孫大山 李法慶 王欣 陳昊東 于超
[摘要]目的:探討剝離器剝離結(jié)合負(fù)壓抽吸在項(xiàng)部脂肪墊改善中的應(yīng)用及對(duì)塑形效果的影響。方法:選取2019年1月-2021年1月收治的項(xiàng)部脂肪墊肥厚就醫(yī)者32例為研究對(duì)象,采用剝離器負(fù)壓抽吸技術(shù)進(jìn)行治療,觀察就醫(yī)者術(shù)后療效及并發(fā)癥,評(píng)估就醫(yī)者美觀滿意度。結(jié)果:隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)區(qū)腫脹1~2周消退,4例(12.50%)就醫(yī)者術(shù)后抽吸區(qū)感覺減退,但均在5個(gè)月內(nèi)恢復(fù),無抽吸區(qū)感染、皮膚壞死、瘢痕增生等并發(fā)癥。30例(93.75%)就醫(yī)者出院4~5個(gè)月后創(chuàng)口達(dá)到甲級(jí)愈合,2例(6.25%)就醫(yī)者切口愈合欠佳,經(jīng)2周積極配合換藥后傷口愈合良好。32例就醫(yī)者均一次性基本去除項(xiàng)部脂肪墊,無需再次進(jìn)行手術(shù)干預(yù),項(xiàng)部輪廓自然流暢,外形美觀,就醫(yī)者滿意度達(dá)90.63%。結(jié)論:采用剝離器剝離結(jié)合負(fù)壓抽吸治療項(xiàng)部脂肪墊臨床療效好,并發(fā)癥少,就醫(yī)者對(duì)微創(chuàng)操作美觀滿意度高。
[關(guān)鍵詞]項(xiàng)部脂肪墊;脂肪平衡器;負(fù)壓抽吸;微創(chuàng);美觀度
[中圖分類號(hào)]R622? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2023)03-0056-03
Abstract: Objective? To investigate the application of stripper peeling combined with negative pressure suction in the suction of the fat pad of the nape and its influence on the shaping effect. Methods? From January 2019 to January 2021, 32 patients with hypertrophic ninal fat pad were selected as the research objects,and the stripper negative pressure suction technology was used for treatment.The postoperative efficacy and complications of patients were observed,and the aesthetic satisfaction of patients was evaluated. Results? During the follow-up,it was found that the swelling of the operation area subsided within 1~2 weeks.4 patients (12.50%) had hypoesthesia in the operation area,but recovered within 5 months.No patient had complications such as suction area infection,skin necrosis and scar hyperplasia.30 patients (93.75%) achieved grade a wound healing 4-5 months after discharge,and 2 patients (6.25%) had poor wound healing.After 2 weeks of active cooperation and dressing change,the wound healed well.32 patients basically completely removed the neck fat pad at one time,without further surgical intervention.The neck contour was natural and smooth,and the appearance was beautiful.The patients' satisfaction was 90.63%. Conclusion? The clinical effect of using the stripper stripping combined with negative pressure suction in the treatment of nuchal fat pad is good,with fewer complications,and the aesthetic satisfaction of patients with minimally invasive operation is higher.
