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梅雨季節(jié)高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)設(shè)施番茄生產(chǎn)的影響*

2023-08-24 02:46:58江曉東張建取
中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象 2023年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:糖酸可溶性番茄

江曉東,張建取,雷 虎

梅雨季節(jié)高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)設(shè)施番茄生產(chǎn)的影響*

江曉東,張建取,雷 虎

(江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)氣象重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/南京信息工程大學(xué)氣象災(zāi)害預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警與評(píng)估協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心/南京信息工程大學(xué)氣象應(yīng)用氣象學(xué)院,南京 210044)

2021年6?7月梅雨期間在南京信息工程大學(xué)日光溫室開(kāi)展田間試驗(yàn),以充分灌溉(100% ET0)為對(duì)照(CK),在番茄開(kāi)花結(jié)果期設(shè)置T1(90% ET0)、T2(75% ET0)和T3(50% ET0)3個(gè)調(diào)虧灌溉處理,測(cè)定不同灌溉水平下番茄的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)、感官品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量。結(jié)果表明,番茄的株高、葉面積、根莖葉干物質(zhì)積累量等生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)均隨灌溉量的減少呈現(xiàn)先增加后減少的趨勢(shì),T1處理各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均最大,T2處理次之,顯著高于CK和T3處理。番茄產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)為T(mén)1>T2>CK>T3,T1和T2處理分別比CK增產(chǎn)23.21%和9.33%,而T3處理則比CK減產(chǎn)19.36%。番茄可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和可滴定酸含量以及糖酸比等營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)指標(biāo),果實(shí)顏色、光澤、氣味、果皮厚度、甜度等感官品質(zhì)指標(biāo)也隨灌溉量的減少呈現(xiàn)先增加后減少的趨勢(shì),T2處理可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、果實(shí)顏色、氣味、甜度和果皮厚度為各處理最大,T1處理次之。采用隸屬函數(shù)法評(píng)價(jià)各處理果實(shí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)和感官品質(zhì),結(jié)果均表現(xiàn)為T(mén)2>T1>T3>CK。綜合番茄植株的生長(zhǎng)狀況、果實(shí)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)、感官品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量認(rèn)為,T1處理可顯著促進(jìn)番茄植株生長(zhǎng),提高產(chǎn)量并改善品質(zhì),為南京梅雨季節(jié)高溫高濕環(huán)境條件下設(shè)施番茄開(kāi)花結(jié)果期的推薦灌溉量。

梅雨;高溫高濕;調(diào)虧灌溉;設(shè)施番茄;產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)

調(diào)虧灌溉是一種在作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中進(jìn)行人為水分虧缺的調(diào)控措施,在節(jié)水的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)作物高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的灌溉技術(shù)[1]。番茄是需水量較大的作物,為了節(jié)約用水,提高番茄的產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì),眾多學(xué)者開(kāi)展了番茄的調(diào)虧灌溉研究。劉宇曦等[2?3]認(rèn)為調(diào)虧灌溉可以提高番茄葉片光合速率和抗氧化能力,促進(jìn)植株生長(zhǎng);張坤等[4]研究認(rèn)為,調(diào)虧灌溉可以促進(jìn)加工番茄根系生長(zhǎng);Machado等[5?7]等指出,調(diào)虧灌溉可以提高番茄水分利用效率和產(chǎn)量;Zhang等[7?10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),調(diào)虧灌溉條件下的番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、番茄紅素、可溶性蛋白、維生素C(Vc)的含量和糖酸比均高于充足灌溉的番茄,番茄品質(zhì)得以提高。

