甄煥菊 倪克平 李同泉 王改麗
摘? ? 要:為進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化滇南丘陵某煙葉主產(chǎn)區(qū)烘烤工藝,采用對(duì)比烘烤試驗(yàn),分析該煙區(qū)密集烤房常用的“三段十點(diǎn)烘烤工藝”(工藝A)和“三段六步烘烤工藝”(工藝B)2種烘烤工藝烤后煙葉的經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀、烤壞煙數(shù)量及比例。結(jié)果表明:同等條件下工藝B能夠明顯減少掛灰煙、黑糟煙和級(jí)外煙數(shù)量,烘烤損失更低;對(duì)于上部煙葉,工藝B較工藝A烤后煙葉的均價(jià)提高0.5元·kg,增效較為明顯。工藝A受普通烤房烘烤和三層密集烤房的烘烤技術(shù)影響較大,變黃期以“低溫保濕變黃”策略為主,低溫變黃時(shí)間偏長(zhǎng)、排濕較少(?。?,整個(gè)烘烤過(guò)程設(shè)置的溫度點(diǎn)較多,變黃期和定色期各相鄰階段的干球溫度差異、目標(biāo)任務(wù)差異相對(duì)較小,對(duì)操作人員判定煙葉變化是否達(dá)到目標(biāo)、準(zhǔn)確把握轉(zhuǎn)火時(shí)機(jī)有較高技術(shù)要求,操控難度相對(duì)偏大。工藝B特點(diǎn)是高溫變黃、低溫定色、邊變黃邊排濕,慢升溫,針對(duì)四層密集烤房上下層溫差偏大的實(shí)際,干球38 ℃以前的低溫變黃時(shí)間較短,以38 ℃為頂層煙葉主變黃溫度,以42 ℃為底層煙葉主變黃溫度,同時(shí)在42 ℃階段提高了煙葉失水程度(頂層勾尖卷邊、底層凋萎塌架),相對(duì)更有利于避免定色前期棕色化反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。綜上,相較于“三段十點(diǎn)烘烤工藝”(工藝A),“三段六步烘烤工藝”(工藝B)更加適用于滇南丘陵某煙葉主產(chǎn)區(qū)鮮煙葉烘烤特性、四層密集烤房性能特點(diǎn),但要結(jié)合當(dāng)年氣候和鮮煙葉素質(zhì)差異靈活操作。
關(guān)鍵詞:烘烤工藝;滇南丘陵煙區(qū);三段式烘烤;密集烤房;經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S572;TS44? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? DOI 編碼:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2023.09.014
Comparative Study on the Application Effect of Two Curing Technology in Hilly Tobacco Areas of Southern Yunnan
ZHEN Huanju, NI Keping, LI Tongquan, WANG Gaili
(China National Tobacco Corporation Staff Training College, Zhenzhou, Henan 450007,China)
Abstract: In order to further optimize the baking process in a major tobacco producing area in the hills of Southern Yunnan, comparative baking experiments were carried out to compare and analyze the economic characteristics, quantity and proportion of flue-cured tobacco after baking with the "three-stage ten point baking process"(process A) and the "three-stage six step baking process" (process B) commonly used in the intensive curing houses in this tobacco area. The results showed that under the same conditions, process B could significantly reduce the quantity of hanging ash tobacco, black lees tobacco and out of grade tobacco, Lower baking loss; For the upper tobacco leaves, the average price of flue-cured tobacco leaves in process B was increased by 0.5 yuan·kg compared with that in process A, and the effect was obvious. Process A was greatly affected by ordinary baking and three-layer intensive baking. The yellowing period was mainly based on the strategy of "low-temperature moisture and yellowing". The low-temperature yellowing time was relatively long and the humidity was less (small). There were many temperature points set in the whole baking process. The difference between the dry bulb temperature and the target task in the adjacent stages of the yellowing period and the color fixing period was relatively small. It was helpful for operators to determine whether the change of tobacco leaves had reached the target. There were high technical requirements for accurately grasping the timing of fire change, and the control was relatively difficult. Process B was characterized by high-temperature yellowing, low-temperature color fixing, moisture removal while yellowing, and slow temperature rise. In view of the fact that the temperature difference between the upper and lower layers of the four layer dense curing house was relatively large, the low-temperature yellowing time of the dry bulb before 38 °C was relatively short, taking 38 °C as the main yellowing temperature of the top layer of tobacco leaves and 42 °C as the main yellowing temperature of the bottom layer of tobacco leaves. At the same time, the degree of water loss of the tobacco leaves was improved at 42 °C (the top layer was hooked and curled, and the bottom layer was withered). It was more favorable to avoid the occurrence of browning reaction in the early stage of color fixing. In conclusion, compared to the "three stage and ten point baking process" (Process A), the "three stage and six step baking process" (Process B) is more suitable for the baking characteristics of fresh tobacco leaves and the performance characteristics of four layer dense curing houses in a main tobacco production area in the hilly area of southern Yunnan. However, flexible operation should be combined with the climate of the year and the difference in quality of fresh tobacco leaves.
