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超聲靶向微泡破壞介導(dǎo)的整合素亞基α3轉(zhuǎn)染對乳腺癌生長和上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的影響

2024-10-30 00:00:00錢昭高李在麗
臨床超聲醫(yī)學雜志 2024年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:微泡異種脂質(zhì)體

摘" " 要" " 目的" " 探討超聲靶向微泡破壞(UTMD)介導(dǎo)的整合素亞基α3(ITGA3)過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染對乳腺癌生長和上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)的影響。方法" " 基于GEPIA平臺分析TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫中乳腺癌樣本的ITGA3表達情況,繪制生存曲線評估ITGA3表達水平對乳腺癌患者生存的影響。將乳腺癌BT-549細胞分為LIP-NC組(脂質(zhì)體介導(dǎo)的陰性對照質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細胞)、LIP-ITGA3組(脂質(zhì)體介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細胞)、UTMD-NC組(UTMD介導(dǎo)的陰性對照質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細胞)和UTMD-ITGA3組(UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細胞),UTMD-NC組和UTMD-ITGA3組細胞在轉(zhuǎn)染過程中均接受超聲輻照(頻率1 MHz,聲強0.75 W/cm2,時間45 s)。于掃描電子顯微鏡下觀察LIP-NC組、UTMD-NC組細胞形態(tài);分別應(yīng)用MTT法、劃痕實驗、Transwell實驗檢測各組細胞活力、遷移能力、侵襲能力;應(yīng)用Western blot法分析BT-549細胞中ITGA3和EMT、STAT3通路相關(guān)基因蛋白的表達情況。通過裸鼠皮下腫瘤細胞注射法建立裸鼠乳腺癌異種移植瘤模型,移植35 d后處死裸鼠剝離異種移植瘤并稱重;應(yīng)用免疫組化檢測各組異種移植瘤組織中ITGA3、N-cadherin和PCNA的表達情況。結(jié)果" " 生物信息學分析顯示,乳腺癌樣本中ITGA3蛋白相對表達量明顯低于正常乳腺樣本,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.05);ITGA3低表達與乳腺癌患者不良預(yù)后相關(guān)(HR=0.81,P=0.000 72)。體外實驗結(jié)果顯示,掃描電子顯微鏡下LIP-NC組細胞呈球形,細胞膜表面無明顯的凹坑或孔隙;UTMD-NC組細胞形態(tài)未見改變,但細胞膜表面可見粗糙區(qū)域和小凹坑。UTMD-ITGA3組、LIP-ITGA3組細胞活力、遷移能力、侵襲能力均分別較各自對照組(UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組)降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.05);且UTMD-ITGA3組細胞活力、遷移能力、侵襲能力均較LIP-ITGA3組更低(均Plt;0.05)。LIP-ITGA3組ITGA3蛋白相對表達量較LIP-NC組增高,UTMD-ITGA3組ITGA3蛋白相對表達量較UTMD-NC組、LIP-ITGA3組均增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.01)。LIP-ITGA3組、UTMD-ITGA3組細胞Vimentin、N-cadherin、p-STAT3、c-Myc、CyclinD1和PCNA蛋白相對表達量均分別較UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組降低,E-cadherin蛋白相對表達量均分別較UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.01);且UTMD-ITGA3組細胞Vimentin、N-cadherin、p-STAT3、c-Myc、CyclinD1和PCNA蛋白相對表達量均較LIP-ITGA3組更低,E-cadherin蛋白相對表達量較LIP-ITGA3組更高(均Plt;0.05)。體內(nèi)實驗結(jié)果顯示,UTMD-ITGA3組、LIP-ITGA3組裸鼠異種移植瘤質(zhì)量均分別較UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.01);且UTMD-ITGA3組裸鼠異種移植瘤質(zhì)量較LIP-ITGA3組更低(Plt;0.01)。UTMD-ITGA3裸鼠異種移植瘤組織中ITGA3蛋白相對表達量較LIP-ITGA3組增高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.01);UTMD-ITGA3組、LIP-ITGA3組裸鼠異種移植瘤組織中N-cadherin、PCNA蛋白相對表達量均分別較UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.01);且UTMD-ITGA3組N-cadherin、PCNA蛋白相對表達量較LIP-ITGA3組更低(均Plt;0.01)。結(jié)論" " UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染可有效抑制乳腺癌生長和EMT,有望為今后乳腺癌治療提供新的策略。

