劉聰利 宋露露 齊希梁 李明
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240052
摘??? 要:春佳是以先鋒為母本、龍冠為父本人工雜交選育的大果豐產(chǎn)型中晚熟甜櫻桃新品種。果實(shí)近圓形,平均單果質(zhì)量9.8 g,果皮紫紅色,果肉紅色,果汁顏色粉紅,果頂平,果柄長(zhǎng)度中等,粗度中等。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)20.8%,可溶性糖含量14.52%,可滴定酸含量1.06%,維生素C含量12.6 mg·100 g-1,果肉脆硬,酸甜適口,品質(zhì)極佳。樹(shù)勢(shì)健壯,樹(shù)姿半直立,分枝力強(qiáng),以花束狀果枝和短果枝結(jié)果為主。春佳耐花期高溫,豐產(chǎn)性和穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好,畸形果極少,商品果率高。在鄭州地區(qū),春佳盛花期在3月30—31日,成熟期在5月28日左右,果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育期約58 d。春佳自花不實(shí),S基因型是S1S9。
關(guān)鍵詞:甜櫻桃;新品種;春佳;中晚熟
中圖分類號(hào):S662.5?????????? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??????????? 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)05-1019-04
收稿日期:2024-01-24??????? 接受日期:2024-02-19
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項(xiàng)目(3210180675);中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新工程專項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)(CAAS-ASTIP-ZFRI)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:劉聰利,女,副研究員,主要從事櫻桃種質(zhì)資源和遺傳育種研究。Tel:0371-65330965,E-mail:liucongli@caas.cn
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:liming06@caas.cn
果 樹(shù) 學(xué) 報(bào) 2024,41(5): 1019-1022
Journal of Fruit Science
A new mid-late ripening sweet cherry cultivar Chunjia
LIU Congli, SONG Lulu, QI Xiliang, LI Ming*
(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, CAAS, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China)
Abstract: Chunjia is a new mid-late ripening sweet cherry cultivar bred from a cross between Van and Longguan at Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, CAAS. The breeding work started in March 2002, and mature hybrid fruits were collected from Van and stored in a 4 ℃ refrigerator for low-temperature stratification treatment. In the spring of 2003, the seeds were sown in the greenhouse and one hundred and twenty hybrid seedlings were planted successfully. In the spring of 2004, the seedlings were transplanted into the breeding nursery of Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute. By the spring of 2007, most seedlings started to bear fruits. The indicators of fruit were investigated for three years from 2008 to 2010, including maturity period, soluble solids content, titratable acid, fruit weight and fruit firmness. The offspring numbered 22-55 was selected as a final superior strain for its big fruit, good taste and stable high yield. It was grafted on a ZY-1 semi-dwarf rootstock and planted in four different areas for variety evaluation test starting from 2011. The variety was examined and approved by Henan Forest Tree Variety Evaluation Committee and named Chunjia in 2021. The tree is upright with strong growth vigor and branches. It has some characteristics including crack resistance, excellent storage capacity, wide adaptability, high temperature resistance during flowering, and flavor with enjoyable taste. The fruits of Chunjia fruits are round with flat fruit top, and dark red-skinned with glossy surface, and the average fruit weight is 9.8 g. The flesh is red with the pink juice, the soluble solid content is 20.8%, the soluble sugar content is 14.52%, the titratable acid is 1.06%, and the vitamin C content is 12.6 mg·100 g-1. The fruit quality is excellent with rich flavor, crunchy flesh for storage and transportation, and a high commodity fruit rate. In Zhengzhou, Chunjia flowers open on March 30-31, with a flowering period of about a week, and fruits mature in late May, with a fruit development period of about 58 days. Chunjia is a self-incompatible variety with the S-genotype S1S9, and the suitable pollinated varieties include Tieton, Chunlu, Milu, Santina, etc. Generally, grafted seedlings begin to bear the first fruits in the third year after being planted, and enter the full fruiting stage in the fifth year with a yield of over 1200 kg per 666.7 m2.
