邵晨
在高考英語試題中,四選一閱讀是所有閱讀題型中篇幅最長、難度最大、分值最高、區(qū)分度最明顯的一種題型。四選一閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生理解主旨要義、理解細(xì)節(jié)信息、推理判斷以及歸納概括的能力,這些能力通過細(xì)節(jié)理解題、猜測詞義(句意)題,推理判斷題、大意概括題、標(biāo)題選擇題等不同題型進(jìn)行綜合性考查。
傳統(tǒng)的四選一閱讀答題策略可以概括為:一找、二讀、三對比?!耙徽摇笔侵搁喿x題干找到關(guān)鍵詞,比如數(shù)字、人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名、項(xiàng)目名等,以借助其定位答案出處?!岸x”是指精讀通過關(guān)鍵詞定位到的關(guān)鍵段落及關(guān)鍵語句?!叭龑Ρ取笔侵笇⑺膫€(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文進(jìn)行一一比對,進(jìn)而選出最優(yōu)答案。以上這種傳統(tǒng)的解題方法雖然在步驟和邏輯上無懈可擊,但并不適用于所有同學(xué),尤其是單詞總量不過關(guān)、長難句理解有困難的基礎(chǔ)薄弱生,比如藝術(shù)體育類考生。為了幫助這些英語后進(jìn)生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)提高四選一閱讀的正答率,本文將介紹基于選項(xiàng)分析的邏輯推斷法,助力學(xué)生秒殺四選一閱讀。
根據(jù)國家教育考試院的命題要求,選擇題的題干應(yīng)圍繞一個(gè)中心并且和選項(xiàng)的關(guān)系保持一致。此外,干擾項(xiàng)的有效性和迷惑性應(yīng)能反映考生的典型錯(cuò)誤,各選項(xiàng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言長度應(yīng)大體一致。已有學(xué)者研究表明,四選一閱讀中四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的命制并不是隨機(jī)無序的,而是按照不同類別進(jìn)行邏輯分類的,不同類別的組合比例通常為2 : 2或者3 : 1,如果考生能夠仔細(xì)分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的邏輯類別,就能夠縮小選擇范圍,甚至可以做到在讀不懂文章的情況下,秒殺出正確答案。
那么,如何針對四個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行邏輯分析,并秒殺出正確答案呢?下面我們以近三年高考真題及各個(gè)地市的優(yōu)質(zhì)模擬題為例進(jìn)行展示。
一、借助褒貶意分類,推斷正確選項(xiàng)
推理判斷題是四選一閱讀的必考題型之一,常常涉及對人、事、物等的觀點(diǎn)判斷,該題型中的選項(xiàng)常為形容詞,我們可以按照褒貶語義場將其分類,進(jìn)而縮小選擇范圍,具體推理過程闡釋如下。
[例] 2023年深圳一模(閱讀理解B)
From cottages surrounded by impressive ?gardens ?to days spent exploring sandy ?beaches ?and deep ?woods ?filled with ?wildlife , in ?My Family and Other Animals , English writer Gerald Durrell provided a vivid account of his familys time on the Greek island of Corfu in the 1930s.
