[摘要] 目的
探討TLR3基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性與兒童過敏性紫癜(Henoch-Schnlein purpura,HSP)及紫癜性腎炎(Henoch-Schnlein purpura nephritis,HSPN)易感性的相關(guān)性。
方法 選擇HSP患兒174例作為病例組,選擇同期體檢的162例健康兒童作為對(duì)照組。根據(jù)病例組患兒在隨訪過程中是否合并腎臟損害分為HSP組、HSPN組。采用多重聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)技術(shù)(M-PCR)靶向捕獲TLR3基因rs35311343、rs121434431、rs199768900、rs768091235、rs1244010954位點(diǎn),通過高通量測序技術(shù)對(duì)所有樣本的上述位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行測序,根據(jù)測序結(jié)果進(jìn)行各位點(diǎn)基因型以及基因頻率的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
結(jié)果 病例組與對(duì)照組TLR3基因rs35311343、rs121434431、rs199768900、rs768091235、rs1244010954位點(diǎn)的各基因型頻率和各等位基因頻率比較,差異無顯著意義(Pgt;0.05)。病例組中HSP組與HSPN組TLR3基因rs121434431、rs199768900、rs768091235、rs1244010954位點(diǎn)的各基因型頻率和各等位基因頻率比較,差異無顯著性(Pgt;0.05);rs35311343位點(diǎn)的基因型頻率與等位基因頻率比較差異有顯著性(χ2=9.492,OR=2.662,95%CI=1.342~5.281,P<0.05)。
結(jié)論 TLR3基因rs35311343位點(diǎn)CG基因型與兒童過敏性紫癜腎臟受累有關(guān),等位基因G可能是HSPN的易感基因。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 紫癜,過敏性;Toll樣受體3;多態(tài)性,單核苷酸;腎炎;高通量核苷酸序列分析;兒童
[中圖分類號(hào)] R726.92;R554.6
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TLR3 gene with Henoch-Schnlein purpura in children
QU Fengxiang, CHANG Hong, LIN Yi
(Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)
; [ABSTRACT]\ Objective To investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TLR3 gene with susceptibility to Henoch-Schnlein purpura (HSP) and Henoch-Schnlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) in children.
Methods A total of 174 children with HSP were enrolled as case group, and 162 healthy children who underwent physical examination during the same period of time were enrolled as control group. The children in the case group were divided into HSP group and HSPN group accor-
ding to the presence or absence of renal damage during follow-up. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used for targeted capture of the rs35311343, rs121434431, rs199768900, rs768091235, and rs1244010954 loci of the TLR3 gene, high-throughput sequencing was performed for the above loci of all samples, and a statistical analysis was performed for the genotype and gene frequency of each locus.
Results There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of the rs35311343, rs121434431, rs199768900, rs768091235, and rs1244010954 loci of the TLR3 gene between the case group and the control group (Pgt;0.05). For the case group, there were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of the rs121434431, rs199768900, rs768091235, and rs1244010954 loci of the TLR3 gene between the HSP group and the HSPN group (Pgt;0.05), while there was a significant difference in the genotype and allele frequencies of the rs35311343 locus between the two groups (χ2=9.492,OR=2.662,95%CI=1.342-5.281,Plt;0.05).
Conclusion The CG genotype of the rs35311343 locus of the TLR3 gene is associated with renal involvement in children with HSP, and allele G may be a susceptibility gene for HSPN.
