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元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托

2009-02-27 06:47張桂芳
走向世界 2009年2期
關鍵詞:折枝釉里紅張老

張桂芳

這件器物高2.9厘米,口徑19.3厘米,底徑11.9厘米。菱花口呈十六瓣形,盞托內底心凸出以承托杯體;圈足,細砂底,足內無釉,器底邊緣粘有鐵黑色一圈;器底刷一層黑紅色漿料,呈現(xiàn)出火石紅痕跡。器物外壁的肩部雙線描輪廓,內有16朵如意云紋;邊緣勾線形成首尾相連的回字紋。此件盞托造型獨具特色,胎體精細,釉汁瑩潤光潔,釉里紅色調艷麗純正,給人以溫潤柔和之感。

釉里紅與青花起源于唐代長沙窯。那時的釉里紅僅是銅綠彩,到了金代的鈞窯,才開始燒造銅紅釉。元代至元十五年(公元1278年)江西景德鎮(zhèn)設立陶瓷產(chǎn)業(yè)機構——乳梁瓷局,專門燒造御用瓷器。這期間景德鎮(zhèn)瓷工們成功創(chuàng)造了釉里紅、青花釉里紅瓷。釉里紅與青花著色原料分別是釉下銅、釉下鈷,兩者都在瓷胎上進行彩繪,然后施透明釉,在窯中經(jīng)1300度左右的高溫一次燒成的釉下彩繪瓷。燒制釉里紅對窯室內的氣氛要求十分嚴格,銅紅料一定要在還原焰氣氛中,才能呈現(xiàn)紅色,但是銅紅料在燒制過程中極不穩(wěn)定,窯室氣氛稍有改變,其呈色就變得灰暗發(fā)黑,因此釉里紅燒制難度大,產(chǎn)量低。所以出土或流傳下來的釉里紅瓷器為數(shù)不多。這件元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托不但保存完好,而且呈色純正,是元代景德鎮(zhèn)窯精品。

元代景德鎮(zhèn)瓷工在繼承唐宋制瓷成就的基礎上進一步創(chuàng)新,彌補了形體上工藝粗糙的不足,使元釉里紅更精美。從制造工藝上看,此時出現(xiàn)了胎體厚重的巨大形體,如大罐、大瓶、大碗、盞托等;裝飾技法有刻劃和印花、瓷塑等多種;紋飾裝飾有弦紋、雙圈紋、折枝桃花、折枝牡丹、卷草紋等。直到明末清初,青花釉里紅在造型上改變了元明胎體厚重的遺風,在圖案裝飾方面擺脫了以往官窯瓷器上流行的龍風、纏枝花卉等程式化畫面,取之以畫面清新的山水、草蟲、花鳥、人物等畫面。特別是康熙時期,瓷器生產(chǎn)的造型胎體輕巧俊秀、圓潤壁薄。

這件元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托,器內裝飾有四層花卉組成,以纏枝菊花為主題,以卷草紋、折枝花卉為輔助裝飾。盞托中心繪以象征吉祥的折枝桃花,被盛開的六朵纏枝菊花所圍繞,菊花呈橢圓形,花心無斜網(wǎng)格紋,花瓣分兩層,外層每個花瓣留有白邊,用以表現(xiàn)花瓣之間的間隔,使花葉每一層花廓表現(xiàn)得很清楚,花葉每側均為三個開叉,較規(guī)則,不完全一樣,呈螺絲形,雙圈外精心描繪八朵不相連的寶相花,活潑流暢。紅色釉鮮艷,與通體所施的白釉相互對映,典雅至極。充分發(fā)揮了紅白釉色的藝術效果;口沿卷草紋突出白色的花紋作菱形曲線,線條刻劃粗獷有力。

從整個器物上觀察,此元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托制作精細,莊重大方。器物的顏色雖然被紅釉紋飾所覆蓋,但它采用留白來表現(xiàn)花卉圖案。特別是盞托中心折枝桃花,筆法流利,圓潤耐看,使整個畫面構圖勻稱,主次分明,渾然一體。