Key words: curing technology; hilly tobacco area in Southern Yunnan; three stage curing; bulk curing barn; economic character
密集烤房是我國(guó)主流煙葉烘烤設(shè)備,不斷優(yōu)化完善與密集烤房相適應(yīng)的烘烤工藝,對(duì)提高烤后煙葉質(zhì)量、增加煙農(nóng)收益有重要意義。目前全國(guó)各主煙區(qū)烘烤主要采用“三段式烘烤工藝”,根據(jù)變黃、定色、干筋3個(gè)階段工藝任務(wù)差異,各階段設(shè)定了干濕球溫度設(shè)置參考范圍,煙葉顏色變化及干燥程度目標(biāo)[1]。由于各煙區(qū)光、熱、水等氣候條件差異大,土壤、烤煙品種不同,煙葉烘烤特性存在明顯差異,加之調(diào)制設(shè)施設(shè)備、編裝煙方式等亦不相同,從而在實(shí)踐中烘烤工藝參數(shù)設(shè)置存在差異[2]。滇南丘陵某煙葉主產(chǎn)區(qū)地處滇西南,是全國(guó)最南端的煙區(qū),屬暖濕氣候環(huán)境,煙葉含水量大、干物質(zhì)積累少、耐烤性差,在烘烤過(guò)程中變黃變化與失水變化往往難同步、難協(xié)調(diào)。同時(shí)在傳統(tǒng)密集烤房基礎(chǔ)上改建的四層密集烤房的應(yīng)用逐漸增多,近年來(lái)該煙區(qū)密集烤房應(yīng)用較多的烘烤工藝主要是“三段十點(diǎn)烘烤工藝”和“三段六步烘烤”2種[3-4]。本研究旨在通過(guò)烘烤試驗(yàn),對(duì)比分析這2種烘烤工藝的烘烤特點(diǎn)與各自適用性,以及對(duì)烤后煙葉的經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀、烤壞煙數(shù)量及比例的影響,旨在優(yōu)選出與當(dāng)?shù)責(zé)熑~特性和四層密集烤房相適應(yīng)的烘烤工藝,為進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)烘烤工藝提供技術(shù)參考。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)
位于滇南丘陵煙區(qū)景谷縣永平鎮(zhèn)的松盤(pán)山,煙地面積4 hm,山坡地,海拔1 340~1 350 m,紅壤,肥力中等。
1.2 試驗(yàn)烤房
供試烤房群有30座建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、設(shè)施設(shè)備一致的氣流下降式四層密集烤房。裝煙室長(zhǎng)×寬×高規(guī)格為8 m×2.7 m×4 m。裝煙室、爐體、換熱器、循環(huán)風(fēng)機(jī)、冷風(fēng)進(jìn)風(fēng)口、排潮百葉窗、熱風(fēng)進(jìn)(回)風(fēng)口、溫濕度控制等設(shè)備符合煙草行業(yè)《密集烤房技術(shù)規(guī)范(試行)修訂版》(國(guó)煙辦綜〔2009〕418號(hào))文件技術(shù)規(guī)范要求。
1.3 供試煙葉
當(dāng)?shù)卮硇云贩N‘云煙87’。試驗(yàn)煙株在4月下旬至5月上旬移栽,種植株行距50 cm×120 cm,單株有效留葉數(shù)19~21片·株。按照GB/T 23221—2008《烤煙栽培技術(shù)規(guī)程》[5]要求實(shí)施田間管理。
1.4 采收成熟度
下部葉以第6片(從下往上數(shù),下同)煙葉葉色褪綠為準(zhǔn);中部葉以第11片煙葉顏色變黃面積達(dá)1/2以上為準(zhǔn);上部煙葉以第16片煙葉顏色變黃面積達(dá)2/3以上為準(zhǔn)。
1.5 編裝煙方法
采用煙桿編煙方式,按照下部葉120 片·竿、450 竿·爐;中部葉100 片·竿、501 竿·爐;上部葉110 片·竿、554 竿·爐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行,同竿同質(zhì)、同層均勻,各層數(shù)量基本一致。
