魏楊 陳國(guó)祥 阿地力·沙塔爾 買(mǎi)買(mǎi)托合提·吐孫 田光宇
doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.03.016
摘? 要:【目的】篩選出對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)具有較強(qiáng)防效的農(nóng)藥。
【方法】采用生測(cè)法和噴霧法分別測(cè)定5種農(nóng)藥對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的室內(nèi)毒力和評(píng)價(jià)田間藥效。
【結(jié)果】5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的3齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力最高,其LC50值為4.12 mg/L,其次為10%高效氯氟氰菊酯、14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟和10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺,LC50值分別為8.23、15.14和16.07 mg/L;25%甲維·滅幼脲毒力最低,LC50值為40.65 mg/L;10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺1 000倍稀釋液和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲2 000倍稀釋液對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)毒殺效果最好,處理24 h后,對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)校正死亡率均達(dá)到85%以上,72 h時(shí)達(dá)到100%。10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲的速效性最好,田間施藥1 d后,防效能達(dá)到60%以上。施藥后5 d,防效分別為87.72%和82.46%,顯著高于其他農(nóng)藥。
【結(jié)論】10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲對(duì)和田縣桃樹(shù)栽植區(qū)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)具有較好的控制效果。
關(guān)鍵詞:梨小食心蟲(chóng);室內(nèi)毒力測(cè)定;田間藥效評(píng)價(jià)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S436.612??? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??? 文章編號(hào):1001-4330(2024)03-0665-07
收稿日期(Received):
2023-08-02
基金項(xiàng)目:
新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2021B02004)“核桃重大蛀果害蟲(chóng)暴發(fā)成災(zāi)規(guī)律、監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警及防控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(2021B02004-1)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:
魏楊(1998-),女,新疆焉耆人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)樯直Wo(hù),(E-mail)2496910387@qq.com
通訊作者:
阿地力·沙塔爾(1968-),男,新疆莎車(chē)人,教授,碩士生/博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)榱謽I(yè)有害生物監(jiān)測(cè)與防控,(E-mail)adl1968@126.com
0? 引 言
【研究意義】新疆和田地區(qū)是新疆核桃(Juglans regia)栽植區(qū)之一,和田縣核桃總面積2 000 hm2,占全縣林果面積的53%。2018年和田縣布扎克、拉依喀等鄉(xiāng)核桃—桃樹(shù)混栽區(qū)的核桃受到了梨小食心蟲(chóng)的危害,其第一代和第二代主要危害桃嫩稍和果實(shí),從第三代開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)移至核桃危害。因此,有效防控梨小食心蟲(chóng)對(duì)核桃的危害、確保核桃高產(chǎn)有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】梨小食心蟲(chóng)(Grapholita molesta)屬鱗翅目卷蛾科,在新疆南北疆均有分布,一年可發(fā)生4至5代,其發(fā)生世代數(shù)和發(fā)生量因地理位置的不同而產(chǎn)生差異[1-4]。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】梨小食心蟲(chóng)的發(fā)生危害有上升趨勢(shì),對(duì)梨、桃果樹(shù)構(gòu)成威脅[5-6]。目前,針對(duì)防治梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)防治的研究較少,室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)幼蟲(chóng)存在一定的難度。目前市場(chǎng)上防治梨小食心蟲(chóng)的化學(xué)藥劑種類(lèi)較多,需篩選出對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)具有較強(qiáng)防效的農(nóng)藥?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】以5種新型農(nóng)藥為藥劑,測(cè)定農(nóng)藥對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的室內(nèi)毒力。設(shè)置不同濃度配比試驗(yàn),評(píng)價(jià)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的田間防治效果,分析最有效的農(nóng)藥,為和田地區(qū)核桃栽植區(qū)有效防控梨小食心蟲(chóng)提供技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。
1? 材料與方法
1.1? 材 料
1.1.1? 供試?yán)ハx(chóng)
供試?yán)嫘∈承南x(chóng)蟲(chóng)源采自新疆和田地區(qū)和田縣拉依喀鄉(xiāng)恰喀村桃園3齡幼蟲(chóng),在溫度(25±1)℃、相對(duì)濕度60%~80%、光周期L∶D=16∶8的智能人工氣候箱內(nèi)(上海鴻都電子科技有限公司)飼養(yǎng),當(dāng)日即完成試驗(yàn)。
1.1.2? 供試藥劑
10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺CS(黑龍江森工農(nóng)化有限公司);5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲CS(黑龍江森工農(nóng)化有限公司);10%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW(常州沃富斯農(nóng)化有限公司);14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟CS(先正達(dá)南通作物保護(hù)有限公司);25%甲維·滅幼脲CS(安陽(yáng)市安林生物化工有限責(zé)任公司)。
