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石墨烯量子點(diǎn)的制備及光學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究

2024-06-16 19:16:59陳樹帆趙會(huì)燕王璐趙樹人
遼寧化工 2024年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:光致發(fā)光水熱法光學(xué)

陳樹帆 趙會(huì)燕 王璐 趙樹人

摘 ?????要:碳納米材料由于獨(dú)特的電學(xué)光學(xué)性質(zhì)得到了廣泛的關(guān)注。其中石墨烯量子點(diǎn)由于好的光學(xué)穩(wěn)定性、豐富的表面修飾、低毒、高的生物相容性等特點(diǎn)被大量學(xué)者廣泛合成研究。首先介紹了石墨烯量子點(diǎn)的基本合成方法,在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)石墨烯量子點(diǎn)光學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了概述。

關(guān) ?鍵 ?詞:石墨烯量子點(diǎn);制備;光學(xué)性質(zhì)

中圖分類號(hào):TQ323 ????文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A ????文章編號(hào): 1004-0935(2024)05-0761-04

近年來,由于富勒烯、碳納米管(CNTs)和石墨烯的發(fā)現(xiàn),以碳為基礎(chǔ)的納米材料(CNMs)憑借其獨(dú)特的光學(xué),電學(xué),熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)和機(jī)械性能受到了眾多科研工作者的關(guān)注與研究[1-6]。碳量子點(diǎn)(CQDs),通常也叫作碳點(diǎn)(CDs),是指直徑小于10 nm的熒光碳納米粒子(CNPs),CQDs具有化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性高、導(dǎo)電能力好、寬的光吸收帶等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[7-10]。石墨烯量子點(diǎn)(GQDs),是CQDs的一個(gè)子集,是指直徑尺寸小于100 nm的石墨烯納米片層,通常來源于石墨烯或氧化石墨烯[11-12]。作為一種新型量子點(diǎn),由于顯著的量子限域和邊際效應(yīng),GQDs表現(xiàn)出許多新穎的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)。GQDs還具有低細(xì)胞毒性、良好的溶解性、化學(xué)惰性、穩(wěn)定的光致發(fā)光、良好的表面接枝等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[13-15]。由于這些獨(dú)特的性質(zhì),很多學(xué)者研究了很多方法合成了GQDs,并對(duì)合成的GQDs的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行了研究。

1 ?石墨烯量子點(diǎn)的制備

目前,GQDs的制備方法已經(jīng)得到了大量的研究,主要分為兩大類:自上而下(top-down)法和自下而上(bottom-up)法[16-19]。Top-down方法主要包含水熱法、電化學(xué)法、微波輔助法等,主要是將大尺寸的碳質(zhì)材料分裂切割從而得到小尺寸的GQDs。Bottom-up方法包含溶液化學(xué)法、有機(jī)分子前體法等,主要是利用一些小分子作為前體,經(jīng)過一系列化學(xué)反應(yīng)得到GQDs。

1.1 ?自上而下(top-down)途徑

水熱法。Pan等利用水熱法以石墨烯片層(graphene?sheets, GSs)為原材料成功合成了GQDs[20-21]。得到的GQDs平均尺寸9.6 nm,發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的藍(lán)光。實(shí)驗(yàn)首先對(duì)氧化石墨烯(graphene?oxide, GO)進(jìn)行熱還原得到GSs,接著用濃H2SO4和濃HNO3在200?℃對(duì)GSs進(jìn)行氧化,氧化后GSs尺寸發(fā)生顯著變化(50 nm~2μm),最后通過透析分離得到超細(xì)GQDs,尺寸范圍(5~13)nm(平均直徑9.6 nm)。Zhu等、Shen等利用水熱法以GO為原材料合成了GQDs[22-23]。

