劉世一
Unit 1
1. I study by working with a group. (P1) 我通過小組練習學習。
by + V-ing構(gòu)成的短語可作行為方式狀語。by后面可以接動詞的-ing形式,也可以接名詞。例如:
He teaches himself the violin by practising the whole night. 他通過整夜的練習自學小提琴。
I knew by his appearance that he was not English. 看他的外表,我就知道他不是英國人。
2. Its too hard to understand the voices. (P3) 很難聽懂其發(fā)音。
句中的it是形式主語,真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式?!皌oo ... to ...”結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞不定式含否定意義,意為“太……以致不……”。其中的too是副詞,用來修飾形容詞,to是動詞不定符號。例如:
The boy is too young to understand the story. 這孩子年齡太小,不能理解這個故事。
在使用這個結(jié)構(gòu)時應注意兩點:(1) 句中的主語與動詞不定式在邏輯上是動賓關系時,動詞不定式后面不能再跟賓語; (2) 句中的主語與動詞不定式在邏輯上是動賓關系,而動詞不定式又是不及物動詞時,要在其后加上適當?shù)慕樵~。例如:
Tom spoke too quickly for us to understand. 湯姆說話太快了,我們聽不懂。
The house is too small for the family to live in. 房子太小,那一家人住不下。
3. We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese. (P4) 當我們談論某事而變得激動時,最后就用漢語來講述了。
(1) get excited about意為“對……感到興奮”。介詞about后面通常接名詞、代詞或動詞的-ing形式。例如:
The boys got excited about going to Shanghai. 男孩們對去上海感到很興奮。
The students are excited about the results of the exams. 學生們對考試成績感到非常興奮。
(2) end up sth/doing sth意為“結(jié)果為……”,“以……結(jié)束”,通常指意料之外的結(jié)果。例如:
He ended up in prison. 他最終鋃鐺入獄。
They were going shopping,but ended up staying at home and watching TV. 他們原計劃去買東西,但結(jié)果卻是呆在家里看電視。
4. I dont know how to use commas. (P5) 我不知道該怎么使用逗號。
句中how to use commas屬“連接代詞/副詞 + 動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),作賓語用,動詞不定式的邏輯主語通常是句子的主語。在中考中,命題人往往要求考生將其與賓語從句進行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
Jim told Lin Tao how he would spend the day. → Jim told Lin Tao how to spend the day. 吉姆告訴林濤他是怎樣度過這一天的。
The students should know what to do or what not to do in school. 學生們應該知道在學校里應該做什么,不應該做什么。
在使用這一結(jié)構(gòu)時需要注意兩點:
(1) 在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果連接代詞what,which,whom是作其后動詞不定式的賓語,則這個動詞應該是及物動詞。如果動詞不定式是不及物的,則需在其后加上適當?shù)慕樵~。例如:
I dont know what to say. 我不知該說什么。
He wants to know whom to work with. 他想知道將和誰在一起干工作。
(2) 這一結(jié)構(gòu)中用的是連接副詞when,where,how,而且它們作其后動詞不定式的狀語時,這個動詞應為不及物動詞。若不定式是及物動詞,則該動詞須有自己的賓語。例如:
I dont know when to start. 我不知道何時出發(fā)。
Do you know how to do the exercise?你知道怎樣做這個練習嗎?
