Nasser Ayash
Ever wonder when a hill becomes amountain? Well, it turns out that it isdifficult to answer. Lets take a quicklook at it, shall we?
To begin with, turning to thewe have thefollowing definition of a mountain: “alandmass1 that projects conspicuously2above its surroundings3 and is higherthan a hill”.
Maybe thecan do better? According to this dictionary,mountains are “a natural elevation4of the earth surface rising more or lessabruptly5 from the surrounding level andattaining6 an altitude7 which, relative tothe adjacent8 elevation, is impressive9or notable10”.
As you can see, the dictionaries areslightly less than helpful at describing thedifferences between a mountain and a hill.And, it turns out, science and countries areunhelpful either, coming up with many waysto define11 this in a specific case, thoughthere are some general things to consider.
Now, in all such cases, one of thecommon factors to consider is size. Tallenough, its a mountain and falling shortits a hill. This would make the problemsimple enough if thats really the onlything to consider: Find a threshold12 abovewhich you are atop a mountain and belowwhich you are on a hill.
This is exactly what many countriesused to do until the 1920s.
Moving on from size, another commonidea is that a hill is a smooth roundedmound13 of earth in the naturallandscapes14, often remaining unnamed. Amountain, on the other hand, must have asteep15 inclination16, and, of course, has aname. But this description is only suitablefor the extreme17 examples.
Thus, to make things a bit easier, in1936, Roderick Peattie, publisher of, believed mountainsshould be impressive, and they shouldhave individual character and play asymbolic role in the local area.
If that still sounds vague18 to you... well,it is. But surely, there must be some harderrules? The answeris... no, not precisely.
Until the 1920s, a mountain wasdefined as higher than 1,000 feet (304meters) than surrounding ground level inBritain. America followed the same ideauntil the 1970s.
Nowadays, however, as Mr. Peattiesuggested, local tradition plays a majorrole: Generally, a mountain should atleast have a height of 610 metres, but ifthe locals have always considered their hilla mountain, well, lets not make them angryjust for the sake of size. It is, after all, notalways about size, but reputation19. This isparticularly the case if it is a singleelevation in otherwise flat areas, sorelativity20 should also be considered.
Today, we still do not have an exactdefinition of “mountain” and “hill”.Instead, people try to follow some of theaforementioned few generally acceptedcharacteristics, again, thingslike, its characteristic inthe landscape, what dothe locals consider it,and so on.
你有沒有想過什么時(shí)候一座山丘能成為一座山岳?結(jié)果答案很復(fù)雜。讓我們快速了解一下,怎么樣?
首先,翻開《韋氏詞典》,我們找到的山岳的定義為:“明顯突出于周圍環(huán)境且高于山丘的陸地”。
也許《牛津英語詞典》可以做得更好?根據(jù)這部詞典的說法,山岳是“地表自然的高地,或多或少地從周圍的平地陡然上升,并達(dá)到一個(gè)相對于鄰近高地而言令人印象深刻或引人注目的海拔高度”。
正如你所看到的,詞典在描述山岳與山丘之間的區(qū)別方面稍顯不足。事實(shí)證明,科學(xué)界以及國家(在這個(gè)方面)都同樣束手無策。盡管需要考慮一些一般性的問題,但他們在具體的案例中提出了許多定義方法。
現(xiàn)在,在所有這些情況下,要考慮的常見因素之一是大小。足夠高的,是山岳;不夠高的,是山丘。如果這真的是唯一需要考慮的東西,這將使問題變得足夠簡單:找到一個(gè)界限,高于該界限,那你就是在山岳上,低于該界限,那你就在山丘上。
這正是許多國家在20 世紀(jì)20 年代以前所做的事情。
從大小來看,另一個(gè)常見的觀點(diǎn)是,山丘是自然景觀中一個(gè)光滑的圓形土丘,通常未被命名。另一方面,一座山岳必須有陡峭的斜坡。并且,當(dāng)然,它還有一個(gè)名字。
但這一描述僅適用于極端例子。
因此,為了讓事情更簡單一點(diǎn),1936 年,《山岳地理》的出版商羅德里克·皮蒂認(rèn)為山岳應(yīng)該令人印象深刻,并且它們應(yīng)該具有個(gè)性,并在當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)揮象征性的作用。
如果你覺得這聽起來還很模糊的話……嗯,確實(shí)是的。但肯定會(huì)有一些更嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則吧?答案是……不,不見得。
直到20 世紀(jì)20 年代,在英國,山岳被定義為高于周圍地面1000 英尺(304 米)以上。直到20世紀(jì)70 年代,美國都遵循同樣的原則。
然而如今,正如皮蒂先生所說,當(dāng)?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)起著重要作用:一般來說,一座山岳應(yīng)該至少有610米的高度,但如果當(dāng)?shù)厝艘恢闭J(rèn)為他們的山丘是一座山岳,那么,我們別僅為了大小而激怒他們。
畢竟,這并不總是關(guān)乎大小,而是關(guān)乎聲譽(yù)。如果是在平坦地區(qū)中的單個(gè)高地,情況尤其如此,因此也應(yīng)考慮相對性。
今天,我們?nèi)匀粵]有“山岳”和“山丘”的確切定義。相反,人們試圖遵循上述少數(shù)幾個(gè)普遍接受的特征,比如景觀特征、當(dāng)?shù)厝藢λ目捶ǖ鹊取?/p>
Notes
1. landmass 大陸
2. conspicuously 顯著地;明顯地
3. surrounding 周圍環(huán)境
4. elevation 高度;海拔;高地;高處
5. abruptly 突然地;陡然
6. attain 實(shí)現(xiàn);達(dá)到
7. altitude 海拔高度;高地
8. adjacent 鄰近的;毗連的
9. impressive 給人印象深刻的
10. notable 顯要的;值得注意的
11. define 給……下定義;解釋
12. threshold 門檻;界;起始點(diǎn)
13. mound 土墩;小山丘;小山崗
14. landscape 風(fēng)景;景色;形勢
15. steep 陡峭的
16. inclination 斜坡;斜度
17. extreme 極度的;極端的
18. vague 不明確的;不清楚的;模糊的
19. reputation 名譽(yù);名聲
20. relativity 相對性
中學(xué)生英語·中考指導(dǎo)版2023年7期