24. Which word best describes Durrells life in Corfu?
A. Risky. ?B. Busy. ?C. Tough. D. Diverse.
正確答案:D
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 歸納選項(xiàng),得出猜想。
通過翻譯四個(gè)單詞的意思,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A. Risky(危險(xiǎn)的)B. Busy(忙碌的)C. Tough(困難的)都是負(fù)面評價(jià)的詞匯,且在這三個(gè)負(fù)向詞中,A和C選項(xiàng)有語義重疊的部分,只有D. Diverse(多樣的)是正面評價(jià)詞匯。因此,答案很有可能就是D選項(xiàng),接著進(jìn)行第二步,驗(yàn)證猜想。
第二步: 掃讀原文,驗(yàn)證猜想。
按照題文同序以及關(guān)鍵詞鎖定策略,我們可以確定這一題的答案在第一段。為了節(jié)省時(shí)間,我們并不推薦所有同學(xué)按照傳統(tǒng)解題方法,精讀第一段,總結(jié)歸納出答案。相反地,我們只需要掃描第一段中的關(guān)鍵詞,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)一些簡單詞匯如gardens、beaches、woods、wildlife等,這些詞能夠勾勒出一幅海島生活的優(yōu)美畫卷,體現(xiàn)出海島生活的多樣性(diverse),因此,第一步的猜想得到驗(yàn)證,正確答案為D。
小結(jié): 以上基于選項(xiàng)分析的邏輯判斷法,能夠幫助詞匯量不足、長難句讀不懂的英語后進(jìn)生找到解題的突破口,提高解題效率,提升自信心。再配合關(guān)鍵詞掃描法,進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證答案,即可確保邏輯推理的準(zhǔn)確性。這種先猜想再驗(yàn)證的方法,打破了需讀懂題目和原文才能夠選出正確答案的壁壘,既能夠?yàn)橛⒄Z先進(jìn)生節(jié)約寶貴的考試時(shí)間,又能夠幫助知識儲備不足的英語后進(jìn)生秒殺答案。
二、借助上下義分類,推斷正確選項(xiàng)
1.主旨大意題
主旨大意題作為四選一閱讀的高階必考題型,不管是文章大意還是段落大意,都是很多同學(xué)難以攻克的難關(guān),因?yàn)檫x出正確答案一般要以理解文章內(nèi)涵和把握作者意圖為前提。然而,借助對選項(xiàng)的邏輯分類,可以大大減少思維負(fù)擔(dān),在該題型上實(shí)現(xiàn)彎道超車。根據(jù)語義場理論,上義詞是對事物的概括性、抽象性說明,而下義詞是事物的具體表現(xiàn)形式或更為具體的說明。借助上下義分類,有時(shí)可以秒殺出正確答案,具體推理過程闡釋如下。
[例1] 標(biāo)題概括題
2023年教育部新課標(biāo)高考適應(yīng)性四省聯(lián)考(閱讀理解B)
As a young girl growing up in France, ?Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the world a better place. ?Her passion to help others was awakened when, from the age of nine, she accompanied her Tunisian father to his birthplace in the east of the country during holidays. There she organized homework clubs and activities for children.
Toumi ?witnessed first-hand the destructive effect of desertification. “Within 10 years rich farmers became worse off, and in 10 years from now they will be poor. I wanted to stop the Sahara Desert in its tracks.” A decrease in average rainfall and an increase in the severity of ?droughts ( ?干旱 ?) ?have led to an estimated 75 percent of Tunisias agricultural lands being threatened by desertification.
Toumi ?recognized that farming practices needed to change. She is confident that small land areas can bring large returns if farmers are able to adapt by planting sustainable crops, using new technologies for water treatment and focusing on natural products and fertilisers (肥料) rather than chemicals.
In 2012, Toumi ?consolidated her dream ?to fight the desert. ?She moved to Tunisia, and set up a programme named Acacias for All to put her sustainable farming philosophy into action. “I want to show young people in rural areas that they can create opportunities where they are. Nobody is better able to understand the impact of desertification and climate change than somebody who is living with no access to water.”
By September 2016, more than 130 ,000 acacia trees had been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers recording a 60 percent survival rate. Toumi estimates that some 3 million acacia trees are needed to protect Tunisias farmland. She expects to plant 1 million trees by 2018. In the next couple of years, ?Toumi ?hopes to extend the programme to Algeria and Morocco.
