【摘要】 神經(jīng)母細胞瘤(neuroblastoma,NB)是兒童常見的異質(zhì)性高、生長迅速且容易轉(zhuǎn)移的惡性腫瘤之一。上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是惡性腫瘤細胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的重要過程。近年來越來越多的研究顯示,中醫(yī)藥對惡性腫瘤細胞EMT過程的抑制作用顯著。本文就涉及EMT的相關(guān)信號通路、中醫(yī)藥對惡性腫瘤細胞EMT的影響及機制、EMT與NB侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系的進展進行綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 神經(jīng)母細胞瘤 上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化 中醫(yī)藥 侵襲 轉(zhuǎn)移
Research Progress in the Mechanism of Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition Influencing the Invasion and Metastasis of Neuroblastoma/CHEN Xiaotong, TIAN Chunmei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(24): -188
[Abstract] Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the common malignant tumors with high heterogeneity, rapid growth, and easy metastasis in children. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process in the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumor cells. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine has a significant inhibitory effect on the EMT process of malignant tumor cells. This article reviews the progress in signaling pathways related to EMT, the influence and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine on EMT in malignant tumor cells, and the relationship between EMT and NB invasion and metastasis.
[Key words] Neuroblastoma Epithelial-mesenchymal transition Traditional Chinese medicine Invasion Metastasis
First-author's address: Child Neurology Department, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256600, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.24.042
上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)是一個在組織穩(wěn)態(tài)和腫瘤發(fā)生等各種生理病理條件下發(fā)揮重要作用的生物學(xué)過程。其特點為將上皮細胞轉(zhuǎn)化為間充質(zhì)細胞,使其黏附能力和凋亡能力降低,而遷移能力和侵襲能力增強[1]。EMT過程可以減弱細胞與細胞間黏附、下調(diào)上皮標(biāo)志物,誘導(dǎo)細胞遷移和間充質(zhì)標(biāo)志物的表達[2]。EMT還與腫瘤的進展、轉(zhuǎn)移及耐藥性有關(guān)。EMT可以使原發(fā)灶的腫瘤細胞獲得遷移和侵襲能力,促進其向遠處器官傳播并最終轉(zhuǎn)移[3-4]。神經(jīng)母細胞瘤(NB)起源于神經(jīng)嵴細胞,是一種常見的小兒顱外惡性腫瘤,可以發(fā)生在交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的任何部位。NB占所有兒童癌癥病例的8%~10%,占全球所有兒童腫瘤死亡病例的15%。雖然采用了包括手術(shù)、放療和聯(lián)合化療在內(nèi)的多模式治療已經(jīng)改善了許多高危NB(high-risk neuroblastoma,HR-NB)患兒的預(yù)后,但是HR-NB患兒的5年生存率仍然低于50%[5-7]。因此,迫切需要尋找具有抗NB腫瘤作用的新藥。
1 EMT涉及的信號通路
1.1 WNT/β-連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)信號通路