番茄適宜的生長(zhǎng)溫度為15~25℃[11],適宜的相對(duì)濕度為50%~70%[12],當(dāng)溫度超過(guò)30℃,番茄生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育就會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重影響[13],當(dāng)空氣相對(duì)濕度超過(guò)70%,會(huì)加重番茄的高溫?zé)岷14?16]。灌溉是提高作物抵御高溫的重要農(nóng)藝措施[17?18],但在溫室密閉環(huán)境中,過(guò)量的灌溉有增加空氣相對(duì)濕度、加重高溫?zé)岷Φ娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn),所以適宜的水分管理措施對(duì)設(shè)施番茄生產(chǎn)尤為重要。長(zhǎng)江流域是中國(guó)番茄的優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)區(qū),塑料棚是該地區(qū)主要的溫室類(lèi)型。梅雨是長(zhǎng)江流域特有的天氣氣候現(xiàn)象,因塑料棚的環(huán)境主動(dòng)調(diào)控能力差,梅雨季節(jié)塑料棚內(nèi)高溫高濕的環(huán)境嚴(yán)重制約番茄生產(chǎn)。調(diào)虧灌溉以節(jié)水增效為宗旨,但目前有關(guān)設(shè)施番茄的調(diào)虧灌溉研究多在氣候正常條件下進(jìn)行,梅雨季節(jié)氣候特征下的研究鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道,因此,開(kāi)展梅雨季節(jié)設(shè)施番茄的調(diào)虧灌溉研究,明確調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響,可為該地區(qū)梅雨季節(jié)番茄生產(chǎn)提供理論和實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)于2021年6?7月在南京信息工程大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象試驗(yàn)站日光溫室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。溫室南北走向,長(zhǎng)30m,寬10m,頂高5m。供試番茄品種為“合作903”,采用池栽方式進(jìn)行,栽培池長(zhǎng)8m,寬1m,深0.5m,每池栽植3行,番茄行距和株距皆為33cm。供試土壤pH(H2O)值為6.1,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量12.6g·kg?1,全氮含量1.7g·kg?1。番茄于2021年5月定植,定植后進(jìn)行足量灌溉,保持土壤濕潤(rùn)。灌溉處理在番茄第一穗花現(xiàn)蕾時(shí)開(kāi)始(6月9日),在第三穗果采收后結(jié)束(7月20日),每周灌溉1次。以灌溉日前7d的累計(jì)參考作物蒸散量(ET0)為依據(jù),設(shè)置3個(gè)調(diào)虧灌溉處理,分別為90% ET0(T1)、75% ET0(T2)、50% ET0(T3),以100% ET0為對(duì)照(CK)。試驗(yàn)采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組處理,不同灌溉處理之間使用埋深為50cm的PVC板加塑料薄膜進(jìn)行隔離,防止水分相互滲漏,每個(gè)小區(qū)的種植面積為5m2,每處理重復(fù)3次。

1.2 項(xiàng)目測(cè)定

1.2.1 氣象要素觀測(cè)

溫室內(nèi)空氣溫度、相對(duì)濕度和太陽(yáng)凈輻射等氣象數(shù)據(jù)由安裝在溫室中央的HOBO U30小型自動(dòng)氣象站(ONSET,USA)測(cè)定,每0.5h采集數(shù)據(jù)1次。溫室外氣象數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自溫室西南方向100m處的南京信息工程大學(xué)大氣與環(huán)境實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)中心綜合氣象觀測(cè)基地,氣溫、相對(duì)濕度和降水量數(shù)據(jù)由DZZ4型自動(dòng)氣象站(中國(guó))測(cè)定,每0.5h采集數(shù)據(jù)1次。試驗(yàn)期間溫室內(nèi)外的氣象要素變化見(jiàn)圖1。由圖可見(jiàn),2021年試驗(yàn)期間溫室外降雨日數(shù)為21d,降水量為362.8mm,平均氣溫28.0℃,平均相對(duì)濕度73.8%,屬于典型的梅雨氣候[19];期間溫室內(nèi)平均溫度和平均相對(duì)濕度分別為31.4℃和72.0%,因?qū)嶒?yàn)溫室沒(méi)有主動(dòng)的環(huán)境調(diào)控措施,溫室內(nèi)環(huán)境受室外環(huán)境影響明顯,對(duì)于番茄來(lái)講,溫室內(nèi)屬于高溫高濕環(huán)境。

圖1 2021年試驗(yàn)期間(6月9日?7月20日)溫室內(nèi)外氣象要素變化過(guò)程

1.2.2 參考作物蒸散量(ET0)計(jì)算

采用Qiu[20]等針對(duì)溫室特點(diǎn)修正的FAO 56 Penman-Monteith模型,計(jì)算番茄的參考作物蒸散量(ET0),表達(dá)式為

式中,ET0為參考作物蒸散量(mm·d?1),Δ為飽和水汽壓的曲線斜率,Rn為凈輻射(MJ·m?2·d?1),G為土壤熱通量(MJ·m?2),γ為濕度計(jì)常數(shù)(kPa·℃?1),T為平均溫度(℃),es為飽和水汽壓(kPa),ea為實(shí)際水汽壓(kPa)。