關(guān)鍵詞" " 超聲靶向微泡破壞;乳腺癌;脂質(zhì)體;整合素亞基α3

[中圖法分類號]R445.1;R737.9" " " "[文獻標識碼]A

Influence of the growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of breast cancer mediated by integrin subunit α3 transfection with

ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction

QIAN Zhaogao,LI Zaili

Department of Ultrasound,the People’s Hospital of Pingyang,Zhejiang 325400,China

ABSTRACT" " Objective" " To investigate the influence on the growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation(EMT) of breast cancer by integrin subunit α3(ITGA3) transfection mediated with ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction(UTMD).Methods" " The expression of ITGA3 in breast cancer samples from the TCGA database was analyzed based on the GEPIA platform,and survival curves were drawn to evaluate the impact of ITGA3 expression on the survive of breast cancer patients.Breast cancer BT-549 cells were divided into LIP-NC group(liposome mediated negative control plasmid),LIP-ITGA3 group(liposome mediated ITGA3 overexpression plasmid transfected cells),UTMD-NC group(UTMD-mediated negative control plasmid transfected cells) and UTMD-ITGA3 group(UTMD-mediated ITGA3 overexpressed plasmid transfected cells).Cells in UTMD-NC and UTMD-ITGA3 groups were accepted ultrasonic irradiation(frequency 1 MHz,sound intensity 0.75 W/cm2,duration 45 s) during transfection.Cell morphology of UTMD-NC and UTMD-ITGA3 groups was observed by scanning electron microscopy.Cell viability was detected by MTT assay.Cell migration ability was detected by scratch assay,and cell invasion ability was detected by Transwell assay.Western blot analysis was performed to quantify the expression of ITGA3 and EMT- and STAT3 pathway-related proteins in BT-549 cells.A xenograft tumor model of breast cancer was established by subcutaneously injecting tumor cells into nude mice.After 35 d of transplantation,the nude mice were sacrificed and the xenograft tumors were harvested and weighed.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of ITGA3,N-cadherin and PCNA of xenograft tumor tissues in each group.Results" " Bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression of ITGA3 in breast cancer samples was significantly lower than that in normal breast samples(Plt;0.05).The low expression of ITGA3 was associated with the poor prognosis in breast cancer patients(HR=0.81,P=0.000 72).In vitro experiment showed that cells in the LIP-NC group were spherical under scanning electron microscopy,with no obvious pits or pores on the surface of the cell membrane.The cells in the UTMD-NC group showed no change in morphology,while with rough areas and small pits on the cell membrane.The cell viability,migration ability and invasion ability of UTMD-ITGA3 and LIP-ITGA3 groups were decreased compared with the control groups(UTMD-NC group and LIP-NC group),and the differences were statistically significant(all Plt;0.05).The cell viability,migration ability and invasion ability of UTMD-ITGA3 group were lower than those of LIP-ITGA3 group(all Plt;0.05).The relative expression of ITGA3 protein in the LIP-ITGA3 group cells was higher than in the LIP-NC group.The relative expression of ITGA3 protein in the UTMD-ITGA3 group was higher than in the UTMD-NC and LIP-ITGA3 groups,with statistically significant differences(all Plt;0.01).The relative expression levels of Vimentin,N-Cadherin,p-STAT3,c-Myc,CyclinD1 and PCNA proteins in the LIP-ITGA3 group and UTMD-ITGA3 group were significantly lower than those in the UTMD-NC group and LIP-NC group,while the relative expression level of E-Cadherin protein was significantly higher than that in the UTMD-NC group and LIP-NC group(all Plt;0.01).Additionally,the relative expression levels of Vimentin,N-Cadherin,p-STAT3,c-Myc,CyclinD1 and PCNA proteins in the UTMD-ITGA3 group were significantly lower than those in the LIP-ITGA3 group,and the relative expression level of E-Cadherin protein was significantly higher than that in the LIP-ITGA3 group(all Plt;0.05).In vivo experiment showed that the weight of nude mice xenograft tumors in the UTMD-ITGA3 group and LIP-ITGA3 group was significantly decreased compared with the UTMD-NC and LIP-NC groups,respectively,with statistically significant differences(all Plt;0.01).Moreover,the weight of nude mice xenograft tumors in the UTMD-ITGA3 group was significantly decreased compared with the LIP-ITGA3 group(Plt;0.01).The relative expression level of ITGA3 protein in the xenograft tumor tissues of nude mice in the UTMD-ITGA3 group was significantly higher than that in the LIP-ITGA3 group(Plt;0.01). The relative expression levels of N-cadherin and PCNA proteins in the xenograft tumor tissues of nude mice in both the UTMD-ITGA3 and LIP-ITGA3 groups were significantly lower than those in the UTMD-NC and LIP-NC groups(all Plt;0.01).Additionally,the relative expression levels of N-cadherin and PCNA proteins in the UTMD-ITGA3 group were significantly lower than those in the LIP-ITGA3 group(all Plt;0.01).Conclusion" " UTMD mediated ITGA3 overexpression plasmid transfection can effectively inhibit the growth and EMT of breast cancer,providing a new strategy for breast cancer treatment.