電化學(xué)法。Li等利用電化學(xué)法成功合成了GQDs[24],尺寸(3~5)nm,發(fā)強(qiáng)烈綠光,其水溶液能夠穩(wěn)定保存數(shù)月。制備方法:在0.1 M(mol/L)的磷酸緩沖溶液中(PBS),以石墨烯薄膜(5 mm×10 mm)作為工作電極,Pt絲和Ag/AgCl分別做為對(duì)電極和參考電極,進(jìn)行循環(huán)伏安掃描,掃描電壓±3.0?V,掃描頻率0.5 V/s。利用纖維素酯膜袋分離透析得到水溶性的GQDs溶液。Zhang等利用電化學(xué)法成功合成了GQDs[25],合成的GQDs量子產(chǎn)率高達(dá)14%,平均尺寸5~10 nm,發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的黃光。

微波輔助法。微波輔助法結(jié)合了水熱法和微波法的共同優(yōu)點(diǎn),加熱方便快捷,在GQDs的制備中能夠顯著減少反應(yīng)時(shí)間、提高產(chǎn)物量子產(chǎn)率。Li等利用微波輔助法在酸性條件下以GO為原材料制備了兩種顏色的GQDs[26]。

1.2 ?自下而上(bottom-up)途徑

溶液化學(xué)法?;谘趸s合反應(yīng),Li課題組利用溶液化學(xué)法合成了GQDs[27,28],實(shí)驗(yàn)以3-碘-4-溴苯胺和溴苯甲酸為原料,得到的GQDs尺寸均勻可控,分別包含了168、132、170個(gè)共軛碳原子。

有機(jī)分子前體法。在一些特定條件下,通過熱解或碳化,一些有機(jī)小分子可以作為原材料來制備GQDs。Tang等利用葡萄糖作為原材料且沒有其他試劑的條件下合成了GQDs[29]。并且該實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)通過增加加熱時(shí)間,產(chǎn)物的尺寸也會(huì)增大。實(shí)驗(yàn)中,加熱時(shí)間從1?min延長(zhǎng)到9?min,GQDs尺寸從1.65 nm增大到21 nm。Dong等通過檸檬酸的碳化制備出了GQDs和GO,過程如圖1所示[30]

GO中的黑點(diǎn)代表氧原子[30]

Top-down 和bottom-up這兩種方法各有利弊,top-down合成方法具有原材料豐富,合成量大,操作簡(jiǎn)單等優(yōu)點(diǎn),而且得到的GQDs邊緣通常含有氧化功能基團(tuán),能夠促進(jìn)GQDs的溶解、功能化和鈍化。其缺點(diǎn)是需要特定的設(shè)備、量子產(chǎn)率低、選擇性差,產(chǎn)物尺寸形態(tài)無法控制。與top-down方法不同,bottom-up可以有效控制產(chǎn)物的尺寸、形狀和性質(zhì)。但是也存在一些問題,比如說合成的GQDs容易聚集,產(chǎn)物尺寸較小(大多在5 nm以下),合適的前體分子不容易找到。

2 ?石墨烯量子點(diǎn)的光學(xué)性質(zhì)

2.1 ?紫外-可見吸收(UV-vis)

在GO的UV-vis光譜中,可以觀察到230 nm處有一個(gè)特征峰,這個(gè)特征峰是芳香C=C鍵的π-π*躍遷所形成。在GQDs中,?320 nm處出現(xiàn)了新的譜帶,?這是由于C=O鍵的n-π*躍遷所引起

[20,24,31]。Peng等分別在80?℃、100?℃、120?℃下合成了GQDs,隨著溫度的增加,GQDs的UV-vis吸收峰出現(xiàn)了明顯的藍(lán)移,從330?nm移動(dòng)到

270?nm[32]。Tang等利用水熱法制備得到的GQDs在228 nm、282 nm處有兩個(gè)特征峰,且隨著加熱時(shí)間的增加,GQDs尺寸的增加,兩個(gè)特征峰位置不變[29]。可以發(fā)現(xiàn),通過不同條件制備得到的GQDs,UV-vis光譜略有不同。

2.2 ?光致發(fā)光(Photoluminescence)

尺寸依賴。由于量子限域效應(yīng),GQDs光致發(fā)光(Photoluminescence, PL)表現(xiàn)出尺寸依賴特點(diǎn)。Peng等在不同溫度下制備出尺寸不同的GQDs,?A溶液GQDs尺寸為1~4?nm,B溶液GQDs尺寸為4~8?nm, C溶液GQDs尺寸為7~11?nm,可以看出尺寸不同,PL不同[32]。