Key words: Sweet cherry; New cultivar; Chunjia; Mid-late ripening
甜櫻桃(Prunus avium L.)屬薔薇科李屬櫻桃亞屬植物,原產(chǎn)于歐洲黑海沿岸和亞洲西部,是中國(guó)栽培面積最大、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最高的栽培種之一,主要集中在環(huán)渤海灣和隴海鐵路沿線地區(qū)栽培,露地栽培和設(shè)施栽培相結(jié)合,使中國(guó)甜櫻桃鮮果上市期從2月持續(xù)到7月初,深受國(guó)人喜愛(ài),是中國(guó)果樹(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)中的朝陽(yáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)[1]。隨著旅游觀光采摘栽培和電商的蓬勃發(fā)展,改良和提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)是對(duì)當(dāng)前櫻桃育種工作提出的迫切要求。與原產(chǎn)地冷涼的氣候條件相比,國(guó)內(nèi)甜櫻桃栽培區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境復(fù)雜多樣,目前生產(chǎn)中主栽品種多數(shù)引種于國(guó)外,許多在國(guó)外表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的品種引入國(guó)內(nèi)后,花期霜凍或高溫頻發(fā)、夏季高溫高濕、樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)旺盛、成花困難、畸形果率高等問(wèn)題較為突出[2]。因此,培育適應(yīng)本地域生態(tài)氣候的優(yōu)質(zhì)、硬肉、大果、豐產(chǎn)型品種是甜櫻桃育種工作的重點(diǎn)。2002年筆者以先鋒為母本、龍冠為父本進(jìn)行人工雜交育種,經(jīng)過(guò)20余年的選育,培育出果個(gè)大、果肉硬、酸甜適口、品質(zhì)極佳、耐貯運(yùn)、豐產(chǎn)性好的中晚熟甜櫻桃新品種春佳。
1 選育經(jīng)過(guò)
春佳是以先鋒為母本、龍冠為父本人工雜交培育而成。依據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)NY/T 3641—2020《歐洲甜櫻桃品種鑒定 SSR分子標(biāo)記法》公布的核心引物,分析春佳及其父母本的親緣關(guān)系(表1)。
2002年3月下旬,以先鋒為母本、龍冠為父本配置雜交組合,5月下旬采集雜交種子,于4 ℃冰箱內(nèi)低溫層積處理。2003年春播種于溫室,培育獲得雜種實(shí)生苗約120株,2004年春定植于鄭州果樹(shù)研究所櫻桃育種圃。2007年開(kāi)始少量開(kāi)花結(jié)果,初選優(yōu)良單株22-55,2008—2010年連續(xù)3 a(年)對(duì)其果實(shí)成熟期、單果質(zhì)量、可溶性固形物含量、果實(shí)硬度、樹(shù)勢(shì)、花期等植物學(xué)性狀進(jìn)行調(diào)查。2010年22-55被選為優(yōu)系,用ZY-1半矮化砧木嫁接繁殖苗木后在河南省新鄭、新鄉(xiāng)、洛陽(yáng)及山西運(yùn)城等地布點(diǎn)進(jìn)行區(qū)域試驗(yàn)。經(jīng)過(guò)連續(xù)多年多點(diǎn)區(qū)域試驗(yàn)觀察,其生物學(xué)性狀、結(jié)果習(xí)性、豐產(chǎn)性能、果實(shí)品質(zhì)等性狀一致、穩(wěn)定。22-55遺傳了親本樹(shù)勢(shì)健壯、分枝力強(qiáng)、早果豐產(chǎn)性好、果肉硬脆等優(yōu)異特性,同時(shí)果實(shí)大小、品質(zhì)及商品果率等方面較親本有顯著提升。2021年12月通過(guò)河南省林木品種審定委員會(huì)審定(品種編號(hào):豫S-SV-PV-006-2021),命名為春佳(圖1)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
春佳樹(shù)勢(shì)健壯,樹(shù)姿半直立,分枝力強(qiáng);新梢梢尖花青苷顯色程度中等;1年生枝皮孔數(shù)目中多,多年生枝顏色紅褐色;葉片平展,葉片長(zhǎng)度20.74 cm,葉片寬度9.56 cm,長(zhǎng)寬比大,長(zhǎng)橢圓形,葉尖急尾尖,葉基呈廣楔形,葉緣粗重鋸齒,葉柄長(zhǎng)度2.6 cm,葉柄短;葉柄上面有1~4個(gè)中等大小的腎形蜜腺,顏色淺紅;花蕾粉紅色,花冠直徑3.82 cm,花冠中等,花瓣數(shù)量5個(gè),顏色白色,形狀圓形,花瓣之間相對(duì)位置鄰接;果實(shí)近圓形,果皮顏色紫紅,有光澤,果頂平,果肉硬脆,顏色紅色,果汁顏色粉紅;果核小,形狀近圓形;果柄長(zhǎng)度4.2 cm,長(zhǎng)度中等。