1.2.3 生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)與產(chǎn)量

每個(gè)處理隨機(jī)選取9株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均勻的植株,進(jìn)行以下指標(biāo)測(cè)定。

株高(cm):用直尺(精度為1mm)測(cè)量地面至植株頂部的高度。

莖粗(mm):用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)定植株基部1cm處的莖稈粗度。

葉面積(cm2·株?1):通過(guò)剪紙稱(chēng)重法[21]測(cè)量每株植株的葉面積。

干物質(zhì)積累量(g·株?1):植株取樣后洗凈,按根、莖、葉分開(kāi)裝入紙袋,然后放入75℃恒溫干燥箱中烘干至恒重,用0.01g精度的電子天平稱(chēng)量。

根冠比計(jì)算式為

式中,R/S為根冠比,Wr為根系干重(g),Wl為葉片干重(g),Ws為莖稈干重(g)。

產(chǎn)量測(cè)定(g·株?1):每株番茄的每個(gè)果實(shí)成熟時(shí)采收,用0.01g精度的電子天平稱(chēng)量單果鮮重,單株產(chǎn)量為該植株所有成熟番茄果實(shí)的總和。

以上測(cè)定項(xiàng)目包括株高、莖粗、葉面積、干物質(zhì)積累量和根冠比均在試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)(7月20日)測(cè)定,產(chǎn)量數(shù)據(jù)為試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中測(cè)定每株番茄果實(shí)質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)的累計(jì)值。

1.2.4 番茄營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)測(cè)定

從第二穗和第三穗果實(shí)中隨機(jī)挑選15個(gè)果實(shí)進(jìn)行品質(zhì)分析。采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)G-250染色法測(cè)定可溶性蛋白含量,采用酸堿滴定法測(cè)定VC含量,采用蒽酮比色法測(cè)定可溶性總糖含量,采用酸堿滴定法測(cè)定可滴定酸含量,采用手持折光儀測(cè)定可溶性固形物含量。以上測(cè)定皆參照李合生方法[22]。

糖酸比計(jì)算式為

式中,S/A代表糖酸比,Cs代表果實(shí)中可溶性糖含量(%),Ca代表果實(shí)中可滴定酸含量(%)。

1.2.5 番茄感官品質(zhì)指標(biāo)測(cè)定

隨機(jī)選取10人作為志愿者,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)隨機(jī)品嘗,以打分的方式進(jìn)行果實(shí)感官品質(zhì)測(cè)定。從顏色、果皮厚度、澀味、氣味、光澤、水分、甜度和酸度8個(gè)方面對(duì)不同處理番茄感官品質(zhì)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如表1所示。

表1 番茄果實(shí)感官品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

采用隸屬函數(shù)法[23]對(duì)番茄的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)和感官品質(zhì)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),計(jì)算方法為

式中,x為不同處理某一品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的測(cè)定值,xmin、xmax分別為所有處理中該指標(biāo)的最小值和最大值,所測(cè)指標(biāo)與品質(zhì)呈正相關(guān)時(shí)則采用式(4)計(jì)算隸屬值,呈負(fù)相關(guān)時(shí)用式(5)計(jì)算。最后將每個(gè)處理各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)隸屬函數(shù)值求平均,平均值越大說(shuō)明品質(zhì)越好,反之說(shuō)明品質(zhì)越差。

采用SPSS 22.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,采用Excel 2010繪圖。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄生長(zhǎng)狀況的影響

由表2可見(jiàn),番茄莖粗在8.10~8.81mm區(qū)間波動(dòng),充分灌溉(CK,100%ET0)與各調(diào)虧灌溉處理有一定差異,但處理間差異不顯著,說(shuō)明調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄莖粗的影響不大。從番茄植株高度來(lái)看,輕度和中度調(diào)虧灌溉兩處理(T1,90%ET0和T2,70%ET0)植株高度分別為73.67cm和70.67cm,分別比CK高6.45cm和3.45cm,而重度調(diào)虧灌溉處理(T3,50%ET0)植株比CK矮3.89cm。從單株葉面積來(lái)看,T1和T2處理的葉面積分別為3452.92和3180.61cm2·株?1,分別比CK高26.59%和16.61%,比T3處理高39.13%和28.16%,T1和T2處理顯著高于CK和T3處理??梢?jiàn),適量的調(diào)虧灌溉處理(T1和T2處理)可促進(jìn)番茄植株株高和葉面積的生長(zhǎng),充分灌溉和重度調(diào)虧灌溉明顯抑制植株生長(zhǎng)。