Key words: nuchal fat pad; fat balancer; negative pressure suction; minimally invasive; aesthetic degree
脂肪廣泛分布于身體各個(gè)部位,是人體重要組成部分和儲(chǔ)能部分[1]。脂肪在不同性別、年齡和部位的分布也不盡相同,因此造就了不同的體態(tài)曲線和審美觀點(diǎn)。項(xiàng)部脂肪墊是第五頸椎下緣至第二胸椎上緣之間的卵圓狀或半球狀凸起,表面為色澤正常的皮膚[2],當(dāng)頸項(xiàng)部脂肪堆積過多時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)項(xiàng)部脂肪墊過厚的情況,該部位的骨性結(jié)構(gòu)主要是頸椎和胸椎的移行部位,也就是交界部位,頸椎存在生理前突,胸椎存在生理后突,交界部位即骨質(zhì)過渡區(qū)域,解剖學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)特殊,容易造成局部骨骼、肌肉、韌帶、軟組織之間出現(xiàn)功能相反方向的沖突。部分就醫(yī)者由于遺傳、長(zhǎng)期受力,在反復(fù)的擠壓和損傷的過程中皮下脂肪組織增生,纖維結(jié)締組織變得致密,產(chǎn)生較為堅(jiān)韌的項(xiàng)背部隆突[3-4]。隨著人們對(duì)美學(xué)要求的提高,項(xiàng)部脂肪墊因難以被衣物遮擋,引起了越來越多就醫(yī)者的關(guān)注。傳統(tǒng)的手術(shù)切除方法因手術(shù)瘢痕明顯、皮膚感覺衰退、術(shù)后皮膚凹凸不平等缺點(diǎn),已不能夠滿足人們對(duì)美的追求。隨著剝離器負(fù)壓抽吸技術(shù)的發(fā)展,臨床上廣泛應(yīng)用于治療項(xiàng)部脂肪墊。基于此,本研究通過探討剝離器負(fù)壓抽吸在項(xiàng)部脂肪墊改善中的應(yīng)用,以尋求臨床應(yīng)用安全,就醫(yī)者滿意、美觀度高的方法?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1? 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:選取2019年1月-2021年1月收治的項(xiàng)部脂肪墊肥厚就醫(yī)者32例為研究對(duì)象。其中男8例,女24例;年齡30~45歲,平均(35.32±2.33)歲;隆起部位面積10 cm×12 cm~12 cm×15 cm;8例合并有頸肩部脂肪堆積,5例有家族史。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①項(xiàng)部脂肪墊肥厚;②就醫(yī)者依從性高;③實(shí)施前經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn);④就醫(yī)者及家屬均知情同意;⑤無凝血功能障礙。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①其他原發(fā)性疾病導(dǎo)致的項(xiàng)部脂肪墊肥厚;②視聽說能力障礙及精神病就醫(yī)者;③合并其他系統(tǒng)疾病就醫(yī)者;④合并有嚴(yán)重心腦血管疾病及肝、腎功能障礙者;⑤有手術(shù)禁忌癥的就醫(yī)者。
1.2 設(shè)備耗材:①氣動(dòng)吸脂儀(山西陽光中天醫(yī)療器械有限公司,國械注準(zhǔn)20143012384),由主機(jī)、吸脂手柄、腳踏開關(guān)、蠕動(dòng)泵、儲(chǔ)脂桶組成。正壓調(diào)節(jié)范圍為0~0.8 Mpa,負(fù)壓調(diào)節(jié)范圍為-0.092~0 Mpa,抽吸流量調(diào)節(jié)范圍0~135 L/min,蠕動(dòng)泵最大流量450 ml/min。在正壓條件下,吸引針運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率(10±1)kHz,振幅(6±0.6)mm;②剝離器(脂肪平衡器,專利號(hào):202021628916);③50 ml一次性使用無菌注射器(山東威高集團(tuán)醫(yī)用高分子制品股份有限公司,國械注準(zhǔn)20163151593);④抽吸管;⑤連接管;⑥一次性使用負(fù)壓引流瓶(河南迪怡療護(hù)科技開發(fā)有限公司;豫械注準(zhǔn)20212140536)。
