鄭月 馬運(yùn)婷 趙曉瑩 趙新湘
摘要:目的 探討高血壓患者同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平與心臟磁共振晚期釓強(qiáng)化(CMR-LGE)檢測(cè)的左心室心肌纖維化程度的關(guān)系。方法 選取行心臟磁共振(CMR)檢查的高血壓患者87例,根據(jù)Hcy水平分為正常Hcy組(Hcy≤15 μmol/L)40例和高Hcy組(Hcy>15 μmol/L)47例。比較2組間心臟參數(shù)的差異,Spearman秩相關(guān)分析Hcy與晚期釓強(qiáng)化容積百分比(LGE%)的相關(guān)性,以及Hcy與其他心臟參數(shù)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 高Hcy組左心房前后徑(LAD)、左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(LVEDD)、左心室舒張末期容積(LVEDV)、左心室收縮末期容積(LVESV)、左心室質(zhì)量(LVM)、左心室質(zhì)量指數(shù)(LVMI)、LGE%高于正常Hcy組,而左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)低于正常Hcy組(均P<0.05)。所有患者Hcy與LAD、LVEDD、LVEDV、LVESV、LVM、LVMI、LGE%呈正相關(guān)(rs分別為0.356、0.332、0.288、0.383、0.338、0.325、0.391,均P<0.01),與LVEF呈負(fù)相關(guān)(rs=-0.412,P<0.01)。結(jié)論 高血壓患者高Hcy水平者左室心肌纖維化程度嚴(yán)重,加重左心結(jié)構(gòu)及功能障礙。
關(guān)鍵詞:高血壓;高半胱氨酸;心室功能障礙,左;心內(nèi)膜心肌纖維化癥;早期醫(yī)療干預(yù)
中圖分類號(hào):R544.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20221111
Correlation between homocysteine and left ventricular myocardial fibrosis in
hypertensive patients
ZHENG Yue, MA Yunting, ZHAO Xiaoying, ZHAO Xinxiang
Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
Corresponding Author E-mail: zhaoxinxiang06@126.com
Abstract: Objective To investigate the relationship between levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and left ventricular myocardial fibrosis measured by late gadolinium enhancement (CMR-LGE) in hypertensive patients. Methods Eighty-seven hypertensive patients who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) examination were selected. According to Hcy level, patients were divided into the normal Hcy group (Hcy≤15 μmol/L, 40 cases) and the high Hcy group (Hcy>15 μmol/L, 47 cases). The clinical data of all patients were completed between the two groups. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between Hcy and late gadolinium enhancement volume percentage (LGE%), and the correlation between Hcy and other cardiac parameters. Results The left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and LGE% were significantly higher in the high Hcy group than those in the normal Hcy group. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly lower in the high Hcy group than that of the normal Hcy group (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Hcy was positively correlated with LAD, LVEDD, LVEDV, LVESV, LVM, LVMI and LGE% (rs were 0.356, 0.332, 0.288, 0.383, 0.338, 0.325, 0.391, respectively, all P<0.01). Hcy was negatively correlated with LVEF (rs=-0.412, P<0.01). Conclusion Hypertensive patients with high Hcy level have severe left ventricular myocardial fibrosis, resulting in more serious left heart structure and dysfunction.
