劉　小

在高中課本中有許多起連接上下句功能的短語，但大都數(shù)學(xué)生對這些短語的功能及其用法概念膚淺，在寫作中有時(shí)不能正確區(qū)分和加以運(yùn)用。結(jié)果寫出的文章語法上似乎正確，但缺少連貫性，使整個(gè)語篇讀起來索然無味。因此在教學(xué)中教師必須引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意這些慣用短語的使用，并注意其在語篇中的功能作用。現(xiàn)結(jié)合《牛津高中英語》課本和其它工具書，對這些短語的功能作用作一淺析。

一、表示詳述關(guān)系

詳述是對前一句子給出進(jìn)一步的說明、評(píng)論或舉例，它包括并列和闡述。

1. 并列：并列指后一句子對前一句子在語義上進(jìn)行解釋性或舉例性說明，即前后兩句具有同位意義。常用的短語有 “in other words”,“that is to say”, “for example”, “for instance” 等。如：

1) However, with VR we are able to do some things that could never be achieved in real

life.For example,I recently sent my ninety-year-old grand father on a trip to Africa using RealCine. (Book 4 P.43)

2) My name is Zhu Zhenfei and I am speaking for the‘pro-Internetside.That is to say,I believe that the Internet has positive effects on our lives. (Book 7 P 34)

3) Even in the West, though, black has negative meanings.For instance,in Hollywood

films, the bad fellows, such as burglars, often wear black. Black is also the colour worn by most Europeans and Americans when they are in mourning. (Book 9 P 47)

4) Literal translation,in other words, word-for-word translation, is not to be encouraged.

(當(dāng)代英語常用短語用法詞典)

2. 闡述： 闡述指后面內(nèi)容不僅重述，而且復(fù)原、總結(jié)、核實(shí)前面的內(nèi)容，它又可分為

校正，如： “or other”, “at least”, “to be more precise”等；順便提及，如：“by the way”, “I mention” 等；退讓，如：“in any case”等；總結(jié)，如：“in short”,“to sum up”,“in conclusion”, “in brief”等；核實(shí)，如： “in fact”,“as a matter of fact” 等。請看下面的例句。

1) We got home late last night, or rather, early this morning. (英漢大詞典)

2) He said, in short,that more research is needed before a definite decision can be reached.

(當(dāng)代英語常用短語用法詞典)

3) I didnt fail my maths test after all; Miss Xu mixed up my result with someone elses!In fact,t one of the top scores in the class. (Book 1 P.34)

4) However, unlike what Jeff said, they didnt make my brothers hair fall out.By the way,do you know which pills your friend is thinking of taking? (Book 1 P 49)

5) Teenagers need 8to 10 hours of sleep each night.As a matter of fact, loss of sleep can make you look tired, and even cause you to put on weight. (Book 1 P.58)

二、表示延伸關(guān)系

延伸表達(dá)前述語義之外的內(nèi)容，從正面或反面增加新的陳述，或交代例外情況。它包括添加、轉(zhuǎn)折。

1. 添加：添加指語言使用者在說完或?qū)懲甑谝痪浜?，意猶未盡，又補(bǔ)充了一些新的情況。它包括肯定添加和否定添加。表示肯定添加的短語有 “in addition”, “whats more” 等。表示否定添加的短語有 “not to mention”, “l(fā)et alone” 等。例如：

1) With the help of these armies and other worthy organizations the UN assists the victims of

wars and disasters.In addition, the UN helps protect human rights and works to improve international laws, for example, those on child labour. (Book 6 p. 50)

2) We succeeded in completing our work,and whats more, we acquired a lot of experience.