27.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
1.Saving Water in Tunisia
2.Planting Trees of Native Species
3.Holding back the Sahara
4.Fighting Poverty in North Africa
正確答案:C
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 歸納選項(xiàng),得出猜想。
通過翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A. Saving Water(節(jié)約用水)B. Planting Trees(種樹)D. Fighting Poverty(對抗貧窮)都是包含具體行動(dòng)的下義詞組,只有C. Holding back(抑制)是抽象的上義詞組。本題要求選出最佳標(biāo)題,而標(biāo)題通常都是帶有概括及歸納性質(zhì)的上義詞,因此,答案很有可能是C選項(xiàng),接著進(jìn)行第二步,驗(yàn)證猜想。
第二步: 掃讀原文,驗(yàn)證猜想。
這里并不要求學(xué)生逐字逐句通讀文章、理解句意。相反地,學(xué)生只需要掃視全文,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)Toumi 這個(gè)人名是一個(gè)高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)詞。因此,這篇文章必定是圍繞Toumi這個(gè)人物展開敘述的,再結(jié)合第一段劃橫線的句子“Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the world a better place”,我們可以推斷出這篇文章是圍繞Toumi 的好人好事展開敘述的,那Toumi 究竟做了哪些好事?采取了什么行動(dòng)讓世界變得更好呢?我們繼續(xù)掃描第二段的“干旱”以及第四段的 “to fight the desert”,即可推斷出Sarah的主要貢獻(xiàn)是對抗干旱和治理沙漠化。此時(shí),結(jié)合第一步的選項(xiàng)分析,我們可以確定A、B、D選項(xiàng)都是Toumi為了治理沙漠化采取的具體行動(dòng),不足以作為文章標(biāo)題統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文。因此,第一步的猜想得以驗(yàn)證,正確答案為C。
小結(jié): 若以傳統(tǒng)的解題方法來做本題,學(xué)生需要在通讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上,把握文章內(nèi)涵,然后將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)涵一一比對,進(jìn)而選出最佳答案,整個(gè)過程難度大、耗時(shí)久且正確率低。很多語言基礎(chǔ)薄弱的同學(xué)因閱讀能力不足,難以把握文章內(nèi)涵和作者意圖。因此,在面對標(biāo)題概括類的閱讀題時(shí),會有一種上山打虎般的為難情緒,很多時(shí)候只能胡亂蒙一個(gè)答案,草草了事。而本文介紹的邏輯推斷法能夠巧妙地幫助考生將看似很難的標(biāo)題歸納題由“真老虎”變成“紙老虎”,大大節(jié)約了考試時(shí)間,提升了做題效率。
[例2] 文章大意題
2022年全國甲卷(閱讀理解C)
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鵝) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be ?a trip Ginni would never forget .
……
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
31.What is the text mainly about?
A. Childhood dream. ????B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world.
D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
正確答案:B
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 歸納選項(xiàng),得出猜想。
通過翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)C. Sailing around the world.(環(huán)球航行)D. Meeting animals in Antarctica(遇見南極動(dòng)物)都是包含具體行動(dòng)的下義詞組,B. An unforgettable experience(難忘經(jīng)歷)是可以統(tǒng)領(lǐng)C和D的上義詞組。A. Childhood dream(童年夢想)是獨(dú)立于B、C、D語義場的冗雜信息。因此,答案很可能是更具有概括功能的上義選項(xiàng)B,接著進(jìn)行第二步,驗(yàn)證猜想。
第二步: 掃讀原文,驗(yàn)證猜想。
根據(jù)語篇結(jié)構(gòu)知識,文章大意通常會在首尾段遙相呼應(yīng),因此,我們可以掃描一下首段或者尾段。不難發(fā)現(xiàn),首段中的關(guān)鍵詞“a trip Ginni would never forget”是與B選項(xiàng)相互照應(yīng)的,進(jìn)而驗(yàn)證猜想。
小結(jié):與傳統(tǒng)解題策略不同,這種先猜想后驗(yàn)證的思路,就像找到了撬動(dòng)地球的支點(diǎn)一樣,可以幫助考生在緊張的考試中獲得事半功倍的效果,同時(shí)也給英語后進(jìn)生提高分?jǐn)?shù)帶來了希望與信心。
[例3] 段落大意題
2022年6月全國甲卷 (閱讀理解D篇)
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. ?But ?it is the harbor that makes the city.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydneys striking architecture.
B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydneys development.