5. I dont have a partner to practice English with. (P5) 我沒有練習英語的同伴。
句中的to practice English with作定語用。使用這種定語時,應注意下面兩點:
(1) 被修飾的詞與動詞不定式在意義上是動賓關系,并且動詞不定式是“動詞 + 介詞”這類短語動詞時,其中的介詞不能去掉。例如:
Mr Johnson was a difficult person to wait on. 約翰遜先生是一個很難侍候的人。
(2) 修飾的詞與動詞不定式在意義上是動狀關系,而且動詞不定式是個不及物動詞時,應在不定式后面加一個適當?shù)慕樵~。例如:
Its getting dark. We have to find a hotel to live in. 天快黑了,我們得找個旅館住下。
6. First of all,it wasnt easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class. (P6) 老師起初和同學們交談時,我不容易聽得懂。
這是“it + be + adj. + to do sth”結(jié)構(gòu)。it是形式主語,意思上代替后面的真正主語for me to understand the teacher。如果動詞不定式需要有自己的邏輯主語,可以用以下兩種方法表示:
(1) 如果句中的形容詞通常用來表示事物的性狀或特征,則用for引出動詞不定式的邏輯主語。常見的這類形容詞有difficult,hard,easy,heavy,dangerous,expensive,useful,impossible等。例如:
Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in autumn. 秋天樹葉從樹上落下是常事。
(2) 如果句中的形容詞通常用來表示人的行為或品德,則用of引出動詞不定式的邏輯主語。常見的這類形容詞有honest,wise,clever,brave,foolish,kind,good,careful,stupid,silly,nice,right,wrong,polite,rude等。例如:
It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked. 他沒有把門鎖上,實在是太粗心了。
7. She had trouble making complete sentences. (P6) 她在造完整的句子時有些困難。
“have + n. + (in) doing ...”意為“做……有……”,have后面常是fun,difficulty,trouble,problems等名詞。介詞in指“在某一方面”,??梢允÷?。例如:
The students had trouble (in) climbing the hill. 學生們爬山時遇到了一些困難。
We had some problems getting to the top of the mountain. 我們費了些勁才到達山頂。
8. As young adults,it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teachers. (P8) 作為年輕人,在老師的幫助下盡力處理好教育方面面臨的每一個挑戰(zhàn)是我們的責任。
(1) 短語As young adults中的as是介詞,意為“作為……(某種身份),當做,視為”。例如:
As a student,you must obey the rules of the school. 作為學生,你必須遵守學校的規(guī)章制度。
(2) try ones best to do sth相當于do ones best to do sth,意為“盡力做某事”; deal with sth意為“處理某事”; with the help of相當于with ones help,意為“在……幫助下”。例如:
Ill try/do my best to improve my pronunciation. 我將盡全力改進我的發(fā)音。
How would you deal with an armed burglar?遇到持有武器的盜賊,你將如何對付呢?
I worked out the problem with the help of my classmates. (= I worked out the problem with my classmates help.) 在同學們的幫助下我做出了這道難題。
Unit 2
1. I used to be afraid of the dark. (P10) 過去我怕黑暗。
used to是情態(tài)動詞,表示過去的習慣動作或過去存在的情況,to是動詞不定式符號,后面跟動詞原形。例如:
We used to work in the same workshop. 我們曾在同一個車間工作過。
注意:be/get used to doing sth意為“習慣于做某事”,其中的to為介詞,后面跟名詞、代詞或動詞的-ing形式。例如:
He is used to reading English in the morning. 他習慣在早上讀英語。
2. Did you use to play the piano?(P11) 你過去常常彈鋼琴嗎?
這是“used to + 動詞原形”的疑問形式。其疑問式和否定式可以用助動詞did,也可以直接用used構(gòu)成。例如:
Did it use to rain here in summer?(= Used it to rain here in summer?) 這兒以前夏季時常下雨嗎?
We did not use to see each other. (= We usednt to see each other.) 我們以前不常見面。
3. Im terrified of the dark. (P12) 我非常害怕黑夜。
terrified是動詞terrify的過去分詞,在句中相當于形容詞,含有very afraid的意思。be terrified of ... 意為“對……非常害怕”; be terrified at意為“因……而害怕、驚恐”。例如:
Some children were terrified of a long roll of thunder. 有些小孩子害怕轟轟隆隆的雷聲。
The child was terrified of being left alone in the house. 那孩子害怕把他一個人留在家里。
She was terrified at the deafening explosion. 她被那震耳欲聾的爆炸聲嚇了一跳。
4. I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. (P12) 我睡覺時臥室里的燈亮著。
句中with my bedroom light on是復合結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作狀語,表示伴隨情況。由with構(gòu)成的復合結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一部分是介詞with的賓語,由名詞或代詞充當,第二部分是賓語補足語,由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式或分詞充當。該結(jié)構(gòu)一般在句中用作狀語,表示行為方式,伴隨情況、時間、原因或條件。例如:
We can see a big house with trees around it. 我們看見一棟高大的房子,四周樹木環(huán)繞。
He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut. 他躺在床上睡覺,寢室的門關著。
With the meal over,we all went home. 吃過飯我們都回家了。
With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow. 有那個男孩帶路,明天我們會很容易地找到那幢房子的。
5. My life has changed a lot in the last few years. (P14) 在過去的幾年里,我的生活改變了許多。
in the last few weeks/months/years意為“在過去的幾周/月/年里”,常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用?!癷n the past + 時間段”也有這種用法,意思相同。例如:
I have made great progress in the last few weeks. 在過去的幾周里,我進步很快。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years. 在過去幾年里我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
6. It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. (P15) 于梅好像變了許多。
本句為“it seems that ...”結(jié)構(gòu)。seem意為“好像、似乎、看來”,用來表示根據(jù)某種跡象作出的判斷,這種判斷往往接近于事實。例如:
It seemed that he had missed the train. 看來他沒搭上火車。
It seems that he is happy today. 今天他似乎很高興。
“it seems that ...”往往可轉(zhuǎn)換為“sb seems to do sth”。例如:
It seems that he understands the meaning of the word. (= He seems to understand the meaning of the word.) 他似乎理解了這個單詞的意思。
It seems that she is sleeping. (= She seems to be sleeping.) 她好像在睡覺。
7. His mother looked after him as well as she could. (P16) 他的媽媽盡可能把他照顧好。
as ... as sb can/could意為“盡可能地……”,在句中作狀語。與此意義相同的表達方式為as ... as possible。例如:
Maria is studying Chinese as hard as she can. (= Maria is studying Chinese as hard as possible.) 瑪麗亞正在盡可能地努力學習漢語。
8. She also told me that even though my father was no longer with us,he was watching me,and would always take pride in everything good I do. (P16) 她還告訴我即使我的父親不再和我們在一起,他也會一直關照我,總會為我所取得的成績感到自豪。
(1) 這是一個較復雜的主從復合句。She also told me是主句,that引導的從句是tell的直接賓語;賓語從句中的主句為he was watching me,and would always take pride in everything good; even though引導的是讓步狀語從句,用來修飾賓語從句中主句的謂語動詞was watching和take pride in; I do是定語從句,其前省略了關系代詞that,用來修飾everything。
(2) even though意為“即使,縱然,盡管”,用作從屬連詞,引導讓步狀語從句。與even if同義。例如:
Even though/if he is no longer living,his spirit lives on today. 盡管他已不在人世,但他的精神卻至今還在。
(3) take pride in ... 意為“為……感到驕傲”,與be proud of同義。例如:
We take pride in our responsibilities as teachers in new China. (= We are proud of our responsibilities as teachers in new China.) 作為新中國的教師,我們?yōu)槲覀兊穆氊煾械津湴痢?/p>
(4) 在“everything good I do”中,good和I do都修飾everything。形容詞修飾everything,something或anything等不定代詞時,往往將形容詞后置。例如:
Danny is interested in everything unusual. 丹尼對所有的不尋常的事情都感興趣。
Unit 3
1. I dont think fifteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive. (P18) 我認為不應該允許15歲的孩子開車。
think,believe,suppose,consider等動詞表示“認為”、“相信”、“設想”等含義,且賓語從句中含否定詞義時,常將從句中的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到這些動詞之前。這種復合句形式上是對主句的謂語動詞加以否定,但在意義上仍然是否定從句。例如:
I dont think that their team is likely to win the match. 我認為他們的球隊不可能贏得比賽。
I dont believe that it will rain tomorrow. 我相信明天不會下雨。
應該注意,在這類反意疑問句中,附加問句應為肯定形式,其中主語和謂語也應與從句中的主語和謂語保持一致。例如:
I dont think youve met Xiao Wang,have you?我想你沒有碰見小王,對嗎?
另外,think后面的從句中含有no,never,nothing,nobody等否定詞時,就不要再將這些否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語動詞上。例如:
I think nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 我認為世上無難事,只怕有心人。
2. Anna wants to get her ears pierced. (P18) 安娜想穿耳孔。
get my ears pierced屬于get sth done結(jié)構(gòu),表示要別人為自己做某事。與其同義的結(jié)構(gòu)有have sth done。例如:
I must get my hair cut. 我該找人理理發(fā)了。
You ought to get your watch repaired. 你該把表送去修理了。
3. They talk instead of doing homework. (P19) 他們光說話而不做作業(yè)。
instead of意為“代替”、“而不”,后面接名詞、代詞或動詞的-ing形式。例如:
He will go to the meeting instead of me. 他將代替我去開會。
She went to school instead of staying at home. 她沒有呆在家里而是上學去了。
instead of也可用來連接兩個語法上對等的成分。例如:
The situation is better instead of worse. 形勢是更好了,而不是更壞了。
They went there on foot instead of by bus. 他們沒有乘公共汽車而是步行到那里去的。
4. —We have a lot of rules at my house. 我們家里立有許多規(guī)矩。
—So do we. (P20) 我們也是。
“So + 助動詞/be動詞/情態(tài)動詞 + 主語”應譯為“某人(物)也如此”,意即前一句所說的情況,同樣也適合于另一個人或物。在使用這一句式時,要注意助動詞或系動詞的選用,以及在時態(tài)上與前句相呼應。例如:
—Ive got a new car. 我有一輛新車。
—So has John. 約翰也有。
5. Some students should be allowed to have Friday afternoons off to volunteer and help others. (P23) 應當允許部分學生星期五下午放假,去做義工幫助他人。
have ... off意為“放……假”,其中的have可以用take替換,off表示“不上班、不值班、不工作”的意思。例如:
Ive got three days off next week. 下星期我有三天假。
The manager gave the staff a day off. 經(jīng)理給員工放一天假。