1.3 方法:就醫(yī)者均進(jìn)行血常規(guī)、心電圖、胸片、凝血功能、血生化等術(shù)前常規(guī)檢查,女性就醫(yī)者在生理期不得進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療。清潔就醫(yī)者項(xiàng)部皮膚,進(jìn)行多角度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化拍照,根據(jù)就醫(yī)者項(xiàng)部脂肪墊具體參數(shù)標(biāo)記手術(shù)范圍,在距脂肪墊2.0 cm處做一個(gè)0.5 cm的皮膚切口標(biāo)識(shí)。采用超量腫脹麻醉法。腫脹液的配制[5]:0.9%Nacl溶液250 ml、1%腎上腺素0.5 ml、2%利多卡因5 ml、10%碳酸氫鈉5 ml,配制成含有1∶50萬~1∶100萬U腎上腺素的局部麻醉腫脹液。使用三通分流注水器由切口向脂肪墊標(biāo)記范圍內(nèi)注入超量的腫脹液,直至按壓無凹陷,局部發(fā)硬為止。通過皮膚做小切口,利用剝離器(脂肪平衡器)在標(biāo)記手術(shù)范圍內(nèi)做皮下結(jié)締組織的松解,把包裹脂肪的纖維條索打破,待充分松解后,以抽吸力為80 kPa,直徑為2.5 mm的3孔吸脂管在項(xiàng)部脂肪墊處及周圍進(jìn)行抽吸,使項(xiàng)部與雙側(cè)肩部過渡自然。使用生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗,將負(fù)壓引流管留置,間斷縫合切口。術(shù)后切口無菌敷料覆蓋,術(shù)區(qū)使用彈力繃帶交叉固定,12 d拆線,穿彈力衣1~3個(gè)月。術(shù)后隨訪就醫(yī)者3~6個(gè)月,記錄就醫(yī)者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況及美觀滿意度。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo):①觀察并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,包括抽吸區(qū)感染、抽吸區(qū)感覺減退、皮膚壞死、瘢痕增生等;②評(píng)估患者美觀滿意度。評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:術(shù)區(qū)平整,與周圍皮膚組織過度平滑,無凹凸不平為滿意;術(shù)區(qū)基本平整,與周圍皮膚組織過度平滑,無明顯凹凸不平為較滿意;術(shù)區(qū)有一定程度的凹凸不平,與周圍皮膚組織過度不太平滑為一般;術(shù)區(qū)明顯凹凸不平或項(xiàng)部脂肪墊主觀感覺改善<70%為不滿意。美觀滿意度=(滿意例數(shù)+較滿意例數(shù))/總例數(shù)×100%。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1 并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況:術(shù)后術(shù)區(qū)出現(xiàn)輕微腫脹,未做特殊處理。隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)區(qū)腫脹1~2周內(nèi)消退,4例(12.50%)就醫(yī)者術(shù)后抽吸區(qū)感覺減退,但均在5個(gè)月內(nèi)恢復(fù),無抽吸區(qū)感染、皮膚壞死、瘢痕增生等并發(fā)癥。
2.2 術(shù)后療效及患者美觀滿意度:隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),30例(93.75%)就醫(yī)者出院4~5個(gè)月后創(chuàng)口達(dá)到甲級(jí)愈合,2例(6.25%)就醫(yī)者創(chuàng)口愈合欠佳,經(jīng)2周積極配合換藥后創(chuàng)口愈合良好。32例就醫(yī)者均一次性基本去除項(xiàng)部脂肪墊,無需再次進(jìn)行手術(shù)干預(yù),項(xiàng)部輪廓自然流暢,外形美觀。在就醫(yī)者美觀滿意度調(diào)查中顯示,32例就醫(yī)者有23例(71.88%)滿意,6例(18.75)較滿意,3例(9.38%)一般,就醫(yī)者滿意度為90.63%。
2.3 典型病例:某女,頸背部無明顯誘因出現(xiàn)包塊,隨時(shí)間發(fā)展而緩慢增大,有壓迫感,有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)上肢麻木,無家族史。就醫(yī)者項(xiàng)部皮下脂肪層增厚,較厚處約2.3 cm,超聲檢查未見明顯占位性病變,未見明顯血流信號(hào),第七頸椎棘突處可見約12 cm×13 cm突起,壓迫時(shí)無疼痛感,無明顯邊界,通過超聲檢查確診為項(xiàng)部脂肪墊。采用剝離器剝離結(jié)合負(fù)壓抽吸治療,效果顯著,就醫(yī)者滿意。