1.2? 方 法
1.2.1? 不同藥劑處理對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的室內(nèi)毒力測(cè)定
藥劑處理:10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)1 000、1 500、2 000、2 500、3 000倍液;5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)2 000、3 000、4 000、5 000、6 000倍液;10%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EW) 2 000、3 000、4 000、5 000、6 000倍液;14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)2 000、3 000、4 000、5 000、6 000倍液;25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)2 000、3 000、4 000、5 000、6 000倍液;以清水(CK)作空白對(duì)照。
采用生測(cè)法測(cè)定,選取大小相似且活力較強(qiáng)的3齡幼蟲(chóng)作為供試蟲(chóng)體。每個(gè)濃度處理3次重復(fù),每重復(fù)30頭幼蟲(chóng),將試蟲(chóng)浸漬在藥液中8 s后取出晾干[7],用濾紙吸掉多余的藥液然后移入智能人工氣候箱培養(yǎng)(溫度(25±1)℃、相對(duì)濕度60%、光照L∶D=16∶8),于24、48、72、96 h后觀察以毛筆輕觸蟲(chóng)體,不動(dòng)者視為死亡,統(tǒng)計(jì)死蟲(chóng)數(shù)并計(jì)算死亡率、校正死亡率和LC50(95%置信限度)。
死亡率=死蟲(chóng)數(shù)總蟲(chóng)數(shù)×100%;(1)
校正死亡率=(處理組死亡率-對(duì)照組死亡率)(1-對(duì)照組死亡率)×100%。(2)
1.2.2? 不同藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的田間藥效評(píng)價(jià)
桃樹(shù)品種為毛桃,樹(shù)齡10年生左右;周邊混栽核桃,林間間作玉米,近1個(gè)月未進(jìn)行過(guò)任何化學(xué)藥劑防治。共設(shè)15個(gè)處理,每種藥劑設(shè)3個(gè)處理,每個(gè)處理設(shè)置3個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)為 3 棵樹(shù),隨機(jī)排列。2022年7月4日在田間施藥,使用背負(fù)式手持噴霧器施藥,施藥壓力0.2~0.3 MPa,采用果實(shí)均勻噴霧法處理,噴液量以均勻噴濕果實(shí)、有藥液下滴為度,7月20日結(jié)束蛀果率調(diào)查。整個(gè)試驗(yàn)期間僅施藥1次。
稱(chēng)取適當(dāng)篩選的藥劑,分別溶入純水中,待溶解完全后使用。以清水為空白對(duì)照。
施藥前1d調(diào)查各處理區(qū)蟲(chóng)口基數(shù);施藥后于1、3、5、7 d調(diào)查蛀果率,在每棵樹(shù)東、南、西、北4個(gè)方位各隨機(jī)選取25個(gè)果實(shí),調(diào)查、記錄受害果實(shí)數(shù)。依據(jù)藥前蛀果數(shù)和藥后不同時(shí)間段的蛀果數(shù),計(jì)算各處理區(qū)和空白對(duì)照區(qū)的蛀果率和防效。
蟲(chóng)果率(%)=蟲(chóng)果數(shù)調(diào)查總數(shù)×100%;(3)
防效(%)=對(duì)照區(qū)蛀果率-處理區(qū)蛀果率對(duì)照區(qū)蛀果率×100%。 (4)
1.3? 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,應(yīng)用Duncan氏新復(fù)極差法進(jìn)行差異顯著性檢驗(yàn)。
2? 結(jié)果與分析
2.1? 不同藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)的毒力測(cè)試
研究表明,藥后24 h后,在供試5種藥劑中,5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)毒力最高,LC50為4.12 mg/L;其次為10%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EW),LC50為8.23 mg/L;14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)和10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)毒力相差不大,LC50分別為15.14和16.07 mg/L;25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)毒力最低,LC50為40.65 mg/L。5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)和10%高效氯氟氰菊酯(CS)對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)的毒力較高。表1
2.2? 不同藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)的毒力測(cè)定
研究表明,供試5種藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)速效性和殺滅作用較大。10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)的速效性最好,殺滅效果也顯著高于其他處理。處理24 h后,10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)1 000倍液處理和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)2 000倍液處理的幼蟲(chóng)校正死亡率均達(dá)到85%以上,處理72 h后校正死亡率達(dá)到100%,各濃度梯度間存在差異(P<0.05)。10%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EW)2 000倍液處理后的幼蟲(chóng)48 h校正死亡率達(dá)93.90%,處理96 h后達(dá)到100%,對(duì)毒殺幼蟲(chóng)的速效性較好,經(jīng)4 000倍液和5 000倍液處理后48 h校正死亡率均未達(dá)到85%,參試的5個(gè)濃度間殺蟲(chóng)效果存在顯著差異(P<0.05)。14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)各濃度處理間存在顯著差異(P<0.05),2 000倍液處理后的幼蟲(chóng)48 h校正死亡率為92.68%,其余4個(gè)濃度處理后的死亡率均不到90%;25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)的毒殺效果最差,各濃度處理后的幼蟲(chóng)48 h死亡率均達(dá)不到85%,處理96 h后死亡率最高只達(dá)98%左右,其速效性和持效性均較差。供試5種藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)的48 h后毒殺效果依次為10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)>5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)>14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)>10%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EW)>25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)。表2