表2 不同灌溉處理番茄植株生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的比較

注:數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤。小寫(xiě)字母表示處理間在0.05水平上的差異顯著性。CK為對(duì)照,表示充分灌溉處理(100% ET0),T1為調(diào)虧灌溉處理(90% ET0),T2為調(diào)虧灌溉處理(75% ET0),T3為調(diào)虧灌溉處理(50% ET0)。下同。

Note:The values are mean ± SE. Lowercase indicates the difference significance among treatments at 0.05 level. CK represent the control, indicating 100% ET0for adequate irrigation treatment, T1, T2 and T3 represents 90% ET0,75% ET0and 50% ET0of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI), respectively. The same as below.

2.2 高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄植株干物質(zhì)積累量的影響

由表3可見(jiàn),調(diào)虧灌溉處理顯著影響番茄植株地上部的干物質(zhì)積累。各處理葉片干重為19.47~25.25g·株?1,T1處理葉片干重為25.25g·株?1,顯著高于T2、T3和CK處理3.17、5.78和5.15g·株?1。各處理莖稈干重為22.67~35.26g·株?1,T1和T2處理莖稈干重分別為35.26和32.70g·株?1,分別比CK顯著高6.23和3.67g·株?1,T3處理則比CK顯著低6.36g·株?1。地上部干物重為葉片和莖稈干重之和,T1和T2處理分別為60.15和54.78g·株?1,T1顯著高于T2處理7.83%,兩處理皆顯著高于T3和CK,T3處理最低,分別比T1和T2處理低18.37和12.64g·株?1。調(diào)虧灌溉顯著促進(jìn)番茄根系的干物質(zhì)積累,T1、T2和T3處理的番茄根系質(zhì)量分別比CK增加1.20、0.98和0.77g·株?1。地上部干重和根系干重的變化引起了根冠比的變化,隨灌溉量的減少,植株的根冠比顯著增加,T1、T2和T3處理皆顯著高于CK,T3處理的根冠比為0.12,為最高值,T1與T2處理無(wú)顯著差異??梢?jiàn),適量的調(diào)虧灌溉處理(T1和T2處理)可促進(jìn)番茄植株根、莖、葉的干物質(zhì)積累,保持適宜的根冠比,協(xié)調(diào)地上部與地下部的關(guān)系,而充分灌溉(CK)和重度調(diào)虧灌溉(T3)明顯抑制植株的干物質(zhì)積累。

2.3 高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄產(chǎn)量的影響

由圖2可見(jiàn),在調(diào)虧灌溉處理初期,CK、T1、T2和T3處理的第一穗果實(shí)產(chǎn)量分別為485.00、500.46、439.18和348.56g·株?1,CK與T1、T2處理無(wú)顯著差異,T3處理顯著低于CK處理136.44g·株?1,說(shuō)明重度調(diào)虧灌溉處理在灌溉初期即引起番茄顯著減產(chǎn)。在調(diào)虧灌溉處理中期和末期,T1和T2處理的第二穗和第三穗果實(shí)產(chǎn)量顯著高于CK和T3處理,CK與T3處理無(wú)顯著差異,表明輕度和中度調(diào)虧灌溉可以顯著提高番茄結(jié)實(shí)中后期的產(chǎn)量。T1和T2處理番茄總產(chǎn)量分別為1232.96和1094.02g·株?1,分別比CK增產(chǎn)23.21%和9.33%,而T3處理產(chǎn)量?jī)H為806.96g·株?1,比CK減產(chǎn)19.36%,說(shuō)明高溫高濕環(huán)境下,輕度虧缺灌溉(T1)最有利于產(chǎn)量的形成,而重度調(diào)虧灌溉(T3)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重減產(chǎn)。