D. Sydneys tourist attractions in the 1960s.
正確答案:C
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 分析選項(xiàng),歸納類別。
通過翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞的意思,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A. architecture(建筑)和D. tourist attractions(旅游景點(diǎn))都是包含于B. cultural diversity(文化)的下義詞。而選項(xiàng)C. development(城市發(fā)展)又是高于B(文化多樣性)的更上義的詞匯。因此,答案很有可能是C,接著進(jìn)行第二步,驗(yàn)證猜想。
第二步: 掃讀原文,驗(yàn)證答案。
掃讀第一段,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)重要邏輯詞“but”,因此,我們只需要關(guān)注but后面的這句話:“But it is the harbor that makes the city”,可翻譯為“是港口造就了這個(gè)城市”,對應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)中的“development”(發(fā)展),因此,第一步的猜想得以驗(yàn)證。
小結(jié): 使用基于選項(xiàng)的邏輯推斷法只是我們做題的敲門磚,它能夠允許英語基礎(chǔ)比較薄弱的同學(xué)也有做對題目的機(jī)會。但是,對于英語優(yōu)等生來說,想要確保答案萬無一失,還要回溯原文,進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證答案。需要注意的是,閱讀原文并不需要逐字逐句閱讀,而是要借助語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和語篇連接詞,快速找到閱讀的重點(diǎn),其中轉(zhuǎn)折詞是考生尤其需要關(guān)注的,在閱讀中,常見的轉(zhuǎn)折詞有:but,however,nevertheless,while,in fact,actually,yet,though,on the contrary,in contrast等,我們要特別關(guān)注這些詞后面的內(nèi)容,它們才是作者想要傳達(dá)的重要信息,也是重要的命題點(diǎn)。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題
在四選一閱讀中,細(xì)節(jié)理解題的比例占到三分之二以上,該題型主要考查學(xué)生定位、解讀、歸納及概括信息的能力,很多同學(xué)難以讀懂原文,更難以從眾多細(xì)節(jié)信息中搜尋并解讀與問題相對應(yīng)的相關(guān)信息。然而,基于選項(xiàng)分析的邏輯推理法能有效解決這一難題,具體推理過程示例如下。
\[例\] 2023年3月廣州一模(閱讀理解C篇)
Swallow Ponds 2023 ?project ?will restore proper water depth ?and ?improve wildlife habitat without creating problems for the path. The ?balancing ?act continues.
31.What is the theme of Swallow Ponds 2023 project?
A.Biological diversity.
B. Harmonious coexistence.
C. Prevention of natural disasters.
D. Preservation of wildlife habitat.
正確答案:B
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 歸納選項(xiàng),得出猜想。
通過翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A. Biological diversity(生物多樣性)、C. Prevention of natural disasters.(阻止自然災(zāi)難)、D. Preservation of wildlife habitat(棲息地保護(hù))都是有明確指向性的下義詞組,而B. Harmonious coexistence(和諧共存)是兩者抽象關(guān)系的概括。因此,答案很可能是更具有概括功能的上義選項(xiàng)B,接著進(jìn)行第二步,驗(yàn)證猜想。
第二步: 掃讀原文,驗(yàn)證猜想。
按照題文同序以及關(guān)鍵詞鎖定策略,我們可以確定這一題的答案在最后一段。接著我們再用關(guān)鍵詞掃描法,掃描到最后一段的關(guān)鍵詞“and”和“balance”,通過這兩個(gè)詞我們可以推斷出該項(xiàng)目是為了平衡(balance)兩個(gè)對象(and)之間的關(guān)系。因此,第一步的猜想得到驗(yàn)證,正確答案為B。
小結(jié):與傳統(tǒng)解題策略不同,這種先猜想后驗(yàn)證的思路,可以幫助學(xué)生有效規(guī)避長難句的閱讀,繞開了詞匯量不足帶來的閱讀障礙,比如這一題,學(xué)生只需要抓住“and”和“balance”這兩個(gè)簡單詞就可以驗(yàn)證答案。
三、借助高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)詞,推斷正確選項(xiàng)
根據(jù)語篇學(xué)常識,文章中高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞語,一定是該文章論述的核心內(nèi)容。在標(biāo)題概括題中,如果選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞與文中的高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)詞重合,那該選項(xiàng)很有可能就是文章的最佳標(biāo)題,示例如下。
\[例\] 2020年全國II (閱讀理解D篇)
I have a special place in my heart for ?libraries . I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, ?sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the ?library .
