張桂芳
宋鈞窯乳釘鼓式洗是青島市博物館館藏珍品之一,是北宋鈞窯產品,距今已有800多年的歷史。
這件器物高9.1厘米,口徑23.8厘米,底徑17.3厘米,口徑均內斂。器外上有兩道棱紋,器身上下乳釘紋裝飾。腹上一周飾20個乳釘紋,腹下一周飾18個乳釘紋。器如鼓式,底承三如意形扁足。此器造型古樸,莊重大方。胎體穩(wěn)重、飽滿,呈深灰色,風格獨特。釉色以乳濁狀的天藍色和月白色為主,間雜以絲縷狀紅色和青色??谘?,器身上弦紋、乳釘及器足轉折處的釉色呈醬色。器內釉薄為天藍色,有桔皮紋和蚯蚓走泥紋。器底釉刷芝麻醬色,無釉之處亦呈羊肝色。器表呈現(xiàn)出紅紫相映,猶如晚霞幻變,給人以變幻無窮的色彩美感。底部并刻有款識“一”字。
鈞窯,宋代五大名窯之一,與汝、官、哥、定窯齊名。窯址在河南省禹州城北門內的鈞臺與八卦洞附近。此地金代稱鈞州,因此得名。鈞官窯,指宋微宗建中、靖國元年到宋微宗宣和七年,公元1101—1126年。這一時期,宋鈞窯主要作品為各式花盆、鼓釘洗、敞口尊等陳設用瓷。這些器物的器底刻有漢文數字,又稱傳世宋鈞,是專為宮廷燒制的貢品。官鈞為典型的窯變釉,在天青色或紫紅色背景上密布著淡藍至藍白色的窯變流紋,整個釉面上呈現(xiàn)出藍白交織的顏色變化及生動美妙的窯變流紋。官鈞玫瑰紫紅釉的乳濁性比藍鈞釉更強。此件宋鈞窯鼓式洗,胎體釉色精美、滋潤、瑩亮,圈足上施了厚釉,有流淌現(xiàn)象,露胎處呈天藍色、深灰和淺灰等顏色,艷麗絕倫,讓人體會到天青霞紫的鈞窯特色。無論從造型、釉色等方面觀察,此件傳世乳釘鼓式洗,具有典型的宋鈞窯的特點。
據目前考證所知,窯器有款始于北宋。款識,它是燒制在瓷器底部的字和數字,表明產地,出產年代或其他必要信息。有款識者大多出自官窯,民窯帶款者少。鈞瓷中有“內府”或“奉化”等銘文字樣。傳世鈞瓷銘文主要是底刻“一”至“十”的數字?!赌细G筆記》所載:“有一二數目字樣于底足之間,配合一付之記號也”。經鈞窯遺址發(fā)掘研究,解答了數目的用意。即數字越大,其口徑越小,器身越低;數字越小,其口徑則越大,器身越高。此件底部刻有“一”的字樣。是與產品的尺寸大小有密切關系的,說明它是器物中最大的一件,是器物配對的記號。從中可以看出,工匠在制作御用瓷器上非常規(guī)范,嚴格按照既定的規(guī)格而燒造。生產的產品嚴禁流入民間。因此官窯瓷器保存下來甚少。此件鈞窯洗應為北宋晚期宮廷陳設的藝術珍品。
宋鈞瓷另一個顯著的特征是釉層中的“蚯蚓走泥紋”。這種現(xiàn)象的形成是由于釉汁中各種呈色的金屬的重量不同,所以,厚釉是鈞瓷釉色美的必備條件。為了把釉層堆積得更厚些,工匠采用在素燒過的坯上施一層釉便入爐用低溫烘烤一次的方法,使釉層固定下來后再施二層釉。釉層在干燥時或燒成初期發(fā)生龜裂,再把粘度較低的釉流入空隙,高溫燒成。此件宋鈞窯鼓式洗是在平滑的釉面之下,出現(xiàn)了顏色較為深沉的紋理,隱隱約約,曲曲彎彎,好像蚯蚓在泥土中游走留下的痕跡。這也是后人鑒定它真?zhèn)蔚闹匾罁?/p>
關于這件器物的來歷,還有一段趣事。上世紀60年代,青島市文物商店的領導經常派富有文物鑒定能力的員工到市、區(qū)、縣、農村蹲點,搶救社會上的零散文物。凡是他們到過的地方,了解到哪里有文物,從不輕易放過,或是動員上繳國家,或是動員賣給國家。此鈞窯乳釘鼓式洗便是青島市文物商店的張老先生在山東乳山收購的。
1962年春天的一天,張老先生從乳山某村經過,見一家農戶敞著大門,里面有一群雞圍著盛雞食的器物爭先搶食,張老突然被地上器物吸引住,恍然發(fā)現(xiàn)盛雞食器物好像是個洗子,便跨進家門與主人搭話,隨即蹲下來觀察那器物。搶食的群雞被驚散,他趁機將洗子捧在手中,如獲至寶,翻來覆去地觀察,不錯,是個洗子,還是個宋鈞窯洗子。張老心里萬分激動,情不自禁地說:“此品好啊!此品好啊!雖淪落為雞食缽子,總算沒有碰著磕著,真是謝天謝地?!彼峙跸醋?,愛不釋手,隨即問農家主人:“怎么用這物喂雞?可惜了!”農家主人說:“這件東西沒有什么用處,俺看它又矮又厚又重,做雞食缽子用穩(wěn)當。大哥這么喜歡,一定是有用處,就把它送給你吧?!睆埨舷壬谙朐趺磩訂T她賣給國家,經她這樣一說,真是喜出望外,就以5元人民幣獎勵那農家主人,并表示謝意。
張老先生帶著無比喜悅的心情,連夜趕回青島,及時向文物店的領導匯報了收購乳釘鼓式洗的情況。文物商店的領導看到此洗子,激動地說:“這次你可立了大功了,為國家搶救了這件傳世之珍品,為我們青島市文物商店增了榮譽。”后經國家文物局著名陶瓷專家耿寶昌先生鑒定,確認這件鼓式洗是宋鈞窯無疑,隨定為國家一級文物。
慧眼識寶,這件曾經做過雞食缽子的宋代鈞窯乳釘鼓式洗如今已為青島市博物館的一件館藏精品。它經常出現(xiàn)在青島市博物館歷代瓷器展覽中,供國內外觀眾鑒賞。