2.3? 不同施藥時(shí)間各處理濃度對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)的殺蟲(chóng)效果
研究表明,處理后不同時(shí)間段,不同藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)的致死率存在顯著差異(P<0.05),隨著時(shí)間的增長(zhǎng),死亡率均呈上升趨勢(shì)。在處理72 h后,10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)所處理幼蟲(chóng)的死亡率均達(dá)到峰值,而25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)在處理96h后未達(dá)到峰值,可見(jiàn)10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)毒殺作用的速效性較好。處理24 h后,10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)的致死率達(dá)85%,藥效發(fā)揮作用較快;處理48 h后,10%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EW)和14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)處理的幼蟲(chóng)死亡率明顯上升,曲線較其他處理更加陡峭,斜率K值較大,死亡率分別上升了10.37%和12.68%,相對(duì)于其他處理,呈現(xiàn)出較快的致死效果,表明10%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EW)和14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)在處理24 h至48 h期間殺蟲(chóng)效果最佳。處理48 h至72 h后,14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)和25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)曲線斜率較大,死亡率上升最快,分別上升了6.02%和5.75%,其他處理曲線趨于平緩,10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)所處理幼蟲(chóng)的死亡率達(dá)到100%。14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)和25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS),隨著時(shí)間的增長(zhǎng)后期藥效發(fā)揮作用更大。但在處理96h后,25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)處理幼蟲(chóng)的死亡率未達(dá)到100%,較其他處理持續(xù)藥效有所下降。圖1
2.4? 不同藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的田間藥效試驗(yàn)
研究表明,供試5種藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)的田間防效與室內(nèi)毒力測(cè)定結(jié)果大體相符,各濃度梯度間存在一定的差異(P<0.05)。10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)的速效性最好,田間施藥1 d后,防效達(dá)到60%以上。施藥5 d后,藥效作用發(fā)揮最大,防效分別為87.72%和82.46%,各濃度梯度間差異顯著(P<0.05)。10%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EW)速效性較差,但持效性較好,施藥1 d后,防效達(dá)不到60%,施藥5 d后 ,防效達(dá)85.96%,并有一定的持效期。14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)和25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)的防治效果不理想,施藥1d后,防效達(dá)不到60%,施藥7 d后,14%氯蟲(chóng)·高氯氟(CS)藥效達(dá)到最大,而25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)防效僅為66.67%,各濃度梯度間存在顯著差異(P<0.05)。供試5種藥劑對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)均有一定的防治效果,僅在速效性和持效性方面存在差異。表3
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3? 討 論
3.1
梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)期危害較隱蔽,運(yùn)用化學(xué)防治很難發(fā)揮有效的作用。卵期是防治梨小食心蟲(chóng)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期[8],各處理對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)卵的防治效果均很低,甚至沒(méi)有作用[9]。
試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)毒力最高,是一種新型的復(fù)配廣譜性殺蟲(chóng)劑,具有胃毒和觸殺作用,通過(guò)作用于害蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)、阻止脫皮過(guò)程而殺死害蟲(chóng)??稍谔幚?8 h內(nèi)快速高效地毒殺幼蟲(chóng),田間施藥后5d防效為85%以上,速效性和持效性均較好。氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)具有其他殺蟲(chóng)劑不具備的全新殺蟲(chóng)原理,通過(guò)高效激活昆蟲(chóng)魚(yú)尼?。╕anodine receptor,RyR)受體,過(guò)度釋放細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子,從而導(dǎo)致昆蟲(chóng)癱瘓死亡[10]。庚琴等[11]研究得出,氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺對(duì)于初孵幼蟲(chóng)毒力較高,但試驗(yàn)中,10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)LC50并不高,可能是高齡幼蟲(chóng)對(duì)藥劑的抵抗力較強(qiáng)導(dǎo)致,其作用機(jī)理更適合低齡幼蟲(chóng)。