Key words: hypertension; homocysteine; ventricular dysfunction, left; endomyocardial fibrosis; early medical intervention
高血壓以體循環(huán)動(dòng)脈血壓升高、心臟后負(fù)荷增加為特點(diǎn)。持續(xù)的高血壓會(huì)引起心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能發(fā)生改變,最終可致心力衰竭甚至死亡等主要心臟不良事件(MACE)的發(fā)生[1-2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心肌纖維化是發(fā)生MACE的重要病理基礎(chǔ),心肌纖維化嚴(yán)重程度與MACE的發(fā)生關(guān)系密切[3-4]。同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)是蛋氨酸與半胱氨酸代謝過(guò)程中的重要中間產(chǎn)物,不參與蛋白質(zhì)合成。高Hcy是心血管疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,可導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、心肌梗死及卒中等多種疾?。?-6],并與高血壓的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[7]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),高Hcy可促使心肌、間質(zhì)和血管周圍纖維化以及平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,從而引起心室重構(gòu)和心功能障礙[8-9]。目前,心臟磁共振晚期釓強(qiáng)化(cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement,CMR-LGE)是評(píng)估心肌纖維化的有效且可靠的方法,但鮮見(jiàn)高血壓患者Hcy水平與CMR-LGE評(píng)價(jià)的心肌纖維化關(guān)系的臨床研究。本研究旨在探討高血壓患者Hcy水平和心肌纖維化的相關(guān)性,以期對(duì)其進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),改善心臟損傷。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2018年1月—2022年5月于昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院行心臟磁共振(CMR)檢查的87例高血壓患者為研究對(duì)象,高血壓診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照《中國(guó)高血壓防治指南》(2018年修訂版);男58例,女29例,年齡21~76歲,平均(53.55±12.79)歲。據(jù)Hcy水平分為正常Hcy組(Hcy≤15 μmol/L)40例和高Hcy組(Hcy>15 μmol/L)47例。2組性別、年齡、體表面積(BSA)、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、心率、吸煙史(吸煙>1支/d,且吸煙時(shí)間≥1年)、飲酒史(每個(gè)月至少飲酒1次,飲酒時(shí)間≥6個(gè)月;酒精量:男≥40 g/次,女≥20 g/次)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性,見(jiàn)表1。本研究已獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(審-PJ-科-2022-168),所有入組患者均已簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)檢測(cè) 采集患者清晨空腹靜脈血3 mL,酶循環(huán)法檢測(cè)Hcy,CHOD-PAP法檢測(cè)總膽固醇(TC),GPO-PAP法檢測(cè)三酰甘油(TG),直接-選擇抑制法檢測(cè)高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C),直接-表面活性劑清除法檢測(cè)低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C),肌氨酸氧化酶法檢測(cè)肌酐(Cr),試劑盒均購(gòu)自金斯?fàn)柟?;尿酸酶法檢測(cè)尿酸(UA),己糖激酶法檢測(cè)血糖,試劑盒均購(gòu)自中生北控生物技術(shù)股份有限公司;累積脈沖法檢測(cè)紅細(xì)胞壓積(HCT),試劑盒購(gòu)自希森美康公司。
1.2.2 影像采集 采用Philips Achieva 3.0 T磁共振設(shè)備,16通道相控陣心臟線圈,胸前導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電門控技術(shù)。定位掃描采用SSh-TSE序列[重復(fù)時(shí)間(TR)1 538.46 ms,回波時(shí)間(TE)38.63 ms,層厚6 mm,視野(FOV)350 mm× 350 mm];心臟電影采用B-TFE序列掃描(TR 3.22 ms,TE 1.61 ms,層厚8 mm,F(xiàn)OV 350 mm×350 mm),動(dòng)態(tài)屏氣掃描,每層采集30個(gè)心動(dòng)周期。采用高壓注射器經(jīng)肘靜脈團(tuán)注釓特醇(0.2 mmol/kg,流速5 mL/s)。采用DYN-sTFE序列(TR 2.48 ms,TE 1.12 ms,層厚10 mm,F(xiàn)OV 360 mm× 360 mm)獲得短軸位首過(guò)灌注影像。首過(guò)灌注后二次注入釓特醇(流率3 mL/s),于對(duì)比劑注射15 min后行PSIR-TFE-BH序列掃描(TR 5.11 ms,TE 2.41 ms,層厚10 mm,F(xiàn)OV 320 mm×320 mm)獲得左心室長(zhǎng)軸、二腔及短軸位晚期釓強(qiáng)化(LGE)影像。
