劉雪梅
祈使句主要用來表示請求或命令,還可以表達(dá)說話人的語氣、意愿或建議等。它的主語通常是第二人稱(you),即聽話人,一般情況下省去。謂語動詞用原形,句末用感嘆號或句號,句子讀降調(diào)。如:
Speak a little more slowly. (表請求)說得稍微慢一點。
Go out at once! (表命令)立刻出去!
Drink some water and have a good rest!(表建議)喝點水,好好休息!
有時,為了明確是向誰發(fā)出指令、邀請等,可在句首或句尾加上稱呼語或主語,否定結(jié)構(gòu)中you應(yīng)放在dont之后。如:
Come in, everybody! 大家都進(jìn)來!
Take care not to catch a cold, dear. 親愛的,當(dāng)心別著涼了。
You get out of here! 你給我滾出去!
Dont you be late again. 你可別再遲到了。
一、肯定祈使句有三種類型:V型、B型與L型
1. V型:以動詞原形開頭,其句型為:V(行為動詞原形)+(賓語)+其他。如:
Sit down, please. 請坐。
Give it some water, please. 請給它點水。
2. B型:以系動詞be開頭,其句型為:Be(系動詞原形)+表語(名詞、形容詞)+其他。如:
Be quiet, boys and girls!大家安靜!
Be careful next time! 下次細(xì)心點!
3. L型:以let開頭的祈使句,其句型為:Let+賓語+動詞原形+其他。如:
Let him go with you. 讓他和你一道去吧。
Lets play an English game. 我們來做個英語游戲吧!
二、祈使句的否定式有兩種類型:
1. 句首直接加dont。例如:
Dont worry! 別著急!
Dont do it like that! 不要那樣做!
Dont be late for school next time! 下次上學(xué)別遲到!
Dont let him go. 不要讓他走。
2. L型否定式也可用“Let+賓語+not+動詞原形+其他”這種形式。如:
Lets not wait for him. 我們別等他了。
有時,我們在動詞前面加never來構(gòu)成祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu),語氣比do not (Dont) 更強(qiáng)烈。例如:
Never play with fire!不要玩火!
Never play football in the street!絕不能在街道上踢足球!
[加油站]No型祈使句:它是一種特殊的祈使句,常由“No+名詞/動詞-ing”形式構(gòu)成。這種祈使句多為警示語,常用于公共場所,警示或提示人們不要做某事。如:
No Photos!禁止拍照!
No Parking Here!此處不準(zhǔn)停車!
三、祈使句的省略形式:
有時,祈使句可采用省略形式,即根據(jù)上下文省略動詞或動詞詞組。如:
(Come) This way, please. 請這邊走。
(Bring me) A cup of tea, please. 請給我來杯茶。
(Speak/Walk/Run/…) Slowly, please. 請(說/走/跑……)慢點。
四、祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)式:
有時,為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào),可以在肯定祈使句謂語動詞前加do。如:
Do come and help me. 務(wù)必來幫我。
Do be careful. 務(wù)必小心。
[演練場]
完成下列單項選擇題。
1. We can see a sign with the words “____!” in the doctors waiting room.
A. Not parking B. Not smoking C. No parking D. No smoking
2. ____ and play football after supper!
A. Lets not to go B. Lets not go
C. Lets dont go D. Lets not going
3. David, ____ the window, please!
A. isnt closing B. not close C. doesnt close D. dont close
4. Dont ____ the queue at the bus stop!
A. jump B. jumping C. to jump D. jumped
5. Lets ____ to school by bike!
A. not go B. not to go C. dont go D. not going
6. Lucy, ____ your bedroom, please!
A. cleans B. is cleaning C. clean D. will clean
7. Please ____. They are having a meeting now.
A. not be so noisy B. be quiet
C. mustnt talk D. no speaking
8. Please ____ sing in the classroom.
A. not B. not to C. dont D. no
9. Lets ____ our homework.
A. doing B. do C. to do D. does
10. ____ the news to anyone.
A. Never tell B. Not tell C. No tell D. Not to tell
Key(3)