劉　玉

名詞性從句是中學(xué)英語語法的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，許多學(xué)生在使用時(shí)容易犯這樣或那樣的錯(cuò)誤?，F(xiàn)就學(xué)生常犯的一些錯(cuò)誤分析如下：

一、混淆that與what的用法

1. 【誤】That we need is more practice．

【正】What we need is more practice．

【正】All (that) we need is more practice．

解析: that 在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)本身沒有意義, 也不在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分, 只起連接的作用; what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句意為“……的東西（事情）”或“什么”，在從句中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語,相當(dāng)于all that。本句中的what 充當(dāng)need 的賓語。

二、混淆if與whether的用法

2. 【誤】The question is if we should ask them for help.

【正】The question is whether we should ask them for help.

3. 【誤】It depends on if the manager will agree to the plan or not.

【正】It depends on whether the manager will agree to the plan or not.

4. 【誤】We didnt know if or not she was ready to start work.

【正】We didnt know whether or not she was ready to start work.

解析:if只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句，而whether則能引導(dǎo)各種名詞性從句（除否定的賓語從句外）。而且，作介詞的賓語時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)。whether引導(dǎo)賓語從句可與or not直接連用，而if則不能。

三、混淆that, why和because三者的用法

5. 【誤】The reason why I was very late for school this morning is because I stayed up too late last night．

【正】The reason why I was very late for school this morning is that I stayed up too late last night．

6. 【誤】I was very late for school this morning． Thats why I stayed up too late last night．

【正】I was very late for school this morning． Thats because I stayed up too late last night．（前面為結(jié)果，后面為原因。）

【正】I stayed up too late last night． Thats why I was very late for school this morning．（前面為原因，后面為結(jié)果。）

解析:why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句或reason作主語時(shí)，其后的表語從句常用that引導(dǎo)，而不用because； because引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)常用于Thats because…這一句型，說明產(chǎn)生上述結(jié)果的原因；why引導(dǎo)名詞性從句說明由上述原因而導(dǎo)致的必然結(jié)果。

四、遺漏連詞that

7. 【誤】He failed the exam surprised all of us.

【正】That he failed the exam surprised all of us.

8. 【誤】We decided, in view of his special circumstances, we would admit him for a short period.

【正】We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would

admit him for a short period.

9. 【誤】The teacher said the text was very important and we should learn it by heart.

【正】The teacher said that the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.

解析:that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)常可省略，但在下列情況下，that不可省略：

(1)引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句或同位語從句時(shí); (2)賓語從句被分隔時(shí)； (3)賓語從句不止一個(gè)時(shí)。

五、 混淆疑問詞＋ever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句以及與no matter＋疑問詞的區(qū)別

10. 【誤】No matter who broke the law will be punished.

【正】Whoever broke the law will be punished.

解析:疑問詞＋ever既可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句; 而no matter＋疑問詞只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句而不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。

六、混淆whoever與 whomever

11. 【誤】We wrote a letter of thanks to whomever had helped us.

【正】We wrote a letter of thanks to whoever had helped us.

解析:whoever引導(dǎo)賓語從句并在從句中作主語，故不能用whomever。

七、混淆相似句型

12. 【誤】As is known to everyone that the headmaster always means what he says.

【正】As is known to everyone, the headmaster always means what he says.

【正】It is known to everyone that the headmaster always means what he says.

解析:as作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句可放在主句之前，并用逗號與主句隔開；it 作為形式主語而將that引導(dǎo)的主語從句后置以保持句子的平衡，且that不能省。

八、語序倒裝

13. 【誤】Where has he been is still a puzzle.

【正】Where he has been is still a puzzle.

解析:名詞性從句一律用陳述語序。

九、從句時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤

14. 【誤】He asked me whether she will be back soon.

【正】He asked me whether she would be back soon.

15. 【誤】I dont know when he comes．（誤為時(shí)間狀語從句）

【正】I dont know when he will come.

解析:主句謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)態(tài)，名詞性從句謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)要用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)（表示客觀真理時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）。

十、從句語氣錯(cuò)誤

16. 【誤】My suggestion is that we would go there by train．

【正】My suggestion is that we （should） go there by train．

解析: 主語為suggestion, advice， demand， decision， order, proposal， requirement， request 等名詞時(shí), 表語從句要用虛擬語氣, 即用“(should)+動詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)。這些名詞的同位語從句也要用虛擬語氣。

十一、主謂不一致

17. 【誤】When and where we will hold the meeting have not been decided.

【正】When and where we will hold the meeting has not been decided.

18. 【誤】What we badly need is young engineers.

【正】What we badly need are young engineers.

解析:名詞性從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。但what引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，謂語動詞視表語而定：若表語為單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)；若表語為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

強(qiáng)化練習(xí):

1. The question came up at the meeting ____ we had enough money for our research.

A. that B. if C. which D. whether

2. An advertisement is useful in ____ it can let customers know of the kinds of goods in the shop.

A. that B. which C. what D. where

3. Perseverance is a kind of quality and thats ____ it takes to anything well.

A. what B. that C. which D. why

4. ____ wants to see the film must buy a ticket.

A. No matter who B. Anyone else

C. Whoever D. Those who

5. Please give the book to ____ comes here first.

A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. whom

6. Scientists believe native Americans arrived by crossing the land bridge that connected Siberia(西伯利亞) and ____ more than 10,000 years

ago.

A. this is Alaska B. Alaska is now

C. is now Alaska D. what is now Alaska

7. ——Could you do me a favor?

——It depends on ____ it is.

A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever

8. We havent settled the question of ____ it is necessary for him to study abroad.

A. if B. where C. whether D. that

9. I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he ____ home for dinner.

A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come

10. There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.

A. that B. which C. until D. if

11. ____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.

A. What…because B. What…that

C. That…what D. That…because

12. ____ surprised us very much that Tom should have left without a word.

A. He B. It C. This D. That

13. ____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

14. The reason why he didn?蒺t come to school was ____ he was ill.

A. because B. why C. how D. that

15. What the children in the mountain village need ____ good books.

A. is B. are C. have D. has

16. Whether he comes to the party ____ too much.

A. not matter B. do matter C. don?蒺t matter D. matters

17. His suggestion that you ____ once more sounds reasonable.

A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try

18. It is strange that he ____ you this.

A. would tell B. should tell C. has told D. had told

19. They want to know ____ do to help us.

A. what can they B. what they can

C. how they can D. how can they

20. I don't mind ____ they will come.

A. if or not B. whether or not

C. whether or no D. if or no

Key(4)