3? 討論
項(xiàng)部脂肪墊是由于頸項(xiàng)部脂肪堆積過多、異常及大量結(jié)締組織增生并包繞所致,常發(fā)生于體型肥胖的成年女性[7]。若頸項(xiàng)部經(jīng)常受力、受壓迫就會(huì)導(dǎo)致局部軟組織增厚,高于項(xiàng)部其他正常皮膚組織,形成“小山包”,影響頸項(xiàng)部美觀。不僅如此,部分就醫(yī)者還會(huì)出現(xiàn)頸項(xiàng)部僵硬,背部酸痛,上肢麻木等情況,影響就醫(yī)者生活質(zhì)量。
傳統(tǒng)治療方法為手術(shù)切除,雖然療效顯著,但切口大,難以恢復(fù),且易發(fā)生感染,術(shù)后瘢痕明顯。當(dāng)項(xiàng)部脂肪墊被整塊切除后,皮下會(huì)留下較大空隙,與周圍皮膚組織過渡不自然[8],嚴(yán)重影響美觀。超聲吸脂是利用超聲波進(jìn)行吸脂,超聲吸脂術(shù)在液體或生物組織內(nèi)均存在著內(nèi)聚力,然而密度不同的組織,其分子間粘合力不同[9],在密度低的脂肪組織,分子粘合力較弱,超聲波產(chǎn)生的較低負(fù)壓即可產(chǎn)生組織空隙,稱為“空穴現(xiàn)象”[10],再使用負(fù)壓吸引器將已液化的脂肪液抽出。但該方法仍然無法解決脂肪墊致密性纖維條索的問題,血腫、血清腫等并發(fā)癥仍時(shí)有發(fā)生。有文獻(xiàn)[11]報(bào)道,通過激光溶脂治療脂肪墊,雖然抽吸輕松、出血量少、創(chuàng)口小,但是該方法手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、激光溶脂設(shè)備價(jià)格昂貴,不利于普遍推廣利用,而且脂肪液化易導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)口感染。旋切刀治療脂肪墊可以一定程度上改善纖維條索殘留,但是致密處旋切刀頭仍難以進(jìn)入、效率低,與周圍正常皮膚組織過渡不自然[12-13]。目前臨床上多采用負(fù)壓抽吸,以達(dá)到治療效果,雖然切口小,容易恢復(fù),達(dá)到了美觀效果,但是脂肪墊不僅包括脂肪細(xì)胞,還含有大量的致密性纖維組織,質(zhì)地堅(jiān)韌,抽吸管將其完全吸出較為困難,常常費(fèi)力操作卻只吸出少量的脂肪組織,效率低下,臨床效果一般[14]。
本研究治療項(xiàng)部脂肪墊的方法采用了上述各個(gè)手術(shù)方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí)開創(chuàng)性的采用脂肪平衡器將脂肪墊進(jìn)行鈍性剝離聯(lián)合負(fù)壓抽吸進(jìn)行治療,兩種技術(shù)聯(lián)合使用彌補(bǔ)了傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)方式的不足。抽吸前,先使用剝離器進(jìn)行皮下結(jié)締組織松解,利用剝離面上的凹槽進(jìn)行鈍性剝離,破壞脂肪墊組織,剝離完成后再利用吸脂管在脂肪墊周圍進(jìn)行抽吸,這很好地解決了負(fù)壓抽吸困難的問題。超量腫脹麻醉使脂肪墊纖維條索緊繃,利于剝離面凹槽鈍性剝離,減少了出血量[15]。脂肪抽吸術(shù)的常見并發(fā)癥瘀斑、血腫、脂肪液化、色素沉著、神經(jīng)損傷等[16]明顯改善。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)區(qū)腫脹在1~2周內(nèi)消退,有4例(12.50%)就醫(yī)者術(shù)后抽吸區(qū)感覺減退,但均在5個(gè)月內(nèi)恢復(fù),無一例就醫(yī)者發(fā)生抽吸區(qū)感染、皮膚壞死、瘢痕增生等并發(fā)癥;在就醫(yī)者美觀滿意度調(diào)查中顯示,就醫(yī)者滿意度為90.63%,項(xiàng)部輪廓自然流暢,外形美觀。綜上,采用剝離器負(fù)壓抽吸術(shù)治療項(xiàng)部脂肪墊并發(fā)癥少,就醫(yī)者外觀滿意度高,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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[收稿日期]2021-11-12
本文引文格式:孫大山,李法慶,王欣,等.剝離器負(fù)壓抽吸在項(xiàng)部脂肪墊去除塑形中的應(yīng)用效果研究[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2023,32(3):56-58.