KEY WORDS" " Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction;Breast cancer;Liposome;Integrin subunit α3

乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤,占所有癌癥相關(guān)死亡的11.6%[1]。目前全球乳腺癌的發(fā)病率以每年3%的速度遞增,且其在年輕人群中越來越普遍[2]。由于乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的機制尚未明確,盡管約30%的乳腺癌患者進行了早期治療,但仍會復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移[3]。目前已知的信息不足以解釋乳腺癌的具體生物學特性和涉及的分子信號通路[4]。因此,深入研究乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的相關(guān)機制,為乳腺癌的靶向治療提供新的思路和方法具有重要意義。整合素亞基α3(integrin subunit α3,ITGA3)是α整合素家族成員之一,其在正常生物體中廣泛表達,在介導(dǎo)細胞間黏附中發(fā)揮了重要作用[5]。ITGA3在多種惡性腫瘤中表達下調(diào),同時可作為胰腺癌[6]、頭頸部癌[7]和甲狀腺癌[8]的預(yù)后因素,但其在乳腺癌生長和上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transformation,EMT)中的作用鮮有報道。超聲靶向微泡破壞(ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction,UTMD)作為一種新型基因遞送方式和靶向給藥系統(tǒng),結(jié)合了RNA干擾技術(shù)和聲脈沖超聲,可明顯提高轉(zhuǎn)染基因進入細胞的效率和靶向性[9]。在UTMD過程中,靶點基因被整合到一個微泡中,通過超聲觸發(fā)微泡在目標組織中局部釋放[10],且超聲對微泡的破壞可增加毛細血管通透性,并誘導(dǎo)目標細胞的細胞膜產(chǎn)生不可逆的孔洞,從而有助于靶點基因的轉(zhuǎn)染和表達[11]。此外,UTMD在癌癥免疫治療中也顯示出巨大的潛力[12],有望成為一種高效、安全、靶向的基因轉(zhuǎn)染和基因治療方法。本實驗旨在探討UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染對乳腺癌生長和EMT的影響。

材料與方法

一、主要實驗材料、儀器和動物

1.主要實驗材料:乳腺癌BT-549細胞株(美國菌種保藏中心);ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒及其陰性對照(NC)質(zhì)粒(上海吉瑪制藥技術(shù)有限公司);SonoVue(意大利Bracco公司);LipofectamineTM 2000(美國Invitrogen公司);RPMI培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清(浙江天杭生物科技股份有限公司);MTT試劑盒(大連美侖生物技術(shù)有限公司);ECMatrix膠、Transwell小室(美國BD公司);BCA蛋白檢測試劑盒、RIPA裂解液(美國Abcam公司);抗ITGA3、E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Vimentin、STAT3、c-Myc、CyclinD1、PCNA、β-actin抗體(美國Abcam公司)。