[KEY WORDS] Purpura, schoenlein-henoch; Toll-like receptor 3; Polymorphism, single nucleotide; Nephritis; High-throughput nucleotide sequencing; Child
兒童過敏性紫癜(Henoch-Schnlein purpura,HSP)是一種常發(fā)生于兒童的小血管炎,可導(dǎo)致各種臨床癥狀,如皮膚紫癜、關(guān)節(jié)炎和(或)關(guān)節(jié)痛、腹痛和腎臟受累。據(jù)報(bào)道,20%~55%的過敏性紫癜患兒會(huì)發(fā)生腎臟受累[1],其中部分腎損害可進(jìn)展為腎功能不全,這決定了HSP患兒的遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后。目前HSP的發(fā)病率呈逐年增高趨勢,但是其確切的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不十分清楚。T細(xì)胞功能改變、細(xì)胞因子分泌異常、炎癥遞質(zhì)參與、凝血與纖溶機(jī)制紊亂以及易感基因等多方面因素可能均參與了該病的發(fā)病過程[2]。
Toll樣受體(TLRs)是一種非特異性的天然免疫受體,可特異性識(shí)別dsRNA,最終誘導(dǎo)一型干擾素以及炎性細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子的產(chǎn)生。TLR3基因存在多個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)位點(diǎn),而編碼區(qū)DNA序列中SNP的出現(xiàn)會(huì)影響到TLR3蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能或表達(dá)水平,引起下游信號(hào)通路功能障礙,從而導(dǎo)致自身免疫性疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高。因此,本研究旨在對(duì)TLR3基因rs35311343、rs121434431、rs199768900、rs768091235、rs1244010954的SNP與HSP以及紫癜性腎炎(Henoch-Schnlein purpura nephritis,HSPN)的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行研究和探討,以期為HSPN的個(gè)性化治療提供理論依據(jù)。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選擇2017年1月—2019年12月青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院兒科收治的174例HSP患兒作為病例組,根據(jù)病例組患兒在隨診期間是否出現(xiàn)腎臟受累表現(xiàn),分為HSP組(104例)和HSPN組(70例),病例組患兒隨訪時(shí)間至少為6個(gè)月,平均的隨診時(shí)間為(9.1±2.7)月。此外,選擇同一時(shí)期兒童保健科體檢的162例年齡匹配的健康兒童作為對(duì)照組。
1.2 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
HSP的診斷參考2006年EULAR/PReS制定兒童血管炎的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]。紫癜性腎炎的診斷參考中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)兒科學(xué)分會(huì)腎臟病學(xué)組2009年制定的紫癜性腎炎的診治循證指南(試行)中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.3.1 標(biāo)本收集及DNA提取 清晨采集所有受試者空腹外周靜脈血2 mL,置于EDTA抗凝管中,使用-80 ℃超低溫冰箱保存?zhèn)溆?。使用天根生化科技(北京)有限公司的血液基因組DNA提取試劑盒進(jìn)行DNA提取。
1.3.2 目的基因SNP分析 應(yīng)用Primer 3軟件針對(duì)目的基因全長進(jìn)行特異性多重引物設(shè)計(jì)(表1)。引物合成由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成。PCR反應(yīng)擴(kuò)增條件:94 ℃預(yù)變性3 min:然后95 ℃變性 30 s,58 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,72 ℃延伸5 min,共30個(gè)循環(huán)。將擴(kuò)增后的DNA進(jìn)行qPCR檢測。按照SOP標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將橋式PCR產(chǎn)物放置Illumina X-10平臺(tái)上機(jī)測序。根據(jù)測序結(jié)果進(jìn)行各位點(diǎn)基因型及基因頻率的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 24.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,以Sequencer 4.9軟件對(duì)測序結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析。定性資料采用例(率)表示,兩組間定性資料的比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn),采用95%CI和優(yōu)勢比(OR)評(píng)價(jià)基因位點(diǎn)與各組間的相關(guān)性。
2 結(jié)" 果
2.1 病例組與對(duì)照組TLR3基因各位點(diǎn)基因型頻率和等位基因頻率比較
病例組與對(duì)照組患兒TLR3基因rs35311343、rs121434431、rs199768900、rs768091235、rs12440-
10954位點(diǎn)的各基因型頻率和各等位基因頻率比較,差異無顯著性(Pgt;0.05),見表2、3。
2.2 病例組的HSP組與HSPN組中TLR3基因各位點(diǎn)基因型頻率和等位基因頻率比較
病例組當(dāng)中,HSP組與HSPN組患兒TLR3基因的rs121434431、rs199768900、rs768091235以及rs1244010954位點(diǎn)的各基因型頻率和各等位基因頻率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);HSPN組患兒TLR3基因rs35311343位點(diǎn)的CG基因型頻率明顯高于HSP組患兒(χ2=9.492,P<0.05);HSPN組患兒TLR3基因rs35311343位點(diǎn)G等位基因頻率明顯地高于HSP組患兒(χ2=8.294,P<0.05),攜帶G等位基因的患兒發(fā)生HSP合并腎臟損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯地增加(OR=2.662,95%CI=1.342~5.281)。見表4、5。
