陳玉娟
【摘 要】虛擬語氣是英語語法中的重點和難點,從用法上來看,主要分為兩大類:(1)在條件狀語從句中的應(yīng)用;(2)在某些特殊句型中的應(yīng)用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】虛擬語氣 條件狀語從句 含蓄條件句 wish as if suggest if only
虛擬語氣是一種動詞形式,表示說話人的一種愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、猜測、建議等含義,虛擬語氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實。
一、虛擬語氣在條件狀語從句中的使用
條件句可分為兩類,一類為真實條件句,一類為非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況,故采用虛擬語氣。首先,我們應(yīng)熟悉它在三種時態(tài)里的使用情況,這是正確使用虛擬語氣的基礎(chǔ)。這三種時態(tài)是:現(xiàn)在;過去;將來。
(在從句中,可以省略if,而把were ,had, should提到句首。)
二、錯綜時間的虛擬句
通常情況下,在非真實條件句中,主句和從句的謂語動詞所指時間是一致的,但有時也可能指不同的時間,這時要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語動詞形式。
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (從句指現(xiàn)在,主句指過去)。
三、含蓄條件句
有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來,而是暗含在上下文中,通過某些詞或短語來表示。常用的有:but for(if it were not for/if it had not been for), without, otherwise,or,suppose, supposing等。如But for your advice,I could not have done it so successfully.
四、虛擬語氣在某些句式中的應(yīng)用
1.wish后的賓語從句用法
與現(xiàn)在情況相反:did;與過去情況相反:had done;與將來情況相反:would/could/might do.
e.g. I wish they would come tomorrow.我希望他們明天來。How I wish it weren't raining now.如果現(xiàn)在不下雨該多好呀!I wish I had not been to yesterday's party.我要不去參加昨天的宴會就好了!
2.Had hoped,(expected,thought,intended meant)后面的從句中,謂語動詞的形式用 would do.3.as if, as though的意思是“好像”,從用法上有兩種,一種是不知道事實的真相,只是敘述一種情況;另一種是明知道事實的真相,卻說與事實不同的情況。在后一種情況下,句子應(yīng)該使用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞的形式同 wish的賓語從句一樣。
4.在 if only引出的感嘆句中用法同 wish.
5.would (had) rather that從句中,與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硐喾从胐id,與過去相反用had done.
Would rather have done;寧愿做……(實際上沒有)。
6.在Suggest,advise,propose,recommend (建議),order, command demand,request,require,desire,ask(要求,命令),insist(堅持做某事),prefer等動詞后的賓語從句中用 (should) do.
e.g. We strongly suggested that the meeting be put off till the next day(建議)。
7.在it is desired that, it is suggested that, it is requested that, it was ordered that, it was proposed that, it is necessary that, it is important that,用(should)do.
8.在suggestion, proposal, order等后面引出的表語從句和同位語從句中,用 (should) do.
9.在 it is high time that之后的定語從句中,謂語動詞常用did或should do的形式。
It is time that we went (should go) to bed.
10.Would you mind if從句中,用did. Would you mind if I opened the window?
11.情態(tài)動詞的虛擬語氣:
Should(ought to)have done;shouldn't(oughtn't to) have done;could have done; needn't have done;would like (not)to have done Might have done(本來可以做)。
e.g.(1) I didn't take notes at yesterday's meeting because I had left my pen at home.
(2)You could have borrowed mine, I wasn't using it.
12.在表示祝愿的句子中,動詞用原形。
e.g. May you be happy!