2.主要實驗儀器:超聲治療儀(UT1021,山東弘旭醫(yī)療設(shè)備有限公司);掃描電子顯微鏡(JSM-6360LV,日本JEOL公司);酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀(Multiskan FC,美國賽默飛公司);凝膠成像儀(美國Bio-Rad公司);光學顯微鏡(LV100ND,日本尼康公司)。

3.實驗動物:雌性BALB/c裸鼠24只,均購自北京維通利華實驗動物技術(shù)有限公司,周齡7~8周,體質(zhì)量18~22 g。本實驗經(jīng)我院動物醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準(批準號:20220047),所有實驗程序均遵循《赫爾辛基宣言》。

二、實驗方法

(一)ITGA3在乳腺癌中的表達及其與預(yù)后的關(guān)系

于TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.cancer.gov/)獲取1085個乳腺癌樣本和291個正常乳腺樣本中ITGA3的表達數(shù)據(jù),基于GEPIA平臺(http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html)對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析及比較,并根據(jù)ITGA3的中位表達水平將乳腺癌樣本分為ITGA3高表達組和ITGA3低表達組,繪制生存曲線分析ITGA3表達水平對乳腺癌患者生存的影響。

(二)細胞培養(yǎng)及分組

使用完全培養(yǎng)基(RPMI培養(yǎng)基中添加10%胎牛血清、100 U/ml青霉素和100 μg/ml鏈霉素)于37℃的CO2培養(yǎng)箱中孵育BT-549細胞,2 d傳代1次。將BT-549細胞接種于96孔板中,每孔2×104個細胞,并將其均分為4組,具體為:①LIP-NC組,即脂質(zhì)體介導(dǎo)的NC質(zhì)粒(1 μg質(zhì)粒+2 μl LipofectamineTM 2000)轉(zhuǎn)染細胞;②LIP-ITGA3組,即脂質(zhì)體介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細胞;③UTMD-NC組,即UTMD介導(dǎo)的NC質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細胞;④UTMD-ITGA3組,即UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染細胞。其中UTMD-NC組和UTMD-ITGA3組細胞在轉(zhuǎn)染過程中均接受超聲輻照,具體為:根據(jù)SonoVue使用說明書制備微泡混懸液,以1 μg質(zhì)粒+50 μl微泡混懸液的比例制備成質(zhì)粒+微泡混合物;然后使用超聲治療儀進行輻照(頻率1 MHz,聲強0.75 W/cm2,時間45 s)。

(三)脂質(zhì)體或UTMD轉(zhuǎn)染ITGA3對體外乳腺癌細胞生物學特性的影響

1.觀察細胞形態(tài):將LIP-NC組和UTMD-NC組細胞固定、脫水,于掃描電子顯微鏡下觀察細胞形態(tài)。

2.MTT法檢測細胞活力:于37℃和5% CO2條件下,采用96孔板以每孔5×103的密度培養(yǎng)對數(shù)生長期的BT-549細胞24 h,去除培養(yǎng)基并替換為150 μl新鮮培養(yǎng)基和50 μl MTT溶液。孵育4 h后去除培養(yǎng)基,加入200 μl 二甲基亞砜溶液溶解形成的甲臜晶體。然后將培養(yǎng)板搖動15 min,使用酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀于570 nm處檢測吸光度以評估各組細胞活力。

3.劃痕實驗檢測細胞遷移能力:將各組BT-549細胞懸液以每孔1×105的密度接種于6孔板中培養(yǎng),細胞達到90%匯合后,采用200 μl移液器吸頭于細胞層上劃痕以形成傷口間隙,培養(yǎng)24 h后對細胞的劃痕間隙進行拍照,計算各組細胞遷移率。