2.3 高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄品質(zhì)的影響

2.3.1 對(duì)番茄營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的影響

由表4可見(jiàn),T1和T2處理番茄果實(shí)可溶性蛋白含量分別為0.63和0.56mg·g?1,顯著高于CK的0.43和T3的0.29mg·g?1??扇苄怨绦挝锖扛魈幚黹g差異顯著,T2含量最高,為8.94%,分別比T1、T3和CK高8.05%、27.37%和18.73%??扇苄蕴呛縏2處理含量最高,為3.49mg·g?1,分別比T1、T3和CK高6.88%、12.07%和24.76%,處理間差異顯著。不同處理果實(shí)Vc含量和可滴定酸含量變化趨勢(shì)一致,CK和T1處理含量顯著高于T2和T3處理,CK含量最高,T3含量最低,CK與T1處理差異不顯著。糖酸比以T2處理最高,為1.04,CK處理最低,為0.73??梢?jiàn),適量的調(diào)虧灌溉處理(T1和T2處理)可顯著提高果實(shí)可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和Vc含量,保持果實(shí)中高的糖酸比,提高果實(shí)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)。

番茄的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)是多指標(biāo)的綜合表現(xiàn),采用隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)可溶性蛋白質(zhì)、可溶性糖、Vc含量、可滴定酸含量和糖酸比等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。由表5可見(jiàn),各處理綜合排序以T2最優(yōu),其次為T(mén)1,CK處理排序最后,說(shuō)明中度調(diào)虧灌溉(T2處理)的番茄營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)最好,輕度調(diào)虧灌溉(T1處理)次之,CK處理番茄的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)最差。

表3 不同灌溉處理番茄植株各部位干物質(zhì)積累量比較(7月20日測(cè))

圖2 不同灌溉處理番茄植株產(chǎn)量比較

注:不同小寫(xiě)字母代表不同處理同一穗果實(shí)產(chǎn)量差異顯著(P<0.05)。

Note: Different lowercase letters represent significant differences in yield of the same fruit ear under different treatments (P<0.05).

2.3.2 對(duì)番茄感官品質(zhì)的影響

灌水量的不同對(duì)番茄感官品質(zhì)有不同的影響。由表6可知,從“光澤”指標(biāo)看,隨灌溉量的減少,果實(shí)光澤度降低,但不同處理的評(píng)分之間無(wú)顯著差異。從“顏色”和“氣味”這兩個(gè)指標(biāo)來(lái)看,T2處理評(píng)分最高,分別為7.3和6.7,而T3處理評(píng)分最低,分別為5.9和5.3,表明中度調(diào)虧灌溉水平下生產(chǎn)的番茄果實(shí)對(duì)消費(fèi)者最具有吸引力,而重度調(diào)虧灌溉水平下番茄對(duì)消費(fèi)者的吸引力最低。對(duì)于“果皮厚度”和“含水量”兩個(gè)適口性指標(biāo),4個(gè)處理之間的評(píng)分無(wú)顯著差異,但從數(shù)值上看,CK和T1兩處理番茄果實(shí)果皮厚度評(píng)分最低,皆為6.8,果皮最薄,含水量評(píng)分分別為7.2和7.1,高于T2和T3處理,說(shuō)明CK和T1兩處理番茄果實(shí)水分含量高,適口性好。對(duì)于“澀味”、“甜度”和“酸度”3個(gè)口感指標(biāo),T1和T2處理番茄的澀味最低,評(píng)分皆為1.0,“甜度”以T2處理評(píng)分最高,為5.4,“酸度”以T1處理評(píng)分最低,為5.0,說(shuō)明T1和T2處理的番茄口感好。表7為隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)不同處理番茄感官品質(zhì)的綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果。由表可知,T2、T1、CK和T3處理排序依次為1、2、3和4,說(shuō)明T2處理的番茄果實(shí)最受品嘗者青睞,感官品質(zhì)最好,而T3處理番茄果實(shí)最不受品嘗者歡迎,感官品質(zhì)最差。

表4 不同灌溉處理番茄營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)比較

表5 番茄營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)隸屬值及其綜合評(píng)價(jià)

表6 不同灌溉處理番茄感官品質(zhì)分值比較

表7 番茄感官品質(zhì)指標(biāo)隸屬值及綜合評(píng)價(jià)

