸稈性質(zhì)（碳氮比、碳磷比、木質(zhì)素量等）、土壤性質(zhì)（pH 值、通氣性、養(yǎng)分狀況、土壤溫度、含水率等）、氣候條件（溫度、濕度、降雨量等）、還田模式（秸稈長度、還田量、耕作方式、秸稈埋深等）等均會對秸稈腐解速度造成一定影響[103-104]。當前，主要可通過充分粉碎秸稈、秸稈掩埋還田、秸稈氨化處理、加入促腐菌劑或腐熟劑等方式，促進秸稈腐解，加速秸稈養(yǎng)分釋放。充分粉碎秸稈，盡可能減小秸稈長度，甚至秸稈粉末化還田，增大秸稈與土壤的接觸面積，提高秸稈與土壤混合程度，加快水分吸收，加速營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)溶解，為微生物代謝提供更多碳源和能量，促進微生物數(shù)量增長，提升秸稈腐解速度[105]。采用掩埋還田的秸稈腐解速度優(yōu)于覆蓋還田[106-107]，這可能是因為土壤中的濕度及夜間溫度一般高于土壤表面，且秸稈隔層的保水保肥保墑的效果優(yōu)于秸稈表層覆蓋，從而更利于微生物的生長與繁殖，秸稈掩埋還田時腐解速度更快。氨化處理促使秸稈中由木質(zhì)素、纖維素和半纖維素組成的三維網(wǎng)狀大分子結(jié)構(gòu)斷裂成易發(fā)酵的小分子物質(zhì)，并破壞秸稈細胞表層，加速秸稈腐解[108]；同時，氨化處理緩解土壤碳氮比失衡，有利于土壤微生物活動和生長繁殖，秸稈分解速度顯著加快[109]。促腐菌劑和腐熟劑中富含一種或數(shù)種具有降解木質(zhì)素、纖維素和半纖維素的真菌或細菌。真菌可穿透秸稈角質(zhì)層進入秸稈縫隙，分泌水解酶降解纖維素等物質(zhì)；細菌則通過分解小分子物質(zhì)實現(xiàn)對有機物料的降解[110]。綜上不難看出，秸稈腐解與微生物關系密切，秸稈腐解速度與微生物活性通常呈正相關關系。因此，可采取相關措施提高微生物數(shù)量及活性，加快秸稈腐解，解決秸稈還田土壤空洞和養(yǎng)分釋放不及時的問題。

4.2 秸稈誘發(fā)病蟲害及其防治措施

秸稈中存在病株殘體且易攜帶病原菌和蟲卵，直接還田易誘發(fā)或加劇農(nóng)作物紋枯病、赤霉病、莖基腐病、大斑病等病害以及根結(jié)線蟲、灰飛虱、潛葉蠅、負泥蟲等蟲害風險，加重土傳病害[111-112]；此外，在干旱地區(qū)秸稈還田易造成農(nóng)田鼠害，老鼠利用翻入土壤中的秸稈做窩，甚至作為過冬的食物，給來年的春播帶來風險。

通過調(diào)整秸稈還田方式，可有效降低病蟲害發(fā)生。研究表明，秸稈粉碎深翻相比于免耕覆蓋，可顯著降低玉米紋枯病和大斑病的發(fā)生程度[113]；秸稈作掩埋處理可有效地消滅病殘體,減少田間菌源量，秸稈埋深超20 cm 時二化螟等幼蟲死亡率超過60%[114]；充分粉碎秸稈至粉末狀，能一定程度破壞秸稈中的蟲卵和幼蟲，有效降低蟲害發(fā)生；采用秸稈堆漚還田方式，將秸稈預先進行堆肥、漚肥處理，腐熟后施入土壤，也可消滅大量寄生蟲卵、病原菌及雜草草籽[115]。此外，秸稈添加生防菌還田可減少紋枯病等土傳病害的發(fā)生[116]。通過引入芽孢桿菌、假單胞菌和菌根真菌等生防菌，改善土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)，生防菌與病原菌競爭營養(yǎng)和空間，從而抑制病原菌的生長與繁殖；同時，生防菌還能提高作物提高抗病、抗蟲性，降低病蟲害的威脅[117]。

值得注意的是，無有害源的秸稈還田本身亦可有效抑制病蟲害發(fā)生。秸稈還田后釋放出酚酸物質(zhì)，對病原菌產(chǎn)生化感作用，抑制玉米大斑病菌等菌絲生長，抑制玉米大斑病等病情指數(shù)的發(fā)展[118]。同時，秸稈還田改善土壤理化性質(zhì)，增加土壤營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，一方面提升土壤中有益微生物多樣性，與病原菌競爭養(yǎng)分，抑制病原菌生長繁殖[119]，另一方面改善土壤食物網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)，提高病原生物捕食者（蚯蚓、節(jié)肢動物等）的種類及數(shù)量，通過天敵捕食減少病蟲害[120]。因此，在實際秸稈還田應用中，應加強秸稈有害源的控制，還田前盡可能減少秸稈中的病原菌和蟲卵，從源頭上降低秸稈還田病蟲害的負面影響。