10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)活性高,速效性和持效性均較好,田間防效可持續(xù)至7d左右,防效達(dá)80.56%。其防治效果和防效趨勢(shì)與前人研究相符[12-13]。陳靜等[14]研究表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯(EW)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)防治效果較好,對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)具有趨避、擊倒及毒殺的作用,活性較高,藥效迅速,對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)的毒力較高。在處理24 h至48 h后,發(fā)揮最大的藥效作用,校正死亡率達(dá)93.90%。田間施藥后各濃度梯度間存在差異,菊酯類(lèi)藥劑屬低溫系列藥劑,溫度較低時(shí)藥效發(fā)揮最大,施藥期間正處于夏季連續(xù)高溫時(shí)期,高溫對(duì)其藥效產(chǎn)生了一定的影響,與前人研究該藥劑的防效結(jié)果相符[15-16]。25%甲維·滅幼脲(CS)的速效性和持效性均不高,室內(nèi)毒殺幼蟲(chóng)在處理48h后校正死亡率為85%左右,但在田間防效僅為60%左右,對(duì)高齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒殺作用不明顯,不能有效地控制幼蟲(chóng)的危害。
梨小食心蟲(chóng)在和田地區(qū)發(fā)生世代較多且世代重疊現(xiàn)象明顯,故田間施藥時(shí)間各蟲(chóng)齡均有發(fā)生,同時(shí)受發(fā)生程度、溫度、氣候等客觀因素影響,防治效果不是很理想,其速效性和持效性有待進(jìn)一步深入研究。此外,供試藥劑種類(lèi)和劑型較單一,僅有微囊懸浮劑和水乳劑,而微囊懸浮劑附著性好,能滲透到葉片中,耐雨水沖刷,持效期長(zhǎng),更適合實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中使用。
4? 結(jié) 論
10%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(CS)和5%甲維鹽·虱螨脲(CS)見(jiàn)效快、持效期長(zhǎng),是田間防治梨小食心蟲(chóng)的理想藥劑。田間防治時(shí),將以上2種藥劑交替使用,注意安全間隔期及濃度,可以減緩梨小食心蟲(chóng)的抗藥性。
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Indoor toxicity determination and field efficacy trials of several pesticides against Grapholita molesta in walnut production areas of Hotan County
WEI Yang1,CHEN Guoxiang1,Adili Sattar1, Mahamatopiti Tusun2,TIAN Guangyu1
(1.College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,China; 2.Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Hotan Country,Hotan Xinjiang 848000,China)
Abstract:【Objective】 In order to screen out pesticides with strong protection and extermination against pear psyllid based on scientific guidance for production.
【Methods】? In this experiment,the indoor toxicity and field efficacy of five pesticides against pear psyllid were determined by bioassay and spray method respectively.
【Results】 The experiment showed that the toxicity of 5% emamectin benzoate-lufenuron to the 3rd instar larvae of pear borer was the highest,and its LC50 value was 4.12 mg/L,followed by 10% lambda-cyhalothrin,14% chlorpyrifos-permethrin and 10% chlorantraniliprole.The LC50 values were 8.23,15.14 and 16.07 mg/L;25% emamectin benzoate-chlorobenzuron was the lowest toxic with an LC50 value of 40.65 mg/L; while 10% chlorantraniliprole 1,000 times and 5% emamectin benzoate-lufenuron 2,000 times were the most effective in killing the larvae,and the corrected mortality rate of larvae reached more than 85% after 24 h and 100% at 72 h.10% chlorantraniliprole and 5% emamectin benzoate-lufenuron had the best rapid efficacy,and the efficacy of field spraying reached more than 60% after 1 d.The efficacy was 87.72% and 82.46% respectively at 5 d after application,which was significantly higher than other pesticides.
【Conclusion】? In conclusion,10% chlorantraniliprole and 5% emamectin benzoate-lufenuron have good control effect on pear small heartworm larvae in peach planting area in Hotan County.
Key words:Grapholita molesta; indoor toxicity determination; field efficacy evaluation
Fund projects: Project of Key R & D Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021B02004) "Research on Outbreak Regularity,Monitoring and Early Warning and Key Technology of Prevention and Control of Walnut Fruit Pest"(2021B02004-1)
Correspondence author:Adili Shataer(1968-),male,from Shache,Xinjiang,professor,doctor,master's supervisor,research direction: pest monitoring and control in forestry,(E-mail) adl1968@ 126.com