1.6 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
自試驗(yàn)田80%以上煙株第6片葉成熟開(kāi)始,采烤4批次煙葉,每批次采收1 000~1 200竿適熟煙葉,均等分為2份,1份采用“三段十點(diǎn)烘烤工藝”(工藝A),另1份采用“三段六步烘烤工藝”(工藝B)。2種處理同時(shí)裝煙、同時(shí)點(diǎn)火烘烤,除烘烤過(guò)程執(zhí)行工藝不同外,其他設(shè)施設(shè)備條件、人為操作均保持相同。工藝A、工藝B的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)分別見(jiàn)表1、表2。
由表1、表2可知,2種烘烤工藝主要不同之處在于:工藝A自變黃初期(干球34 ℃)至定色前期(干球46 ℃)共設(shè)置7個(gè)關(guān)鍵溫度點(diǎn)6個(gè)階段,每個(gè)階段干球溫度相差2℃;主變黃溫度段(干球38 ℃)的干濕差基準(zhǔn)為2 ℃;變黃后期(干球42 ℃)及定色期(干球44~54 ℃)的濕球溫度相較工藝B為偏高;升溫速度1 ℃·h,屬快升溫方式。工藝B自變黃初期(干球35 ℃)至定色前期(干球48 ℃)共設(shè)置4個(gè)關(guān)鍵溫度點(diǎn)3個(gè)階段,各階段干球溫度差依次為3 ℃、4 ℃、6 ℃;主變黃溫度段(干球38 ℃)的干濕差基準(zhǔn)為3 ℃;變黃后期至定色期(干球42~54 ℃)的濕球溫度相較工藝A為偏低;升溫速度為每2~3 h升溫1 ℃,屬慢升溫方式[6-8]。
1.7 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與方法
1.7.1 烤壞煙數(shù)量 在煙葉回潮后,每爐按五點(diǎn)取樣法抽取15竿烤后煙葉,測(cè)定煙葉總質(zhì)量、青煙、掛灰、黑糟煙、級(jí)外煙數(shù)量。
1.7.2 烤后煙葉經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀 按爐次交售烤后煙葉,記錄上、中等煙數(shù)量及均價(jià)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 烤壞煙數(shù)量
由表3可知,與工藝A相比,工藝B烤后煙葉樣品總的青煙占比降低0.09個(gè)百分點(diǎn)、降幅3.06%;掛灰煙占比降低0.72個(gè)百分點(diǎn)、降幅12.16%;黑糟煙占比降低1.06個(gè)百分點(diǎn)、降幅52.22%;級(jí)外煙占比降低0.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)、降幅20.81%;說(shuō)明同等條件下工藝B能夠明顯減少掛灰煙、黑糟煙和級(jí)外煙數(shù)量,烘烤損失更低。
2.2 烤后煙葉經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
由表4數(shù)據(jù)可計(jì)算得知,工藝A烤后交售上等煙1 059.9 kg、中等煙824.1 kg,總計(jì)1 869 kg,總金額51 247 元,均價(jià)27.42 元·kg;工藝B烤后交售上等煙1 055.4 kg、中等煙781.1 kg,總計(jì)1 837.1 kg,總金額50 676元,均價(jià)27.58 元·kg;與工藝A相比,工藝B總體均價(jià)提高0.15 元·kg;按同炕次對(duì)比,B1較A1均價(jià)提高0.03 元·kg、B2較A2均價(jià)提高0.08 元·kg、B3較A3均價(jià)降低0.04 元·kg、B4較A4均價(jià)提高0.5 元·kg。由以上數(shù)據(jù)可以看出,對(duì)于下部煙葉(A1、B1)和中部煙葉(A2、A3、B2、B3)的烘烤,2種處理工藝的烤后煙葉上等煙比例及均價(jià)差別不大。對(duì)于上部煙葉(A4、B4)的烘烤,工藝B較工藝A烤后煙葉的均價(jià)提高0.5 元·kg,增效較為明顯。