The drum-shaped brush washer with a nipple pattern of the Jun Kiln of the Song Dynasty, which was made during the Northern Song Dynasty more than 800 years ago, is one of the treasured pieces in the collections of Qingdao Museum. The washer is 9.1cm high with a 23.8cm mouth diameter and a 17.3cm bottom diameter. On the upper side of the washer, there are two areas of rhomb patterns. On the lower side, there are nipple patterns. The drum-shaped washer has three S-shaped flat legs. The opaque azure and white colors constitute the main tone. There are also some shades of red and cyan colors. Thus, the appearance of the washer looks like the enchanting evening light.
There is an interesting story about this washer. In the spring of 1962, when one day passing by some village in Rushan City, Mr. Zhang, a clerk of the Qingdao Antique Store, discovered a flock of chickens in a rural household fighting for food around a vessel holding food. The vessel looked like a brush washer. So he entered household and had a chat with the woman of the house. After carefully observing the vessel, he was sure that it was a brush washer of the Jun Kiln of the Song Dynasty. Seeing Mr. Zhang liked that vessel very much, the generous lady presented it to him. To express his gratitude, Mr. Zhang gave her five yuan as reward.
Thatvery night, Mr. Zhang went back to Qingdao and reported the information to leaders of the antique store. Later, Mr. Geng Baochang, a famous expert of the State Cultural Relics Bureau of China confirmed that this vessel was a drum-shaped brush waster of the Jun Kiln of the Song Dynasty. Consequently, it was validated as a national class one cultural relic.
Nowadays, the drum-shaped brush washer with nipple pattern of Jun Kiln of the Song Dynasty, which used to be utilized a chicken food vessel, has become a treasured piece in the collections of Qingdao Museum and is often showcased in the exhibition of ancient porcelain wares held by Qingdao Museum for the appreciation of domestic and overseas visitors.