WNT/β-catenin信號通路在細胞的發(fā)育、再生和穩(wěn)態(tài)中發(fā)揮重要作用,并調(diào)節(jié)細胞的增殖、遷移和干細胞樣特征[8]。Yang等[9]研究證實抑制WNT/β-catenin信號通路可以通過抑制骨肉瘤(osteosarcoma,OS)細胞的EMT過程,從而抑制其轉(zhuǎn)移,其機制可能與囊泡相關(guān)膜蛋白8(vesicle associated membrane protein 8,VAMP8)通過泛素-蛋白酶體系統(tǒng)促進DEAD框肽5(DEAD box helicase 5,DDX5)的降解有關(guān)。軟骨蛋白1抗體(ALX1)是ALX家族中的一員,其能夠介導(dǎo)脊椎動物間質(zhì)源性元素的生存和發(fā)育,其突變將阻止額、鼻和上頜元素的融合。Jiao等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ALX1在黑色素瘤組織和細胞系中高表達,敲除ALX1可以通過抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路逆轉(zhuǎn)黑色素瘤細胞的EMT過程并抑制其增殖和侵襲,這一研究提示ALX1或許可以作為黑色素瘤治療的新靶點。43kDa的反式激活反應(yīng)DNA結(jié)合蛋白(TDP-43)是一種核蛋白,過表達于肝細胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的組織和細胞系中,可以通過激活Wnt/β-catenin信號通路誘導(dǎo)EMT的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,促進HCC進展。具體機制如下:TDP-43通過靶向抑制GSK3β蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄后翻譯,啟動Wnt/β-catenin信號通路,減少β-catenin在細胞質(zhì)中的磷酸化和降解,使其轉(zhuǎn)位至細胞核,從而激活下游靶基因CyclinD1和c-Myc,進一步誘導(dǎo)EMT,促進HCC的侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移。這一研究首次揭示了TDP-43在HCC進展中的重要作用,這將為HCC的診斷和治療提供一個新的靶點,并拓寬轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤的研究思路[11]。
1.2 PI3K/AKT信號通路
作用于PI3K/AKT信號通路可以通過激活其下游效應(yīng)因子發(fā)揮調(diào)控細胞行為的作用,包括細胞的存活、遷移和侵襲,同時在EMT中也發(fā)揮著重要作用[12-13]。PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號通路是多種治療腫瘤藥物的常用化療靶點[14]。膜結(jié)合的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體—μ阿片受體(the mu-opioid receptor,MOR)在結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)組織中過表達。EMT是啟動CRC遷移和侵襲的關(guān)鍵步驟,沉默MOR可以通過抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號通路介導(dǎo)的CRC細胞EMT過程,從而抑制其增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移。應(yīng)用MOR拮抗劑抑制EMT可能是MOR高表達CRC患者的一種新的治療策略[15]。糖蛋白Ⅴ(glycoprotein Ⅴ,GP5)基因在乳腺癌(breast cancer,BC)組織和細胞系中高表達,并主要通過形成血小板膜糖蛋白(GP)Ib/Ⅸ/Ⅴ復(fù)合物來發(fā)揮其生物學(xué)功能。GP5既可以通過激活PI3K/AKT信號通路上調(diào)EMT來促進BC細胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移;也可以通過上調(diào)MMP的表達促進BC細胞的EMT轉(zhuǎn)化,從而促進其侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移。這為GP5成為BC早期臨床診斷和治療的潛在分子靶點提供了新的思路[16]。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)是革蘭陰性桿菌細胞膜的主要成分,在氣道損傷和肺損傷的發(fā)病機制中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。丙酸鈉(sodium propionate,SP)可以通過抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號級聯(lián),減弱LPS誘導(dǎo)的BEAS-2B細胞(人支氣管上皮細胞系)的EMT,從而減輕對氣道和肺的損傷。這為SP在氣道和肺部疾病中的臨床應(yīng)用提供了依據(jù)[17]。
1.3 NF-κB信號通路
乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移是乳腺癌患者死亡的主要原因[18]。在EMT進展的關(guān)鍵因素中,NF-κB信號通路是介導(dǎo)炎癥過程、操縱乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素[19]。多聚體IgA與IgM的連接鏈(JCHAIN,又稱IGJ)基因位于4q 13.3上,翻譯后的蛋白為J鏈。與健康的乳腺癌癌旁組織和細胞系相比,IGJ在乳腺癌組織和細胞系中表達較低。IGJ過表達可以通過抑制NF-κB信號通路增加E-cadherin和claudin-1的表達,降低vimentin、N-cadherin、MMP-9和MMP-7的表達,逆轉(zhuǎn)乳腺癌細胞的EMT過程,抑制乳腺癌細胞的侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移[20]。層黏連蛋白γ2(LAMC2)是一種重要的EMT相關(guān)基因,在包括膀胱癌、CRC、肺癌和膽管癌等多種癌癥中,其過表達與癌癥患者預(yù)后不良有關(guān)。沉默LAMC2可以通過抑制NF-κB信號通路的激活逆轉(zhuǎn)胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC)中的EMT過程,具體表現(xiàn)為N-cadherin、snail和vimentin的表達減少,而E-cadherin的表達增多,提示其將來可能會成為PDAC治療的靶點[21]。骨轉(zhuǎn)移嚴(yán)重影響肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma,ADC)幸存者的生存期和生存質(zhì)量。脊椎蛋白2(spondin 2,SPON2)又稱M-spondin,通過與受體結(jié)合,觸發(fā)先天性免疫、病原體識別、神經(jīng)元發(fā)育及黏附等功能[22]。敲低SPON2通過抑制NF-κB信號通路的激活,抑制ADC細胞的EMT過程,從而抑制ADC細胞的遷移及侵襲,具體表現(xiàn)為E-cadherin表達增加,而vimentin和N-cadherin表達減少。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會促進肺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移新治療方法的發(fā)展[23]。
2 中醫(yī)藥對惡性腫瘤EMT的影響
2.1 中藥單藥及提取物
虎杖苷是從中藥虎杖根中提取的天然白藜蘆醇葡糖苷,王曉暖等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)虎杖苷可抑制人宮頸癌SiHa細胞的EMT過程,從而抑制人宮頸癌SiHa細胞的遷移及侵襲,其治療機制可能與抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路有關(guān),具體表現(xiàn)為N-cadherin 、Vimentin、TLR4、MyD88及P65磷酸化蛋白表達降低。山慈菇多糖是中草藥山慈菇的主要活性成分之一,王泯蓉等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)山慈菇多糖可以通過抑制EMT過程抑制卵巢癌進展,其機制為促進E-cadherin蛋白及mRNA表達,而抑制N-cadherin、Vimentin、Snail蛋白及mRNA的表達。β-欖香烯是提取自中草藥溫郁金的萜烯類化合物,劉麗等[26]試驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn)β-欖香烯可以通過抑制人宮頸癌SiHa細胞的增殖及EMT過程,阻斷SiHa細胞轉(zhuǎn)移,發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,具體表現(xiàn)為E-cadherin蛋白表達上調(diào),N-cadherin、Vimentin、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表達下調(diào)。
2.2 中藥復(fù)方
武海博等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)方藤梨湯含藥血清可以通過上調(diào)E-cadherin表達,下調(diào)β-catenin、Vimentin的表達,抑制人腦膠質(zhì)瘤U251細胞EMT的發(fā)生。于浩等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)健脾解毒方可以通過激活Hippo信號通路抑制大腸癌細胞EMT進程,具體表現(xiàn)為N-cadherin、Vimentin、Snail蛋白表達水平降低,E-cadherin蛋白表達水平升高。用由葛花、豆蔻、砂仁等藥物組成的葛花解酲方,李軍等[29]以穩(wěn)定高表達、高侵襲的肝癌HepG2細胞為體外研究模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)高、中、低劑量葛花解酲方含藥血清均可有效上調(diào)HepG2細胞中E-cadherin的表達水平,有效下調(diào)細胞中N-cadherin的表達水平,通過抑制EMT過程,從而抑制肝癌細胞的侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移,發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。
3 EMT與NB