3 討論與結(jié)論
分析對(duì)比2種烘烤處理方式的烘烤工藝曲線發(fā)現(xiàn),工藝A的烘烤工藝參數(shù)設(shè)置特點(diǎn)受普通烤房烘烤和三層密集烤房的烘烤措施影響較大,變黃期以“低溫保濕變黃”策略為主,低溫變黃時(shí)間偏長(zhǎng)、排濕較少(?。9-10]。整個(gè)烘烤過(guò)程設(shè)置的溫度點(diǎn)較多,變黃期和定色期各相鄰階段的干球溫度差異、目標(biāo)任務(wù)差異相對(duì)較小,對(duì)操作人員判定煙葉變化是否達(dá)到目標(biāo)、準(zhǔn)確把握轉(zhuǎn)火時(shí)機(jī)有較高技術(shù)要求,操控難度相對(duì)偏大。
工藝B特點(diǎn)是高溫變黃、低溫定色、邊變黃邊排濕,慢升溫,針對(duì)四層密集烤房上下層溫差偏大的實(shí)際,干球38 ℃以前的低溫變黃時(shí)間較短,以38 ℃為頂層煙葉主變黃溫度,以42 ℃為底層煙葉主變黃溫度,同時(shí)在42 ℃階段提高了煙葉失水程度(頂層勾尖卷邊、底層凋萎塌架),相對(duì)更有利于避免定色前期棕色化反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[11]。
該煙區(qū)煙葉含水量較大、耐烤性偏差, 近年來(lái)較多使用的4層密集烤房比原來(lái)3層密集烤房的裝煙量增加四分之一, 垂直溫差增加0.8~1.5 ℃, 也增加了烘烤難度。受傳統(tǒng)烘烤工藝影響較大的工藝A,烘烤人員在實(shí)際使用中,不易正確把握煙葉變黃程度與失水干燥程度的關(guān)聯(lián)性和密切關(guān)系[12],把煙葉的變黃與干燥過(guò)程孤立看待,片面地認(rèn)為“變黃期就是要實(shí)現(xiàn)煙葉變黃、定色期就是要實(shí)現(xiàn)葉肉干燥、干筋期就是將主脈烤干”,簡(jiǎn)單地采取“先保濕變黃、再快速升溫定色”烘烤方法,這樣容易導(dǎo)致煙葉掛灰、蒸片、糟片等烤壞煙增多[13] 。 因此主要針對(duì)三層密集烤房設(shè)計(jì)、受傳統(tǒng)烘烤工藝影響較大的工藝A,與該煙區(qū)煙葉烘烤特性、四層密集烤房性能契合度較低。而烘烤工藝B,注重“實(shí)現(xiàn)煙葉變黃與失水干燥協(xié)調(diào)同步進(jìn)行”,適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)41~42 ℃和52~54 ℃的穩(wěn)溫時(shí)間, 盡量縮短35~36 ℃和65~68 ℃時(shí)間,在烘烤起始階段干球溫度不高于35 ℃, 干筋階段干球溫度不高于68 ℃;濕球溫度在支脈變黃階段不低于35 ℃, 香氣物合成階段不低于37 ℃[14-15],干球慢升溫,濕球溫度在一定范圍內(nèi)保持穩(wěn)定,穩(wěn)溫階段干球溫度保持穩(wěn)定,適宜在氣流下降式四層密集烤房中應(yīng)用, 能有效降低暖濕條件下生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的含水量大、耐烤性差煙葉的烘烤損失。同等條件下工藝B較工藝A,能夠明顯減少掛灰煙、黑糟煙和級(jí)外煙數(shù)量,烘烤損失更低,烤后煙葉的均價(jià)也有提高,增效明顯。因此,相較于“三段十點(diǎn)烘烤工藝”(工藝A),“三段六步烘烤工藝”(工藝B)更加適用于滇南丘陵某煙葉主產(chǎn)區(qū)鮮煙葉烘烤特性、四層密集烤房性能特點(diǎn),但要結(jié)合當(dāng)年氣候和鮮煙葉素質(zhì)差異靈活操作??紤]到田間鮮煙葉素質(zhì)表現(xiàn)復(fù)雜多樣、影響烘烤質(zhì)量的因素多且交互性復(fù)雜,今后仍需進(jìn)一步針對(duì)主要烤壞煙類(lèi)型,深入開(kāi)展多種烘烤工藝的驗(yàn)證、篩選、優(yōu)化和再驗(yàn)證,找到更加適合該煙區(qū)煙葉烘烤特性、四層密集烤房性能特點(diǎn)的烘烤工藝。
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