2.2 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
春佳果實(shí)近圓形,平均單果質(zhì)量9.8 g,果皮顏色紫紅,有光澤,果肉紅色;果核小,可食率95.2%;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)20.8%,可溶性總糖含量14.52%,可滴定酸含量1.06%,維生素C含量12.6 mg·100 g-1,酸甜適口,風(fēng)味濃郁,品質(zhì)佳,帶皮硬度2.91 kg·cm-2,肉質(zhì)硬脆,耐貯運(yùn)(表2)。春佳耐花期高溫,豐產(chǎn)性好,畸形果極少,商品果率高,抗裂果,果柄長(zhǎng)度中等,成熟后果面均勻著紫紅色,色澤亮麗。與目前生產(chǎn)上同成熟期的主栽品種艷陽(yáng)、薩米脫、賽維、美早等相比,春佳具有果個(gè)大、風(fēng)味濃郁、耐花期高溫的特點(diǎn)。
2.3 生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果習(xí)性
春佳為自花不實(shí)品種,S基因型為S1S9,種植時(shí)需要配置授粉樹(shù)。一般幼樹(shù)定植后第3年開(kāi)始少量掛果,第5年進(jìn)入盛果期。盛果期樹(shù)以短果枝和花束狀果枝結(jié)果為主,早果性和豐產(chǎn)性好,平均每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量在1200 kg以上。
2.4 物候期及抗逆性
不同年份物候期略有差異,在鄭州地區(qū),春佳萌芽期在3月8—11日,始花期在3月27—29日,盛花期在3月30—31日,花期中長(zhǎng),持續(xù)7 d左右。5月13日左右果實(shí)開(kāi)始著色,成熟期在5月28日左右,果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育期約58 d。11月底落葉,生育期約270 d。春佳耐花期高溫,畸形果極少,畸形果率在2%以下,商品果率高,抗裂果,雨水正常年份裂果率在3%以下。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
春佳與砧木親和性好、嫁接成活率高,可采用ZY-1、Gisela 6、蘭丁2號(hào)等半矮化砧木,也可選擇大青葉、馬哈利等喬化砧木進(jìn)行嫁接繁育,每年3月或9月嫁接成活率較高。
建園以中性壤土或壤砂土為主的平地或者山地梯田為宜,株行距可采用(2~3)m×4 m。春佳自花不實(shí),花期中,授粉品種可選擇美早、俄八、蜜露、春露、桑蒂娜等。整形修剪可采用直立中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干形、改良(黃)紡錘形或細(xì)長(zhǎng)紡錘形等樹(shù)形。幼樹(shù)定植后澆透水,依不同樹(shù)形要求定干高度及時(shí)定干。幼樹(shù)整形期間注意及時(shí)開(kāi)角拉枝,疏除背上枝,生長(zhǎng)季對(duì)新梢進(jìn)行反復(fù)摘心,緩和樹(shù)勢(shì),盛果期初期樹(shù)以緩放為主、少短截,促進(jìn)結(jié)果枝組形成,盛果期樹(shù)應(yīng)注重夏季修剪,及時(shí)疏除過(guò)密枝、回縮過(guò)大枝組,改善樹(shù)體結(jié)構(gòu),均衡樹(shù)勢(shì)。
新建果園要加強(qiáng)肥水管理,保持強(qiáng)壯樹(shù)勢(shì),結(jié)合修剪促進(jìn)樹(shù)形快速成型。秋施基肥時(shí)間為8月中下旬至9月上中旬,以腐熟的有機(jī)肥為主,結(jié)合大量元素和中微量元素施入。追肥時(shí)期為花前、花后、果實(shí)膨大期、著色期、果實(shí)采收后。肥料種類為礦源黃腐酸鉀、氨基酸海藻類、微生物菌肥,結(jié)合大量元素和中微量元素進(jìn)行沖施。落花后至采收前每隔10~15 d,葉面噴施0.3%尿素和0.3%磷酸二氫鉀或多元微肥、氨基酸類葉面肥。果園澆水應(yīng)和施肥適當(dāng)結(jié)合,定植1~2 a的小樹(shù)要勤澆水、澆小水,盛果期樹(shù)花前花后澆水要早,硬核期、膨大期澆水要勤而少,越冬水要足,生長(zhǎng)季應(yīng)根據(jù)土壤墑情合理澆水。
病蟲(chóng)害防控和其他果園管理基本同其他甜櫻桃品種[3-4]。定植當(dāng)年幼樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)季應(yīng)注意預(yù)防金龜子,幼樹(shù)期要注意預(yù)防梨小食心蟲(chóng),盛果期樹(shù)要注意預(yù)防紅蜘蛛、介殼蟲(chóng)等,果實(shí)成熟期及時(shí)預(yù)防果蠅和鳥(niǎo)害。在夏季雨季來(lái)臨前或果實(shí)采收后,及時(shí)噴施殺菌劑預(yù)防葉斑病、褐斑病等葉部病害,避免早期落葉,提高花芽質(zhì)量。雨水較多或土壤黏重的地區(qū)要起壟栽培,雨季注意排水。
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