這件元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托底看似粗糙,但是手摸感覺平滑,色調自然變化,色澤柔和明亮。呈色火石紅痕,這也成為后人鑒定它真?zhèn)蔚闹匾罁?jù)。無論從造型、裝飾、釉色等方面觀察,均具有典型的元代景德鎮(zhèn)窯風格。

中國文化中的紅色,是人類一直追求的顏色,寓意喜慶而吉利。紅色象征太陽,給人感到溫暖。此件元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托色調凝重、華麗,正符合人民傳統(tǒng)審美心理。

關于這件器物的來歷還有一段故事:上個世紀60年代,青島市文物商店的領導經(jīng)常派富有文物鑒定能力的員工到市區(qū)、縣、農(nóng)村蹲點,搶救社會上流散文物。此件元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托,便是青島市文物商店的張老先生在山東掖縣城里收購的。

1963年春天的一天,張老因公出差,順道看望住在掖縣城里的老朋友,剛踏進朋友家門,他便被窗臺上的精美盤子所吸引,全神貫注地盯著眼前這件盤子。張老捧起盤子,如獲至寶,小心翼翼地把裝在盤子里的針線,剪刀拿出來,露出了器物的原型。張老非常驚訝,翻來覆去觀察,此物原來是個盞托,而且還是件元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托。張老萬分激動,自言自語地說:“此品好?。『冒?!雖當作針線盤子,總算沒有碰著、磕著。真是謝天謝地?!睆埨鲜峙醣K托,愛不釋手……“大哥,張大哥?!迸魅诉B叫幾聲,這時,張老才意識到忘了和主人接腔搭話,他急忙回過頭對女主人說:“大嫂這件器物這樣用可惜了,太可惜了。”女主人嘆了口氣說:“可惜啥!大哥你看看,拿它當吃飯盤子用吧,中間還有個小圓圈,礙事、不中用,實在是不中用。大哥你要認為是件好東西,你就拿著吧!”張老正在想怎樣開口動員她賣給國家,經(jīng)她這么一說,真是喜出望外,急忙掏出2元人民幣獎勵這位大嫂。大嫂高興地說:“張大哥,俺做夢也不敢想,這件東西還值錢,而且價錢這么高?!贝笊┬睦锔吲d極了。

后來,這件元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托經(jīng)國家文物局著名陶瓷專家耿寶昌先生鑒定為國家一級文物。

這件曾經(jīng)當作針線盤子的元釉里紅纏枝菊紋盞托,如今已成為青島市博物館一件館藏精品,它時常出現(xiàn)在青島市博物館歷代瓷器展覽中,供國內外廣大觀眾鑒賞。

This ware is 2.9 cm high with a 19.3-cm mouth diameter and a 11.9-cm bottom diameter. The water-chestnut-flower-shaped mouth presents 16 petal shapes. The inside bottom of the holder protrudes to hold the cup on it. With an elegant body shape, the shiny red underglazed holder looks very enchanting.

The inside wall of the cup holder is decorated with four layers of flower patterns, among which the interlocking chrysanthemum is the main tone, and a twisted-grass design and one of disconnected sprays are the auxiliary patterns. The center of the holder is of disconnected peach blossoms symbolizing propitiousness. The red glaze and white glaze reflect each other, producing a wonderful visual result.

Observing the holder, one can find that despite most of the appearance being covered with the red glaze patterns, the flower pattern is displayed by the white blank. The disconnected sprays of peach blossoms in the center, among others, make the entire picture look symmetrical.

As far as the origin of the ware, there is story to tell. One day in the spring of 1963, when going out for business travel, Mr. Zhang of Qingdao Antique Store dropped in to see a friend living in the capital of Ye County. At his friend's home, he saw this holder which was used by the hostess to hold needles, string and scissors. Mr. Zhang discovered it was a cup holder produced during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). So he had the idea to persuade his hostess to sell this holder to the nation. However, before Mr. Zhang could even make the suggestion, his hostess presented the holder to him. So Mr. Zhang at once gave her two yuan as a reward. Later, this red underglazed interlocking chrysanthemum cup holder of the Yuan Dynasty was validated by ceramics experts as a national grade one cultural relic.

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