4.Transwell實驗檢測細胞侵襲能力:于每個Transwell上室鋪一層ECMatrix膠模擬體內(nèi)環(huán)境,收集各組BT-549細胞懸液,使用PBS緩沖液洗滌3次,調(diào)節(jié)細胞密度至2×105/ml,于Transwell上室加入20 μl該細胞懸液,于Transwell下室加入500 μl完全培養(yǎng)基,將Transwell小室置于37℃環(huán)境下孵育過夜,加入1~2滴結(jié)晶紫試劑,待反應(yīng)15 min后于光學顯微鏡下觀察轉(zhuǎn)移至Transwell小室背側(cè)的細胞,于200倍鏡下隨機計數(shù)5個視野的藍染細胞,重復(fù)計數(shù)3次取平均值。

5.Western blot法分析蛋白表達:使用RIPA裂解液提取各組細胞中的總蛋白,經(jīng)勻漿、離心和變性等操作后,使用凝膠電泳分離后轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素膜上,通過脫脂奶粉進行封閉操作,整體實驗環(huán)境為4℃,維持12 h,于硝酸纖維素膜上加入對應(yīng)一抗(ITGA3、E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Vimentin、STAT3、c-Myc、CyclinD1、PCNA和β-actin),繼續(xù)在4℃環(huán)境下封閉過夜,TBST洗滌3次后,加入二抗(稀釋度為1∶10 000)室溫處理2 h,加入DAB顯色劑顯色,使用凝膠成像儀記錄蛋白條帶灰度并拍照,以β-actin為內(nèi)參照,對各組細胞ITGA3和EMT、STAT3通路相關(guān)基因蛋白進行相對定量分析。

(四)脂質(zhì)體或UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3轉(zhuǎn)染對體內(nèi)乳腺癌生長的影響

轉(zhuǎn)染后收集各組BT-549細胞,分別制成密度為2×105/ml的細胞懸液。將24只BALB/c裸鼠隨機分為4組,每組6只,分別于其右后肢皮下組織緩慢注射細胞懸液200 μl。隔日觀察裸鼠異種移植瘤的成瘤情況;35 d后使用戊巴比妥鈉(50 mg/kg)麻醉裸鼠,脫頸法處死后小心剝離異種移植瘤并稱重記錄。將裸鼠移植瘤組織用5%甲醛固定過夜,采用梯度乙醇脫水法將腫瘤組織脫水,石蠟包埋、切片。采用SP染色法進行免疫組化染色,于200倍光學顯微鏡下隨機選擇20個視野拍照,采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0圖像處理軟件分析ITGA3、N-cadherin和PCNA在腫瘤組織中的積分光密度值。

三、統(tǒng)計學處理

應(yīng)用GraphPad Prism 8.0統(tǒng)計軟件,計數(shù)資料以x±s表示,采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗驗證其正態(tài)性,組間比較采用單因素方差分析或雙因素方差分析,多重比較采用Tukey法。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

結(jié)" 果

一、ITGA3在乳腺癌中的表達及其與預(yù)后的關(guān)系

生物信息學分析顯示,與正常乳腺樣本比較,乳腺癌樣本中ITGA3蛋白相對表達量明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.05)。見圖1。生存曲線顯示,ITGA3低表達與乳腺癌患者不良預(yù)后相關(guān)(HR=0.81,P=0.000 72)。見圖2。

二、脂質(zhì)體或UTMD轉(zhuǎn)染ITGA3對體外乳腺癌細胞生物學特性的影響

1.細胞形態(tài):掃描電子顯微鏡下LIP-NC組細胞呈球形,細胞膜表面無明顯的凹坑或孔隙;UTMD-NC組細胞形態(tài)未見改變,但細胞膜表面可見粗糙區(qū)域和小凹坑。見圖3。

2.細胞活力、遷移能力、侵襲能力比較:UTMD-ITGA3組、LIP-ITGA3組細胞活力、遷移能力、侵襲能力均分別較各自對照組(UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組)降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.05);且UTMD-ITGA3組細胞活力、遷移能力、侵襲能力均較LIP-ITGA3組更低(均Plt;0.05)。見表1和圖4,5。