My first job was working at the Ukiah ?Library ?when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the ?library ?took on a ?new place and ?an ?added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(來源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local ?library , where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now,I see my children taking their children to the ?library ?and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist,Ive found a new relationship with ?libraries . I encourage readers to go to their local ?library ?when they cant afford to purchase a book. I see ?libraries ?as a safe haven(避風(fēng)港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. ?Libraries , in their own way, help fight book piracy (盜版行為) and I think all writers should support ?libraries ?in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the ?library . Share ?library ?announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
34. What does the author call on other writers to do?
A. Sponsor book fairs. ?B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries. ??D. Purchase her novels.
正確答案:C
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 分析選項(xiàng),識別關(guān)鍵詞。
通過分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞分別是A. book fairs(書展)B. social media(社交媒體)C. libraries(圖書館)以及D. novels(小說),究竟哪個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞才是作者想要論述的重點(diǎn)?只需要回溯原文,掃描原文關(guān)鍵詞即可。
第二步: 掃讀原文,搜索關(guān)鍵詞。
快速掃描原文,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)library及l(fā)ibraries作為文章的高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)詞一共出現(xiàn)了14次(原文劃橫線的詞),該詞與C選項(xiàng)相對應(yīng),因此,答案呼之欲出,C即為正解。
小結(jié): 此題為推理判斷題,從傳統(tǒng)做題角度而言,該題對學(xué)生詞匯和思維的要求都很高,學(xué)生需要在細(xì)節(jié)理解的基礎(chǔ)上,綜合全文去推斷作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度,難度很大。但如果運(yùn)用了選項(xiàng)分析和關(guān)鍵詞掃描法,就能避開很多長難句和生難詞的理解,快速鎖定正確答案。
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about Writing
C. Library: A Heaven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
正確答案:D
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 分析選項(xiàng),識別關(guān)鍵詞。
通過分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞分別是A. Reading(閱讀)B. Writing(寫作)C. Library(圖書館)以及D. Library(圖書館),圖書館在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了兩次,可見其重要性。因此,最佳標(biāo)題很可能是從C或者D中二選一。接下來要考慮,圖書館與年輕人的關(guān)系(C選項(xiàng)),圖書館與“我”的關(guān)系(D選項(xiàng)),哪個(gè)才是本文的論述重點(diǎn)?只需掃讀原文關(guān)鍵詞,即可驗(yàn)證答案.
第二步:掃讀原文,搜索關(guān)鍵詞。
快速掃描原文,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)除了圖書館(library)這個(gè)高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)詞外,“I”作為句子主語反復(fù)出現(xiàn),根據(jù)主位推進(jìn)理論,句子的主語通常可以作為句子的主位,將語篇信息依據(jù)作者的寫作意圖及其文章的主題思想串聯(lián)起來。本題D選項(xiàng)“My love”與文中語篇主題關(guān)鍵詞“I”相關(guān)聯(lián),因此,答案鎖定為D。
小結(jié):此題為標(biāo)題概括題,從傳統(tǒng)做題角度而言,該題對學(xué)生詞匯和思維的要求都很高,學(xué)生需要在細(xì)節(jié)理解的基礎(chǔ)上,綜合全文選擇最佳標(biāo)題,因而難度很大。但如果運(yùn)用了選項(xiàng)分析和關(guān)鍵詞掃描法,就能避開很多長難句和生難詞的理解,快速鎖定正確答案。
四、借助語篇知識,推斷正確選項(xiàng)
語篇不是由單詞及語句堆砌起來的集合體,而是通過顯性或隱性的銜接手段串聯(lián)起來的意義單位。掌握常用的語篇銜接手段如邏輯詞和語篇組織模式可以幫助我們快速排除冗雜信息,提高解題效率。具體推理過程闡釋如下。
\[例1\] 2021年1月浙江卷 (閱讀理解B篇)
At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. ?But ?he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
24.Why does the author mention Watkins predictions in the first paragraph?