1.2.3 影像后處理 使用心臟后處理軟件CVI 42對(duì)影像進(jìn)行分析。在心臟影像序列上,分別測(cè)得左心房前后徑(LAD)、左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(LVEDD)、右心房左右徑(RAD)、右心室舒張末期橫徑(RVEDD)及主動(dòng)脈根竇部?jī)?nèi)徑。AI識(shí)別舒張末期和收縮末期心內(nèi)膜和心外膜輪廓并手動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)輪廓,軟件自動(dòng)生成心臟功能和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),包括左心室舒張末期容積(LVEDV)、左心室收縮末期容積(LVESV)、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)、左心室質(zhì)量(LVM)和左心室質(zhì)量指數(shù)(LVMI)。在LGE圖像上,手動(dòng)勾畫(huà)左心室心內(nèi)膜和心外膜的輪廓,選擇無(wú)LGE的心肌區(qū)域作為興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)。在完成心內(nèi)膜、心外膜輪廓勾畫(huà)及設(shè)置ROI以后,選擇6倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(6SD),軟件自動(dòng)生成晚期釓強(qiáng)化容積百分比(LGE%)。為評(píng)估該研究中觀察者內(nèi)和觀察者間的重復(fù)性,從高血壓患者中隨機(jī)抽取30例,由2名從事心臟磁共振研究的副主任醫(yī)師分別對(duì)LGE%進(jìn)行測(cè)量,其中1名醫(yī)師在2周后再測(cè)量1次。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 26.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)用[[x] ±s
]表示,2組間比較用t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以中位數(shù)與四分位數(shù)M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較用Mann-Whitney檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)以例或例(%)表示,組間比較用χ2檢驗(yàn)。相關(guān)性采用Spearman秩相關(guān)。采用組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)(ICC))分析LGE%在觀察者內(nèi)(同一醫(yī)師間隔2周)和觀察者間(2名醫(yī)師間)的可重復(fù)性,ICC>0.75為一致性較好。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 2組實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)比較 2組TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、血糖、HCT差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;與正常Hcy組比較,高Hcy組Cr、UA水平升高(P<0.01),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 2組CMR參數(shù)比較 與正常Hcy組比較,高Hcy組LAD、LVEDD、LVEDV、LVESV、LVM、LVMI、LGE%增大,而LVEF減?。≒<0.05);2組RAD、RVEDD、主動(dòng)脈根竇部?jī)?nèi)徑比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表3。
2.3 Hcy與CMR參數(shù)的相關(guān)性 所有患者中,Hcy與LAD、LVEDD、LVEDV、LVESV、LVM、LVMI、LGE%呈正相關(guān)(rs分別為0.356、0.332、0.288、0.383、0.338、0.325、0.391,均P<0.01),與LVEF呈負(fù)相關(guān)(rs=-0.412,P<0.01)。
2.4 Hcy和CMR-LGE影像表現(xiàn) 血Hcy水平越高,高血壓患者心肌LGE%值越大,見(jiàn)圖1。
2.5 LGE%一致性檢驗(yàn) 同一醫(yī)生前后2周LGE%檢測(cè)ICC值為0.979(95%CI:0.954~0.990),2名不同醫(yī)生LGE%檢測(cè)ICC值為0.964(95%CI:0.926~0.983),一致性均較好。
3 討論
目前,我國(guó)高血壓的患病率呈升高趨勢(shì),但知曉率、治療率和控制率仍處于較低水平[10]。高血壓與多個(gè)系統(tǒng)的器官衰竭有關(guān),其中以心臟多見(jiàn),心肌纖維化是其重要特征之一。心肌纖維化通??蓪?dǎo)致心肌僵硬度增加,心肌順應(yīng)性降低,從而引起舒張和收縮功能障礙。