3.細胞ITGA3蛋白相對表達量比較:與LIP-NC組比較,LIP-ITGA3組細胞ITGA3蛋白相對表達量增高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.001);與UTMD-NC組、LIP-ITGA3組比較,UTMD-ITGA3組ITGA3蛋白相對表達量增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.01)。見圖6。

4.細胞EMT和STAT3通路相關(guān)基因蛋白表達比較:分別與各自對照組(LIP-NC組、UTMD-NC組)比較,LIP-ITGA3組、UTMD-ITGA3組細胞Vimentin、N-cadherin、p-STAT3、c-Myc、CyclinD1和PCNA蛋白相對表達量均降低,E-cadherin蛋白相對表達量增高(均Plt;0.01);與LIP-ITGA3組比較,UTMD-ITGA3組細胞Vimentin、N-cadherin、p-STAT3、c-Myc、CyclinD1和PCNA蛋白相對表達量均降低,E-cadherin蛋白相對表達量增高(均Plt;0.05)。見圖7。

三、脂質(zhì)體或UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3轉(zhuǎn)染對體內(nèi)乳腺癌生長的影響

LIP-NC組、LIP-ITGA3組、UTMD-NC組、UTMD-ITGA3組裸鼠異種移植瘤質(zhì)量分別為(1.24±0.16)g、(0.73±0.07)g、(1.16±0.14)g、(0.34±0.03)g。與各自對照組(UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組)比較,UTMD-ITGA3組、LIP-ITGA3組裸鼠異種移植瘤質(zhì)量均明顯減低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.01);且UTMD-ITGA3組裸鼠異種移植瘤質(zhì)量較LIP-ITGA3組減低更明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.01)。免疫組化分析顯示,UTMD-ITGA3裸鼠異種移植瘤組織中ITGA3蛋白相對表達量較LIP-ITGA3組增高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.01);UTMD-ITGA3組、LIP-ITGA3組裸鼠異種移植瘤組織中N-cadherin、PCNA蛋白相對表達量均分別較UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.01);且UTMD-ITGA3組N-cadherin、PCNA蛋白相對表達量較LIP-ITGA3組更低(均Plt;0.01)。見圖8,9。

討 論

EMT是一種自然發(fā)生的分化過程,是胚胎發(fā)育(如原腸胚形成神經(jīng)嵴)的基礎(chǔ),惡性腫瘤細胞通常通過自體分子變化或腫瘤微環(huán)境的刺激發(fā)生EMT,從而自原發(fā)灶脫落并侵入基底膜[13]。由于EMT與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)及治療后耐藥密切相關(guān),研究者逐漸致力于探尋抑制EMT的可行方法并了解其相關(guān)生物學特性。研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)FUT2通過靶向調(diào)控生長因子2、4的表達,同時負性調(diào)控EMT過程從而削弱結(jié)腸癌細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移性和耐藥性;Li等[15]研究表明下調(diào)PLAGL2的表達可以逆轉(zhuǎn)惡性腫瘤細胞EMT,并抑制腫瘤干細胞的生成,從而減少小鼠的腫瘤發(fā)生。目前已有研究[16-17]證實ITGA3在乳腺癌生長中的作用,同時UTMD已被應(yīng)用于乳腺癌基礎(chǔ)研究[18]。本研究通過TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫分析了ITGA3在乳腺癌中生長機制中的表達情況,結(jié)果表明乳腺癌樣本中ITGA3蛋白相對表達量明顯低于正常乳腺樣本(Plt;0.05);且ITGA3低表達與乳腺癌患者不良預(yù)后顯著相關(guān)(HR=0.81,P=0.000 72)。提示了ITGA3在乳腺癌惡性生物學行為中的作用價值,但目前尚無應(yīng)用UTMD研究ITGA3在乳腺癌中作用的相關(guān)報道。本研究首次報道了UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染可能通過抑制STAT3通路從而對體內(nèi)外乳腺癌生長和EMT過程產(chǎn)生抑制作用。