2.3 Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律檢測
Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律檢測的結(jié)果顯示,受試對(duì)象的基因型分布頻率差異無顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),證明受試群體達(dá)到遺傳平衡,即具有群體代表性。
3 討" 論
HSP是一種常見的由IgA介導(dǎo)的系統(tǒng)性血管炎性疾病。4~6歲兒童發(fā)生率最高[5],大多數(shù)HSP患兒預(yù)后極佳。部分患兒病變累及腎臟,可導(dǎo)致不可逆腎臟病。對(duì)于HSP患兒的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷、治療已經(jīng)有了諸多研究,但是關(guān)于該病病因與發(fā)生機(jī)制尚不明確[6]。SAITO等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HSPN患者的外周血單核細(xì)胞中TLR3基因的表達(dá)水平出現(xiàn)明顯上調(diào)。
TLR是一個(gè)細(xì)胞受體家族,在人類其由10個(gè)成員組成(TLR1~10),由免疫細(xì)胞和非免疫細(xì)胞不同亞群表達(dá)[8]。TLRs產(chǎn)生的信號(hào)通過MAPK途徑和NF-κB途徑轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),召募細(xì)胞內(nèi)促炎因子和共刺激分子,激發(fā)機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)[9]。TLR3是病毒雙鏈RNA的病原體識(shí)別受體,已有研究證實(shí)TLR3會(huì)觸發(fā)MRL1pr小鼠中已建立的免疫復(fù)合物疾病的惡化[10]。目前已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR3基因的SNP與骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(OA)[11]、1型糖尿?。═1DM)[12]、哮喘[13]、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)[14]、膀胱癌[15]等疾病有關(guān)。該基因多態(tài)性的改變可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致自身免疫性疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。
本研究中,TLR3基因rs35311343、rs121434-431、rs199768900、rs768091235、rs1244010954位點(diǎn)與HSPN的發(fā)病無明顯相關(guān)性,該結(jié)果可能與各分組選擇樣本量過少有關(guān)系,從而可能導(dǎo)致實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果出現(xiàn)偏差,后期會(huì)通過加大樣本量進(jìn)一步研究。TLR3基因rs35311343位點(diǎn)的CG基因型以及G等位基因頻率均與HSPN的發(fā)病率升高有關(guān)系,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果提示等位基因G在HSP組與HSPN組中差異也有顯著性。因此可以推測,與攜帶C等位基因的HSP患兒相比,攜帶G等位基因的HSP患兒發(fā)生HSP后,其合并腎臟損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相應(yīng)增高。
有學(xué)者研究了TNF-α預(yù)處理對(duì)多肌苷-聚胞苷酸(polyIC)誘導(dǎo)的TLR3信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的作用,結(jié)果顯示TLR3/IFN-β/RIG-I/CCL5軸的活化參與了狼瘡腎炎的發(fā)展,polyIC可誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生短暫性蛋白尿,促使尿CD80的排泄,并可增加腎小球足細(xì)胞CD80的產(chǎn)生,提示TLR3信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)參與了活動(dòng)性腎病綜合征蛋白尿的發(fā)生[16-17]。
感染是多數(shù)HSP患兒的誘發(fā)因素,中性粒細(xì)胞趨化因子CXC基序趨化因子1(CXCL1/GROα)是強(qiáng)中性粒細(xì)胞趨化因子[18]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR3信號(hào)的激活可以誘導(dǎo)腎小球膜細(xì)胞中CXCL1的表達(dá),其在區(qū)域炎癥反應(yīng)中起重要作用[19]。另外,腎小球內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(GECs)中的黏附分子E-選擇素在GECs中起重要作用,免疫熒光法檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),CXCL1在新月型和非新月型紫癜性腎炎患者腎組織活檢標(biāo)本中表達(dá)增高[18]。腎小球系膜炎性趨化因子/細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)在紫癜性腎炎的發(fā)病過程中起著關(guān)鍵作用,細(xì)胞因子過度活化可引起全身或局部免疫反應(yīng),甚至與自身免疫相互作用,直接或間接造成腎臟損害。
綜上所述,TLR3基因rs35311343位點(diǎn)等位基因G可能是兒童HSP腎臟損害的危險(xiǎn)因素,基因調(diào)控致患兒血清細(xì)胞因子水平改變可能是其致病原因。TLR3基因多態(tài)性對(duì)HSPN的易感性和患兒的預(yù)后有重要影響。TLR3基因多態(tài)性的研究為患兒的個(gè)體化治療提供了新的方向。
倫理批準(zhǔn)和知情同意:本研究涉及的所有試驗(yàn)均已通過青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的審核批準(zhǔn)。受試對(duì)象或其親屬已經(jīng)簽署知情同意書。
作者聲明:常紅、屈鳳祥參與了實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì);常紅、屈鳳祥、林毅參與了論文的寫作和修改。所有作者均閱讀并同意發(fā)表該論文,且均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(本文編輯 耿波)