5 總結(jié)與展望

秸稈還田具有改良土壤理化性質(zhì)、保水控鹽和培肥增產(chǎn)等顯著作用，對農(nóng)業(yè)高效生產(chǎn)和環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義，值得推廣應用。鑒于不同地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)氣候資源、土壤水肥氣熱條件和農(nóng)業(yè)管理模式差別較大，在秸稈還田實際應用時應因地制宜，綜合不同氣候、土壤、秸稈、作物等多種因素，確定適宜的秸稈還田方式，提升秸稈還田效果。

秸稈還田對土壤改良及培肥增產(chǎn)的研究成果比較豐碩，但仍有許多問題有待進一步研究。例如：①秸稈腐解速度影響因素繁雜，氣候條件、秸稈種類、土壤類型及水肥氣熱條件、土壤微生物種類及數(shù)量、秸稈埋深都會對其產(chǎn)生影響，研究各影響因素對秸稈腐解及其改良土壤、培肥增產(chǎn)的綜合效應，探明秸稈腐解規(guī)律與土壤理化性質(zhì)、作物生長、水肥利用等方面的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系及機理，進一步解決因腐解緩慢引起土壤空洞和養(yǎng)分釋放不及時的問題。②秸稈還田技術尚可進一步優(yōu)化。研究秸稈加工處理（如粉末化、氨化、碳化處理、堆漚肥處理等），添加相關藥劑或微生物，調(diào)整秸稈還田、耕作方式或優(yōu)化水肥管理等多種措施復合作用下對土壤改良效果和作物生長及產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響，探尋更優(yōu)的秸稈還田技術，實現(xiàn)秸稈高效資源化利用。③研究不同氣候區(qū)和種植習慣條件下，秸稈還田技術對不同類型、質(zhì)地的土壤理化性質(zhì)改善作用的差異，為不同地區(qū)的秸稈還田技術推廣應用提供參考依據(jù)。④進一步探明秸稈還田對土壤各方面性質(zhì)的影響規(guī)律及其作用機理，總結(jié)經(jīng)驗公式，構(gòu)建應用模型，分析研究不同氣候資源、土壤類型及水肥氣熱條件、種植作物品種和農(nóng)業(yè)管理模式等條件下適宜的秸稈還田模式，選擇還田量、埋深、耕作方式、水肥管理等指標參數(shù)，確定秸稈還田策略，指導實踐農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，加快秸稈還田技術推廣應用。

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The Effects of Straw Incorporation on Physicochemical Properties of Soil: A Review

CHEN Sheng1, HUANG Da1,2,3*, ZHANG Li3, GUO Xiangping1, ZHANG Shuxuan1, CAO Xinchun1

(1. College of Agricultural Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China;2. College of Civil and Architecture Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China;3. Guangxi Key Laboratory of New Energy and Building Energy Saving, Guilin 541004, China;4. Yancheng Agricultural Resources Development Planning, Design and Evaluation Center, Yancheng 224000, China)

Straw incorporation is a proven agronomic practice not only for improving water conservation and alleviating soil salinization but also increasing soil fertility and crop yield. This paper reviews the progresses in decades of studies on effects of straw incorporation on physical and biogeochemical properties of soil as well as the consequences for water and salt transport, soil nutrients and crop yield. We also review the side effects of straw incorporation and their mitigations. In particular, we focus on the combined effects of straw incorporation with other agronomic practices including tillage, soil conditioners, pretreatment of straw, and analyze the mechanisms underlying the changes in soil properties in response to these treatments. The effects of the amount of incorporated straw, its buried depth, the way of incorporation on water and salt movement are also analyzed. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the improved water storage and soil desalination, as well as soil fertility and crop yield due to straw incorporation. Several perspectives which deserve further studies are also highlighted, including its combined effect with nitrogen fertilization, accelerating straw decomposition, the impact on soil water and soil nutrients, as well as some detrimental influences and their mitigation. Based on available studies, some points worth attention in practical application of straw incorporation are addressed. This review provides a reference for research and application of straw in crop production.

straw incorporation; soil aggregation; soil water and salt movement; soil fertility; soil quality improvement

S156.4

A

10.13522/j.cnki.ggps.2021540

陳盛, 黃達, 張力, 等. 秸稈還田對土壤理化性質(zhì)及水肥狀況影響的研究進展[J]. 灌溉排水學報, 2022, 41(6): 1-11.

CHEN Sheng, HUANG Da, ZHANG Li, et al. The Effects of Straw Incorporation on Physicochemical Properties of Soil:A Review[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2022, 41(6): 1-11.

1672 - 3317（2022）06 - 0001 - 11

2021-11-03

國家自然科學基金項目（52109052）；中國博士后科學基金資助項目（2021M690873）；中央高?；究蒲袠I(yè)務費專項資金項目（B200202094）；廣西建筑新能源與節(jié)能重點實驗室（桂科能22-J-21-8）

陳盛（1989-），男。博士，主要從事鹽堿土改良，鹽脅迫下的植物響應研究。E-mail:chens@hhu.edu.com

黃達（1990-），男。博士研究生，講師，主要從事鹽堿土改良，鹽脅迫下的植物響應研究。E-mail: dada-wong@hhu.edu.com

責任編輯：趙宇龍