1.賓語從句的時態(tài)不變
當(dāng)賓語從句敘述的是客觀真理、格言、諺語時,謂語動詞不受主句謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響,一律用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
The math teacher said that one and one is two. 數(shù)學(xué)老師說一加一等于二。
He told the students that the earth moves round the sun.
他告訴學(xué)生們地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
The physics teacher said (that) light travels much faster than sound.
物理老師說光比聲音傳播快得多。
Mother often told her son that practice makes perfect.
母親常對兒子說,熟能生巧。
2.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移
當(dāng)賓語從句表示否定之意時,若主句謂語動詞是think,believe,guess等詞時,習(xí)慣上是將否定轉(zhuǎn)移,使主句變成否定式,而從句使用肯定式。除think, believe, guess等動詞外,其他動詞后的賓語從句不發(fā)生否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象。例如:
I don’t think (that) he still remember me. 我想他不會還記得我了。
Mr Green doesn’t believe (that) the little girl will fall behind the others.
格林先生認(rèn)為小女孩不會落在別人后面。
All of us know (that) chickens can’t swim. 我們都知道雞不會游泳。
3.賓語從句的插入語
如果賓語從句主句的謂語動詞是think,say等,且為一般疑問句,其后的從句又是連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo),則須將主句部分插入整句中,置于疑問結(jié)構(gòu)之后。例如:
你認(rèn)為誰此刻在教室里?
誤:Do you think who is in the classroom at the moment?
正:Who do you think is in the classroom at the moment?
他說要在北京待多久?
誤:Did he say how long he would stay in Beijing?
正:How long did he say he would stay in Beijing?
4.賓語從句的簡化
賓語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞不定式、復(fù)合賓語或“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)等,從而變?yōu)楹唵尉?。例如?/p>
He hopes that he will be back very soon. →
He hopes to be back very soon.他希望自己很快回家。
The boy found there was a purse lying on the ground. →
The boy found a purse lying on the ground.那男孩發(fā)現(xiàn)地上有一個錢包。
Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? →
Could you tell me how to get to the post office? 你能告訴我到郵局怎么走?
5.賓語從句的 “兩副面孔”
when 和 if 不但可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句,也可引導(dǎo)狀語從句。因此,要分析整句話所表達(dá)的意義,特別要注意分清是賓語從句還是狀語從句。①if 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,意為“是否”,其時態(tài)和主句時態(tài)相呼應(yīng);當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時,意為“如果”,若主句時態(tài)是一般將來時,從句時態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時來代替將來時。②when 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,意為“何時”,其時態(tài)和主句時態(tài)相呼應(yīng);當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時,意為“當(dāng)……時候”,若主句是一般將來時,從句時態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時來代替將來時。例如:
—Mary, do you know if Frank will go to the theatre with us this Sunday if it is fine? ——瑪麗,如果天氣好的話你知道弗蘭克本周日是否會同我們?nèi)タ磻騿幔?/p>
—Sorry, I have no idea. ——很抱歉,我不知道。
—Do you know when he will come back? ——你知道他將什么時候回來嗎?
—Sorry, I don’t. When he comes back, I’ll tell you. ——很抱歉,我不知道。當(dāng)他回來的時候,我將告訴你。
6.賓語從句的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
在think, make, find等一些可帶復(fù)合賓語的動詞后,為避免句子結(jié)構(gòu)混亂,常用it作形式賓語,而將that從句放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,其結(jié)構(gòu)是“動詞(think, make, find等)+ it + 賓語補(bǔ)足語+ that從句”。例如:
We all think it important that we should learn English well in today’s world.
我們都認(rèn)為在當(dāng)今世界,學(xué)好英語是很重要的。
(作者單位:湖南省武岡市洞庭學(xué)校)
初中生學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)·中考版2024年10期