Tian等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)Polo樣激酶4(polo-like kinase 4,PLK4)在NB中表達增加,下調(diào)PLK4的表達可以通過抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路的激活,上調(diào)上皮標(biāo)志物,如E-cadherin,下調(diào)間充質(zhì)標(biāo)志物,如N-cadherin、Vimentin、Slug抑制EMT,進而抑制NB細胞的侵襲和遷移。這提示PLK4可能是一個有前景的通過抑制EMT過程治療NB的靶點。長期以來胰島素樣生長因子1受體(insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor,IGF1R)因其在腫瘤發(fā)生和發(fā)展中的作用而被大眾所熟知。IGF/IGF1R通路在維持細胞存活方面很重要。有報道IGF1R參與NB的發(fā)生,但其機制尚不清楚。Wang等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IGF1R在NB組織和細胞系中表達上調(diào),首次證明下調(diào)IGF1R的表達可以通過抑制STAT3/AKT信號通路的激活抑制EMT的發(fā)生,使E-cadherin的表達上調(diào),使Vimentin、Snail、ZEB1、MMP-3、MMP-9的表達下調(diào),進而限制NB細胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會重新激發(fā)人們使用抗IGF1R抑制劑作為NB患者治療方法的興趣。黃連中提取的天然生物堿小檗堿(berberine,BBR)具有抗癌活性。BBR通過結(jié)合TGFβR1和TGFβFR2抑制TGFβ/Smad,進而通過PI3K/AKT等信號通路抑制腫瘤細胞的EMT,抑制其轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲[32]。EMT在NB轉(zhuǎn)移及侵襲中有著重要的意義,并發(fā)揮了重要的作用。
去氫厄弗酚(dehydroeffusol,DHE)可以通過抑制Hedgehog和Akt/mTOR信號通路有效的阻礙NB細胞的EMT過程,具體表現(xiàn)為在mRNA和蛋白水平上可以上調(diào)E-cadherin的表達,下調(diào)N-cadherin、Vimentin、MMP-2和MMP-9的表達,從而抑制NB的遷移和侵襲。為DHE成為抗NB候選藥物提供了新的理論依據(jù)[33]。Jin等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在高危NB中轉(zhuǎn)錄因子B-細胞淋巴瘤因子11A(BCL11A)的表達水平顯著升高,而且其表達升高與NB患者生存期降低相關(guān),下調(diào)BCL11A的表達可以抑制NB細胞的EMT過程,包括上皮標(biāo)志物E-cadherin的上調(diào)及間充質(zhì)標(biāo)志物,如N-cadherin、Vimentin、Slug的下調(diào)。雖然BCL11A表達下調(diào)介導(dǎo)的間葉細胞向上皮細胞過度的過程不完全,但是對細胞遷移和侵襲的改變確實發(fā)生了。人NB組織中MMP-2表達上調(diào),miR-338-3p過表達抑制人NB細胞EMT,抑制人NB細胞的增殖和侵襲,而促進細胞凋亡,MMP-2可被miR-338-3p直接靶向,過表達MMP-2可消除miR-338-3p對人NB細胞進展的抑制作用;miR-338-3p可以直接靶向MMP-2通過抑制PI3K/AKT信號通路抑制NB細胞生長、侵襲和EMT過程,為NB的治療提供了新的潛在治療靶點[35]。說明針對EMT過程的治療方法或許是未來治療NB的重要方向。
4 總結(jié)與展望
NB作為兒童最常見的顱外惡性實體瘤,其治療方法的發(fā)展及改進迫在眉睫。越來越多的證據(jù)顯示EMT在NB發(fā)生、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移的過程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。然而,引起NB侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移的機制比較復(fù)雜,EMT并不是唯一的因素,而且目前的研究也沒有詳細闡明EMT引起NB發(fā)生侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移的具體機制,有待進一步開展更加深入的研究。中醫(yī)藥直接殺傷惡性腫瘤細胞的作用較弱,但是在抑制惡性腫瘤細胞轉(zhuǎn)移及侵襲過程中或有優(yōu)勢。中醫(yī)藥抑制EMT的研究取得了一些進展,發(fā)現(xiàn)了多個具有抑制EMT作用的中藥單藥及提取物及中藥復(fù)方,但是總體研究并不深入,在此基礎(chǔ)上要積極尋找可以抑制NB的EMT過程的中醫(yī)藥。在今后的科學(xué)研究中,更應(yīng)該全方位深入的進行體內(nèi)外研究與分析,為中醫(yī)藥在NB的臨床應(yīng)用提供更多的理論依據(jù)及參考。
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(收稿日期:2023-12-29) (本文編輯:白雅茹)
①濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院兒童神經(jīng)科 山東 濱州 256600
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