激發(fā)依賴。對(duì)于碳基熒光材料來說,發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)和強(qiáng)度隨激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)的變化而變化是一種常見的現(xiàn)象。GQDs也存在這種現(xiàn)象。在Pan等的實(shí)驗(yàn)中[20],當(dāng)激發(fā)光波長(zhǎng)從320 nm增加到420 nm,GQDs的最大發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)逐漸增加,發(fā)射強(qiáng)度迅速降低。發(fā)射強(qiáng)度在320 nm處最高。Li等利用電化學(xué)方法合成的GQDs中也出現(xiàn)了此種現(xiàn)象[24]。當(dāng)激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)在吸收峰(UV-vis)320 nm附近時(shí),PL發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)在473 nm,強(qiáng)度達(dá)到最大。這種性質(zhì)可能是由于不同尺寸GQDs的光選擇性和不同發(fā)射位點(diǎn)[13,23]。

2.3 ?電致化學(xué)發(fā)光(Electrochemiluminescence, ECL)

ECL具有選擇性高、檢測(cè)范圍寬、靈敏度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。許多量子點(diǎn)(Si、CdSe、CdTe、CDs)等都被發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠產(chǎn)生ECL[33-35]。2012年,Li等首次發(fā)現(xiàn)GQDs的ECL[26]。實(shí)驗(yàn)以K2S2O8作為共反應(yīng)物,循環(huán)電壓為0 V~(-1.6)V,GQDs在-1.45?V時(shí)出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)烈的ECL信號(hào)。發(fā)光機(jī)制如圖2所示。

3 ?結(jié) 論

本文對(duì)GQDs的合成方法、光學(xué)性質(zhì)的當(dāng)前研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了介紹。可以發(fā)現(xiàn),大量學(xué)者對(duì)GQDs的合成方法進(jìn)行了研究,所用原材料、處理過程、所用設(shè)備不同,制備出了各種尺寸、形態(tài)的GQDs。文章也對(duì)GQDs的紫外-可見、光致發(fā)光、電致化學(xué)發(fā)光性質(zhì)做了介紹。

這些獨(dú)特的電學(xué)、光學(xué)性質(zhì)也使得GQDs在化學(xué)分析、光學(xué)材料、醫(yī)學(xué)、生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域都得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用[36-39]。未來,相信隨著廣大學(xué)者的研究,更多快速簡(jiǎn)單、高質(zhì)量GQDs(例如良好的尺寸控制、形狀控制、良好的水溶性)的合成方法被進(jìn)一步探索出來,更多獨(dú)特的電學(xué)光學(xué)性質(zhì)被研究發(fā)現(xiàn),為GQDs的廣泛應(yīng)用打下更加堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

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Research on Preparation and Optical

Properties of Graphene?Quantum Dots

CHEN Shufan, ZHAO Huiyan?, WANG Lu, ZHAO Shuren

(Zhengzhou Product Quality Inspection and Testing Center, Zhengzhou Henan 450000,?China)

Abstract:?Carbon nanomaterials?has received intensive attention due to unique electrical and optical properties. Among them, graphene?quantum dots has been extensively synthesized and studied by a large number of scholars because of their good excellent stability, rich surface modification, low toxicity and high biocompatibility. In this paper, the basic synthesis method of graphene?quantum dots was firstly introduced, and the optical property research status of graphene?quantum dots was summarized.

Key words:?Graphene?quantum dots; Synthesis; Optical properties

收稿日期: 2023-09-04

作者簡(jiǎn)介: 陳樹帆(1991-),女,河南省駐馬店人,助理工程師,碩士研究生,2017年畢業(yè)于吉林大學(xué)分析化學(xué)專業(yè),研究方向:產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)檢測(cè)。

通信作者: 趙樹人(1965-),男,副處級(jí),碩士研究生,研究方向:產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)檢測(cè)、計(jì)量檢定。

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