3 結(jié)論與討論

3.1 討論

3.1.1 高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育與產(chǎn)量的影響

適宜的溫度和水分供應(yīng)是番茄高產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)。研究表明,高溫高濕脅迫下番茄光合速率降低,干物質(zhì)積累量減少,產(chǎn)量明顯下降[13?16]。在番茄適宜生長(zhǎng)的季節(jié),水分虧缺也會(huì)導(dǎo)致番茄產(chǎn)量降低[8,24?25]。本研究結(jié)果表明,梅雨季節(jié)高溫高濕環(huán)境下,輕度和中度調(diào)虧灌溉顯著提高了番茄的產(chǎn)量,這與高溫高濕條件下植物蒸騰減少,植株對(duì)土壤水分的需求減少有關(guān)[15],也與高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的調(diào)控有關(guān)。本研究表明,在高溫高濕環(huán)境下,輕度(90% ET0)和中度(70% ET0)調(diào)虧灌溉可以顯著提高番茄植株的葉面積,地上部和地下部干物質(zhì)積累量增加,促進(jìn)高溫高濕環(huán)境下番茄植株的生長(zhǎng),有效協(xié)調(diào)了植株地上部與地下部的關(guān)系,促進(jìn)了植株的物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化效率,產(chǎn)量顯著提高。充分灌溉(100% ET0)和重度調(diào)虧灌溉(50% ET0)顯著降低了番茄葉面積及干物質(zhì)積累的增加,根系干重顯著減少,植株的生長(zhǎng)受到抑制。這是因?yàn)樵谥囟日{(diào)虧灌溉處理下,番茄植株根冠比顯著升高,植株積累的干物質(zhì)更多地向根部分配,不利于產(chǎn)量的形成,而在充分灌溉條件下,土壤過(guò)多的水分限制了根系的生長(zhǎng),植株的根冠比最低,根系干物質(zhì)分配量少,不利于對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分的吸收,番茄產(chǎn)量顯著降低。

3.1.2 高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)番茄品質(zhì)的影響

高溫影響作物的碳氮代謝,高溫下果實(shí)總糖含量下降[26],有機(jī)酸含量明顯升高,糖酸比明顯降低[14],果皮變硬,Vc含量降低[27],果實(shí)品質(zhì)變差。番茄果實(shí)品質(zhì)受灌溉量影響明顯,調(diào)虧灌溉可提高番茄果實(shí)中的可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白質(zhì)、Vc、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和糖酸比等指標(biāo),從而改善果實(shí)品質(zhì)[2,7?10,24?25],而嚴(yán)重的調(diào)虧灌溉會(huì)導(dǎo)致果實(shí)糖酸比和Vc含量降低[9,28]。本研究結(jié)果表明,在梅雨季節(jié)高溫高濕環(huán)境下,輕度和中度調(diào)虧灌溉處理有效提高了番茄果實(shí)的可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白質(zhì)、Vc、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和糖酸比,果實(shí)品質(zhì)得到顯著提高,中度調(diào)虧灌溉處理的番茄果實(shí)品質(zhì)最好,而充分灌溉和重度調(diào)虧灌溉處理下果實(shí)可溶性蛋白質(zhì)、Vc和可溶性糖含量降低,糖酸比下降,果實(shí)品質(zhì)變差。這是因?yàn)樵诟邷馗邼駰l件下,適宜的調(diào)虧灌溉提高了番茄的光合活性[2?3],光合產(chǎn)物以蔗糖的形式運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)到果實(shí)中,提高了果實(shí)的可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,加之果實(shí)中較高的糖分積累同時(shí)促進(jìn)了Vc含量的升高,改善了番茄的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)。

適宜的調(diào)虧灌溉還有利于提高果實(shí)的番茄紅素含量[8,10]和揮發(fā)物中芳香物質(zhì)的濃度[29?30],使果實(shí)具有更加誘人的色澤和香氣。綜合果實(shí)顏色、光澤、氣味、甜度等指標(biāo),志愿者對(duì)本試驗(yàn)中度調(diào)虧灌溉處理的番茄口感評(píng)分最高,輕度調(diào)控灌溉處理次之,充分灌溉和重度調(diào)虧灌溉的評(píng)分最低,表明高溫高濕環(huán)境下適度的調(diào)虧灌溉有利于提高番茄果實(shí)的感官品質(zhì)。