質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染是腫瘤基因研究中的有效工具,如何將質(zhì)粒高效地轉(zhuǎn)染到靶細胞或組織中一直是提高治療效果的技術(shù)難點。常用的基因轉(zhuǎn)染方法有病毒、脂質(zhì)體介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)染等,但病毒介導(dǎo)的基因轉(zhuǎn)染具有潛在的副作用,體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)體等效基因轉(zhuǎn)染的效率較低[17-18],均不適用于體內(nèi)基因轉(zhuǎn)染。UTMD是目前最有前景的非病毒基因轉(zhuǎn)染方法之一,其作用原理是利用特定頻率的超聲照射特定部位,使到達該部位的微泡破裂,誘發(fā)空化效應(yīng)和空穴效應(yīng),擴大周圍靶細胞間隙,在細胞表面產(chǎn)生可逆聲孔,從而增加細胞膜的通透性[12];同時微泡破裂產(chǎn)生的沖擊波和高速微射流可作為一種驅(qū)動力,驅(qū)動微泡釋放的藥物或基因進入靶組織,從而達到基因治療或藥物治療的目的[11]。Liao等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)UTMD介導(dǎo)的HIF-1α shRNA轉(zhuǎn)染可以顯著沉默HIF-1α,并成功抑制肝癌細胞生長;Zhao等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)UTMD增強了FOXA1在乳腺癌細胞中的局部積累,對ER陽性乳腺癌顯示出極好的治療效果。微泡的磷脂涂層可與ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒通過靜電吸附結(jié)合,當UTMD到達癌細胞表面時,微泡在超聲引導(dǎo)下破裂,釋放出過表達質(zhì)粒,增加細胞膜的通透性,從而有利于過表達質(zhì)粒進入細胞[21-22]。本實驗結(jié)果顯示,分別與各自對照組(UTMD-NC組、LIP-NC組)比較,UTMD-ITGA3組、LIP-ITGA3組細胞活力、遷移能力、侵襲能力均明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.05);且UTMD-ITGA3組細胞活力、遷移能力、侵襲能力均較LIP-ITGA3組更低(均Plt;0.05)。提示UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染效率顯著高于脂質(zhì)體,且其對乳腺癌惡性生物學行為的抑制作用明顯增強。

ITGA3是調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)多種細胞因子信號的重要調(diào)節(jié)分子,在多種生理調(diào)節(jié)過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用[5-6]。ITGA3可抑制膽囊癌異種移植瘤生長,并抑制體外膽囊癌細胞增殖和惡性轉(zhuǎn)化[23]。高表達的ITGA3可誘導(dǎo)胰腺癌細胞凋亡和抑制細胞增殖[6]。本實驗結(jié)果與上述文獻相似,ITGA3在乳腺癌中表達較低,提示高表達的ITGA3不但抑制乳腺癌生長,還可抑制乳腺癌EMT,但ITGA3抑制乳腺癌惡性生物學行為的作用機制尚未十分明確。

ITGA3由STAT誘導(dǎo),而ITGA3可反向抑制JAK/STAT信號通路[24]。研究[25]表明ITGA3過表達可抑制結(jié)腸癌細胞JAK-STAT3信號通路的活性,抑制細胞增殖,提高對化療藥物誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡的敏感性;Miskin等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)通過靶向ITGA3和下游FAK/PI3K/AKT信號通路,可有效抑制乳腺癌細胞遷移和侵襲能力;Wang等[27]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達ITGA3可顯著抑制頭頸部癌細胞遷移和侵襲能力。本實驗結(jié)果證實ITGA3的過表達抑制了乳腺癌細胞中STAT3通路的激活,提示ITGA3可能通過STAT3通路從而參與乳腺癌細胞惡性生物學行為。分析ITGA3的作用機制可能與SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域的功能有關(guān),STAT中也存在類似的SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域,ITGA3可競爭結(jié)合細胞因子受體的細胞質(zhì)區(qū)域的磷酸化Tyr位點,從而阻止STAT的激活[28]。

綜上所述,UTMD介導(dǎo)的ITGA3過表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染可有效抑制乳腺癌生長和EMT,有望為今后乳腺癌治療提供新的策略。

參考文獻

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(收稿日期:2023-09-02)

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