張亞波
在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫作時,筆者了解到學(xué)生在英語寫作方面的困惑:寫作不能突破傳統(tǒng)寫作模式,未能在寫作方面取得高分。在批閱過無數(shù)份學(xué)生英語作文,嘗試過許多寫作指導(dǎo)方法之后,經(jīng)過認(rèn)真反思和總結(jié),筆者歸納總結(jié)得出了“3L (Layout, Linking, Literate)”英語寫作模式。
一、Layout (篇章布局——獨(dú)具匠心)
如果我們能合理布局,在段落層次的安排上獨(dú)具匠心,那么,材料的組織就會有的放矢、脈絡(luò)清晰。如描寫學(xué)生校園生活(write an essay describing your perfect school),我是這樣啟發(fā)學(xué)生“搭框架”的。
二、Linking (承上啟下——前后連貫)
連接詞包括表示時間、順序、解釋說明、羅列、增加、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、因果、條件、讓步等關(guān)系的連詞或連接性副詞或詞組。巧用連接詞,能使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,行文流暢,層次分明,條理清楚,反映出作者對文章的思考是全面清晰的。以下是一個學(xué)生寫My Perfect School的習(xí)作,請仔細(xì)體會其中劃了線的連接詞語:
My Perfect School
My perfect school would be in the center of the city near a big parkso thatwe could go there after lunch to relax. The school would have basketball courts, volleyball courts and a football field. There wouldalsobe computers in all the classrooms.Another thingit would have is a language labwherewe could have our English classes.
We would study all the school subjectssuch asChinese, maths, English, physics and chemistry.However, there wouldalsobe some new optional subjects, for example, literary appreciation, astronomy, biochemistry, etc.
As well asthe subjects on the timetable, there would be many after-school interest groups,such aschess, choir, photography and sports. There would be regular trips to places like museums and art galleries too.
三、Literate (詞句推敲——標(biāo)新立異)
要想獲得高分就應(yīng)在“正確”表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)上,注意選擇高級詞匯,注意句式變換,避免中文式英語,寫出自己的特色,寫出自己的“亮點(diǎn)”,展示自己英文寫作的風(fēng)采。
1. 使用獨(dú)特的詞句。特別是打破漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛而重組的句子更能增加文章的震撼力。
[例1]唐山曾在20世紀(jì)80代發(fā)生過一次大地震。
A:There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s.
B:A terrible earthquake hit(struck)Tangshan in the 1980s.
評析:多數(shù)同學(xué)使用了there be結(jié)構(gòu),這是正確的。但是,B句卻摒棄了常見句式,另辟蹊徑,使用了terrible,hit/strike這樣的特別詞匯,用的是“主語+謂語+賓語”句型。
[例2]你8月15日的來信我今天早晨收到了。
A:I received your letter written on August 15th this morning.
B:Your letter of August 15th reached me this morning.
評析: B句中使用了reach這個擬人化詞語,更簡潔,更生動。
[例3]這棟房子在芳草街的一棟樓上。
A:The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.
B:The flat is situated in a building on Fangcao Street. (較高級)
2. 使用強(qiáng)勢的句式。如強(qiáng)調(diào)句、感嘆句、倒裝句等,增強(qiáng)語句的表現(xiàn)力。
[例4]阿福救了我妹妹。
A:Ah Fu saved my sister.(一般句式)
B:It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句式)
[例5]我們看到莊稼和蔬菜長勢喜人,很高興。
A:We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.(一般陳述句)
B:How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well?。ǜ袊@句)
此外,在寫作中還必須注意句式的變化,如長短句結(jié)合,簡單句、并列句與復(fù)合句共用,恰當(dāng)使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)等復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)。
總之,無論什么文體的文章都需要從這三方面來構(gòu)思組織。從歷年高考書面表達(dá)高分文章來看,要想使自己的文章有亮點(diǎn),吸引讀者,在考試中獲得高分,都應(yīng)在結(jié)構(gòu)、段落、用詞、造句上下功夫,哪怕有一處“亮點(diǎn)”,都是值得肯定的。
責(zé)任編校 蔣小青