3.1.3 高溫高濕環(huán)境下番茄的最佳灌溉量

為了協(xié)調(diào)番茄的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者在調(diào)虧灌溉方面做了大量的研究,張坤等[4]指出,75% ET0的灌水定額為西北地區(qū)加工番茄種植的較優(yōu)灌溉制度。Machado等[5]指出,采用滴灌方法0.9 ETc為最佳的灌溉量。Zhang等[7]在河套平原沙壤土的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,80% ETc處理的番茄產(chǎn)量最高、品質(zhì)較好。鄭鳳杰等[6]指出,在河套灌區(qū)大田畦灌方式下,加工番茄果期實(shí)施67%灌水量產(chǎn)量最高,還可以提高品質(zhì)。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與之相似,在梅雨季節(jié)高溫高濕條件下,溫室內(nèi)灌溉量為90% ET0時(shí)產(chǎn)量最高、品質(zhì)較好,而灌溉量為75% ET0時(shí)品質(zhì)最好,產(chǎn)量較高。綜合考慮認(rèn)為,長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)梅雨季節(jié)設(shè)施高溫高濕環(huán)境下,番茄開(kāi)花結(jié)果期的推薦灌溉量為90% ET0。

3.2 結(jié)論

調(diào)虧灌溉顯著影響番茄品質(zhì),在高溫高濕的梅雨季節(jié),輕度調(diào)虧灌溉(90% ET0)可顯著促進(jìn)番茄植株生長(zhǎng),提高產(chǎn)量;中度調(diào)虧灌溉(75% ET0)可顯著改善番茄的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)和感官品質(zhì);充分灌溉(100% ET0)和重度調(diào)虧灌溉(50% ET0)條件下番茄植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)弱,減產(chǎn)顯著,果實(shí)品質(zhì)變差。綜合產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)表現(xiàn),輕度調(diào)虧灌溉是南京梅雨季節(jié)設(shè)施番茄生產(chǎn)的推薦灌溉量。

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Effect of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Greenhouse Tomato Production under High Temperature and High Humidity Environment in Meiyu Season

JIANG Xiao-dong, ZHANG Jian-qu, LEI Hu

(Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/ School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China)

In order to study the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the yield and quality of tomato under high temperature and high humidity environment in the Meiyu season, a field experiment was conducted in the solar greenhouse of Nanjing University of Information Technology during the Meiyu season from June to July in 2021. Using adequate irrigation (100% ET0) as the control (CK), three levels of RDI treatments were set up from flowering to fruiting stage of tomato, which were T1 (90% ET0), T2 (75% ET0) and T3 (50% ET0) respectively. The growth indices, nutritional quality, sensory quality and yield of tomato under different irrigation treatments were measured. The results showed that the plant height, leaf area, dry matter accumulation of root, stem and leaf of tomato increased first and then decreased with the decrease of irrigation amount. The plant height, leaf area, dry matter accumulation of root, stem and leaf of tomato in T1 treatment were the highest, followed by T2 treatment, and which were significantly higher than CK and T3 treatment. The yield of each treatment was T1>T2>CK>T3. The yield of T1 and T2 treatments were 23.21% and 9.33% higher than that of CK respectively, while that of T3 treatment was 19.36% lower than that of CK. The content of soluble protein, soluble solids, soluble sugar, titratable acid, the ratio of sugar to acid and the sensory quality such as color, luster, smell, peel thickness and sweetness all increased first and then decreased with the decrease of irrigation amount. Nutritional quality indicators such as soluble protein content, soluble solids content, soluble sugar content, titratable acid content, sugar-acid ratio, and sensory quality indicators such as fruit color, luster, aroma, pericarp thickness, sweetness also increased first and then decreased with the decrease of irrigation amount. The soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, sugar-acid ratio, fruit color, fruit smell, fruit sweetness and pericarp thickness of T2 treatment were the highest, followed by T1 treatment. The nutritional quality and sensory quality of fruits were evaluated by membership function method, and the results were T2>T1>T3>CK. According to the growth status of tomato plants, the nutritional quality, sensory quality and yield of tomato fruits, T1 treatment could significantly promote the growth of tomato plants, increase fruit yield and improve fruit qualityunder the environmental conditions of high temperature and high relative humidity in Meiyu season.Therefore, T1 treatment is the recommended irrigation amount for greenhouse tomato from flowering to fruiting stage under the high temperature and high humidity environment in Meiyu season of Nanjing.

Meiyu season; High temperature and high humidity; Regulated deficit irrigation; Greenhouse tomato; Yield and quality

10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.08.004

江曉東,張建取,雷虎.梅雨季節(jié)高溫高濕環(huán)境下調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)設(shè)施番茄生產(chǎn)的影響[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象,2023,44(8):685-694

2022?09?23

國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2019YFD1002202)

江曉東,E-mail:jiangxd@nuist.edu.cn

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