A. To make comparisons. ??B. To introduce the topic.
C. To support her argument. D. To provide examples.
正確答案:B
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 分析選項(xiàng),依據(jù)語篇,得出猜想。
首先,我們翻譯一下四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思,A. To make comparisons.(做對比)B. To introduce the topic.(引入話題) C. To support her argument.(支持論點(diǎn))D. To provide examples.(舉例子)。根據(jù)語篇常識,第一段的語篇功能常為提出觀點(diǎn)、話題引入等,據(jù)此我們可以初步猜想答案為B。接著進(jìn)行第二步,驗(yàn)證猜想。
第二步: 掃描原文,驗(yàn)證猜想。
掃描第一段我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)邏輯詞but,根據(jù)語篇常識,but后的內(nèi)容才是作者想要論述的重點(diǎn),即“But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day. ”(他有一個(gè)預(yù)言是錯(cuò)誤的:每個(gè)人每天都能走10公里),由此可知,上文提到的Watkins的預(yù)言,僅僅是為了引入“人們走路鍛煉”這個(gè)話題,故第一步的猜想得以驗(yàn)證,答案為B。
小結(jié): 語篇的組織模式不是隨機(jī)無序的,而是依據(jù)不同的體裁按照特定的模式推進(jìn)和展開的,常用的語篇模式有問題解決模式、一般特殊模式、提問回答模式、原因結(jié)果模式等。熟悉并掌握這些語篇組織模式,能夠幫助我們快速理清語篇框架,獲取文章大意,感悟作者的寫作意圖,最終達(dá)到深度理解文章,精準(zhǔn)做題的目的。
\[例2\] 2016年全國II(閱讀理解C篇)
Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website ?BookCrossing com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.
Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing ?provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
Bruce Pederson, the managing director of ?BookCrossing , says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. ?BookCrossing ?combines both.”
Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the ?BookCrossing ?to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.
BookCrossing ?is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虛擬). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.
27.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?
A.To explain what they are.
B.To introduce ?BookCrossing .
C.To stress the importance of reading.
D.To encourage readers to share their ideas.
正確答案:B
邏輯推斷步驟:
第一步: 分析選項(xiàng),依據(jù)語篇,得出猜想。
首先,我們翻譯一下四個(gè)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞的意思,A. To explain(解釋)B. To introduce(引入) C. To stress(強(qiáng)調(diào))D. To encourage(鼓勵(lì))。根據(jù)語篇常識,第一段的語篇功能常為提出觀點(diǎn)、話題引入等,據(jù)此我們可以初步猜想答案為B。接著進(jìn)行第二步,驗(yàn)證猜想。
第二步: 掃描原文,驗(yàn)證猜想。
掃描全文我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)BookCrossing一詞在文中出現(xiàn)了六次,依據(jù)語篇知識,文章中高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞語,一定是作者論述的重點(diǎn)。因此,我們可以確定本文是以BookCrossing為關(guān)鍵詞展開論述的,故作者在第一段以book groups這一概念引入BookCrossing這一話題。綜上所述,第一步猜想正確,答案為B。
小結(jié):在說明性語篇中,作者通常需要在第一段引入說明對象,然后在接下來的主體段落中展開闡釋。此外,被說明的對象會在文中反復(fù)多次出現(xiàn),以串聯(lián)起語篇的主線,凸顯說明對象。掌握這些語篇知識是同學(xué)們能夠大膽猜想并快速驗(yàn)證答案的基礎(chǔ)。
【本文系2022年廣東省教育研究院中小學(xué)英語教育專項(xiàng)研究課題“深度學(xué)習(xí)視域下基于單元大觀念的高中英語詞匯教學(xué)探究與實(shí)踐”(立項(xiàng)編號GDJY-2022-A-yyb81)階段性研究成果】
責(zé)任編輯 ?吳昊雷