(新編英語短語用法辨析詞典)

3) We are too busy to take a long holiday this year,not to mention the fact that we couldnt afford it.(新編英語短語用法辨析詞典)

4) He cant speak English,let alone German. (新編英語短語用法辨析詞典)

5) They never think of it, let alone do it. (新編英語短語用法辨析詞典)

2. 轉(zhuǎn)折： 轉(zhuǎn)折指后一句子的語義與前一句子相反。表示轉(zhuǎn)折添加的短語有 “on the other

hand”, “ in spite of” 等。例如：

1) On the one hand, some scientists point out that if you clone an embryo, you can produce

valuable tissues and organs that could be used to save human lives. On the other hand, many people, including some scientists, disagree and fear that if mankind interferes with nature in this way, they may be on their way to producing a real-life Frankensteins monster.(Book 5 P, 42 )

2)In spite of the fact that at first we were not successful, we may try it again. (新編英語短語

用法辨析詞典)

3. 變更： 變更指后一句子部分或全部地替代前一句子。它包括替代，如：“on the

contrary”, 排除，如：“apart from”,“except that” 等。例如：

1) He didnt say he liked it. On the contrary, he was very much against it. (英語慣用短語詞典)

2) Even though her training meant that she had to liveapart from her parents, she was happy

to devote herself to gymnastics. (Book 6 P. 18 )

3) Your composition is very goodexcept that there are a few spelling mistakes. (新編英語短語用法辨析詞典)

三、表示增強(qiáng)關(guān)系

語義的增強(qiáng)是一個(gè)句子給另一個(gè)句子提供有關(guān)時(shí)空、方式、因果、等環(huán)境信息，在句

子中相當(dāng)于句子形式出現(xiàn)的狀語。

1. 時(shí)空：語篇中的時(shí)空包括時(shí)間連接和空間連接。時(shí)間連接指事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間關(guān)系。

句子出現(xiàn)的先后順序可反映事件的同時(shí)發(fā)生。時(shí)間連接不僅涉及事件本身的先后順序，也可涉及語篇內(nèi)各部分的相互關(guān)系。主要的短語有 “at the same time”, “in the end”, “all the time”,“in the meaning time” 等?？臻g連接指事件發(fā)生的空間關(guān)系，常用的短語有 “in front of”, “in the first place”等。例如：

1) You can fool all the people some of time, and some of the people all the time, but you can not fool all the peopleall the time. (英語慣用語大詞典)

2) John did pass the test; the same timedidnt know the subject very well. （英語慣用短語詞典）

3) I will leave for Canada next month; In the meantime, I will have to say good-bye to you.

(新編英語短語用法辨析詞典)

4) From my study window, you can see a mountain in front of you. (英語搭配大詞典)

2. 方式： 方式連接指運(yùn)用表示對比意義的短語如 “in contrast”,“by comparison”, “by any means” 等連接詞擴(kuò)展語義。例如：

1) It is hot in the desert in the day, but in contrast, it is very cold at night. (新編英語短語用法辨析詞典)

2) The vast majority of social encounters are, by comparison, mild and muted affairs. (英語慣用法大詞典)

3) If the weather is by any means suitable, we will play the match on Tuesday. (現(xiàn)代英語用法詞典)

3. 因果：因果連接包括導(dǎo)致某結(jié)果的理由或采取某行動(dòng)的目的。因果連接關(guān)系處理的可以是客觀事實(shí)，也可以是假設(shè)性條件。常用的短語有 “as a result”, “no wonder”, “in that case” 等。例如：

1) He spent much of his childhood with his grandfather and father, who were both engineers.As a result,he began designing and making things when he was very young.(Book 11 P. 34)

2) No wonder you couldnt find the book---it had fallen behind the chair. (英語慣用短語詞典)

3) That means the price is likely to go down because of the competition.In that case, do you

want to wait? (Book 7 P. 9)

本文從以上幾點(diǎn)論述了某些短語在英語中起連接功能作用的意義。如果在英語學(xué)習(xí)中對這些短語的內(nèi)涵意義有清楚的認(rèn)識(shí)，對理解整個(gè)語篇的內(nèi)容會(huì)起著極大的幫助的，同時(shí)對學(xué)生在寫作中恰當(dāng)表達(dá)句子的含義，使之通順、連貫也是有益的。因此在學(xué)習(xí)中必須多觀察、多分析，才能真正掌握該語言，從而說出和寫出合乎英語習(xí)慣的句子。