Hcy來(lái)源于飲食攝取的蛋氨酸,在肝臟產(chǎn)生。正常情況下,Hcy在酶、葉酸和維生素B6的協(xié)同作用下參與機(jī)體轉(zhuǎn)硫基、轉(zhuǎn)甲基過(guò)程,并降解為半胱氨酸,當(dāng)機(jī)體新陳代謝出現(xiàn)障礙時(shí),Hcy無(wú)法降解,會(huì)在血液中聚集,導(dǎo)致高Hcy血癥。既往研究顯示,Hcy和心肌纖維化有關(guān),高達(dá)75%的高血壓患者合并高Hcy,高Hcy顯著增加了心血管疾病的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,高Hcy組患者LGE%水平高于正常Hcy組,提示高Hcy組患者左心室的心肌反應(yīng)性纖維化較嚴(yán)重,且Hcy水平與LGE%呈正相關(guān),提示Hcy水平可以一定程度上反映左心室心肌纖維化程度。王潔文[12]也發(fā)現(xiàn),Hcy水平與纖維化指標(biāo)Ⅲ型前膠原、Ⅳ型膠原、透明質(zhì)酸酶、層粘連蛋白相關(guān),認(rèn)為Hcy增高是心肌纖維化的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。高Hcy引起心肌纖維化的機(jī)制目前尚不完全清楚??赡軝C(jī)制如下:Hcy激活肌成纖維細(xì)胞,分泌α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白、Ⅰ型膠原和Ⅲ型膠原等多種基質(zhì)蛋白以及腫瘤壞死因子-α、白細(xì)胞介素-1β等促炎性細(xì)胞因子,從而引起心肌纖維化[9];Hcy促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞遷移、增殖和分化,并抵抗其自噬和凋亡,加速纖維化的進(jìn)展[13];Hcy提高轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β水平,從而促進(jìn)心肌重構(gòu)和纖維化[14];Hcy具有氧化作用,損傷內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,從而導(dǎo)致肌壁硬化和心臟功能障礙[15]。另外,Li等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),硒可降低高Hcy引起的大鼠心肌炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),并抑制成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖。Zhao等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),二甲雙胍可通過(guò)降低高Hcy誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡來(lái)逆轉(zhuǎn)大鼠心肌纖維化。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)充葉酸和維生素B復(fù)合物對(duì)降低小鼠Hcy水平、改善心肌纖維化有一定作用[14,17]。然而,目前臨床上尚無(wú)有效緩解心肌纖維化的特異性治療方案。因此,早期控制Hcy水平可延緩心肌纖維化的出現(xiàn),降低心臟不良事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
既往研究證實(shí),Hcy水平增高可引起心臟房室重構(gòu),其機(jī)制可能是Hcy相關(guān)氧化應(yīng)激增加,引起基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶活性增高,從而導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞間膠原蛋白降解,促進(jìn)房室擴(kuò)張[18-19]。在本研究中,高Hcy組LAD、LVEDD高于正常Hcy組,Hcy與LAD、LVEDD呈正相關(guān),提示左心重構(gòu)與Hcy水平增高有關(guān),但RAD、RVEDD在2組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示左心對(duì)高Hcy引起的損傷變化可能較右心更為敏感。既往研究顯示,高Hcy會(huì)誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞肥大,與室壁增厚、心臟質(zhì)量增加有關(guān)[11,20]。本研究結(jié)果亦證實(shí),高Hcy組LVM和LVMI高于正常Hcy組,且Hcy與LVM和LVMI呈正相關(guān)。此外,2組LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF存在差異,Hcy與LVEDV、LVESV呈正相關(guān),與LVEF呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示在高血壓患者中,高Hcy與心臟收縮和舒張功能降低有關(guān)。高血壓患者由于長(zhǎng)期血壓升高,心臟可表現(xiàn)為房室增大、質(zhì)量增加和心功能減退,而高Hcy可通過(guò)多種途徑加重心臟重構(gòu),且在高血壓的背景下重構(gòu)作用更強(qiáng)[21-22]。高血壓會(huì)導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈硬化,而高Hcy可通過(guò)炎癥或免疫反應(yīng)加重高血壓對(duì)動(dòng)脈的損傷,進(jìn)而影響心臟功能。因此,高Hcy和高血壓對(duì)于心血管疾病的發(fā)生具有協(xié)同作用,對(duì)血管的可能作用機(jī)制是促進(jìn)血管壁彈力纖維溶解和膠原纖維合成,從而改變血管壁的纖維構(gòu)成;抑制和降解NO,從而影響血管舒張功能,且其具有較強(qiáng)的氧化作用,能夠損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,引起血管硬化和血管收縮功能障礙。
綜上所述,高血壓患者Hcy水平與心肌纖維化相關(guān),Hcy水平越高,心肌纖維化程度越重。此外,高Hcy水平也會(huì)引起左室重構(gòu)和功能障礙,臨床醫(yī)生需要對(duì)高血壓合并高同型半胱氨酸血癥的患者盡早進(jìn)行干預(yù)。
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(2022-07-14收稿 2022-10-12修回)
(本文編輯 陸榮展)