王志業(yè) 霍福濤
大多數(shù)肝臟局灶性病變在MRI-T2WI上表現(xiàn)為高信號(hào),但是,極少數(shù)肝臟的結(jié)節(jié)在MRI-T2WI上出現(xiàn)部分或全部低信號(hào)。導(dǎo)致這種罕見現(xiàn)象的因素包括:鐵沉積、鈣沉積、銅沉積、血液代謝產(chǎn)物的沉積、分子物質(zhì)、壞死物質(zhì)沉積和其它情況。在T2WI上很多肝臟病變的周圍可能出現(xiàn)相對(duì)低信號(hào),這些病變包括:局灶性結(jié)節(jié)性增生、肝腺瘤、肝癌、轉(zhuǎn)移瘤、異常結(jié)節(jié)、平滑肌瘤、鐵質(zhì)沉著或發(fā)育不良結(jié)節(jié)、肝豆?fàn)詈俗冃?、肉芽腫、包蟲囊腫等等。含有脂肪成分的結(jié)節(jié),比如:脂肪瘤、血管平滑肌瘤、肝腺瘤和肝癌在脂肪抑制T2WI中也可能表現(xiàn)部分或全部低信號(hào)。對(duì)于大多數(shù)病例結(jié)合其它MRI表現(xiàn)和臨床表現(xiàn)可得到正確診斷。但是有時(shí)T2WI的低信號(hào)的原因并不都能明確,只能通過結(jié)合病理對(duì)照。本文的目的就是討論引起肝臟病變在T2加權(quán)像上出現(xiàn)低信號(hào)的原因和機(jī)制。
肝腺瘤易于出血,出血與壞死物混雜在一起,使得信號(hào)強(qiáng)度不均勻[1,2],但這只出現(xiàn)在少數(shù)病例中。陳舊性出血在T2WI上表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào)。肝癌和轉(zhuǎn)移瘤內(nèi)出血也是如此。盡管很少見,仍可發(fā)現(xiàn)T2WI上FNH表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào),確切的機(jī)制不明,雖然無肉眼可見的急性出血,但是低信號(hào)與腫塊快速生長導(dǎo)致的瘤內(nèi)溶血有關(guān)[3]。布加氏綜合征肝內(nèi)大的再生結(jié)節(jié)中可因出血、梗死或靜脈充血,在 T2WI上可見血液產(chǎn)生的 T2*效應(yīng)[4,5]。當(dāng)肝紫癜出血發(fā)生在大血管區(qū)時(shí)T2WI可見低信號(hào)。
肝內(nèi)的鐵存在形式是Fe3+,是順磁性的,在T2WI引起低信號(hào)[6]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)的鐵引起局部磁場的不均勻,通過橫向磁化的快速位移加速組織的T2*變化。可通過對(duì)磁場不均勻敏感的序列探測到,如SE T2WI,特別是GE T2WI。FSE T2WI序列包括多個(gè)回聚脈沖(180°),這在一定程度上補(bǔ)償了磁化率效應(yīng),對(duì)鐵的檢測敏感性減少。相反,梯度回波序列,缺乏射頻脈沖回聚,即使很少的鐵也能檢測到。選擇足夠長的TE和小的翻轉(zhuǎn)角,T2*效應(yīng)會(huì)非常明顯。應(yīng)注意長TE可引起含鐵病變偽影的放大,稱為“雪花效應(yīng)”[7]。肝硬化中的再生性鐵質(zhì)沉著性結(jié)節(jié)因細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵沉積在T2WI上表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào)[8,9]。與鄰近肝實(shí)質(zhì)比較發(fā)育不良結(jié)節(jié)T2WI低信號(hào)可能是鐵原因?qū)е拢部赡苁瞧渌?,如銅沉積[10]。有假說認(rèn)為瘤組織盡管含有大量的鐵蛋白,但不能存留鐵[11,12]。鐵蛋白的合成和分泌是由鐵刺激的,鐵蛋白是鐵在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的存儲(chǔ)形式,癌細(xì)胞有時(shí)可攝取鐵[13]。肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞鐵含量與細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵蛋白有關(guān),與腫瘤組織學(xué)分級(jí)無關(guān)[14]。給予網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)特異性對(duì)比劑(超順磁性氧化鐵,SPIO),肝病變內(nèi)攝取的鐵會(huì)存于Kupffer細(xì)胞內(nèi),如FNH[15],但是也并非是特異性的,肝腺瘤和高分化的肝細(xì)胞癌也可攝取氧化鐵顆粒[8]。正常肝組織在T2WI呈均勻的信號(hào)減低,而無網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞系統(tǒng)或網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)不正常的肝臟病變信號(hào)絕大多數(shù)沒什么改變。通過對(duì)比/噪聲比的提高,為鑒別肝實(shí)質(zhì)和肝臟病變提供了幫助[16]。
有兩種銅離子:單價(jià)銅和二價(jià)銅。前者是抗磁性的,沒有不成對(duì)電子[17],不影響 MRI信號(hào),除非有非常高的濃度[18]。二價(jià)鐵是順磁性的,因有一個(gè)不成對(duì)電子,可減低T1、T2弛豫時(shí)間。然而二價(jià)銅常與蛋白、多肽、氨基酸結(jié)合。在正常肝組織的銅常是單價(jià)的并與金屬硫蛋白結(jié)合[17,19]。Wilson病肝內(nèi)的銅是普遍減少的,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為對(duì)MRI信號(hào)無明顯影響[17]。然而MRI T2WI像上可見多發(fā)低信號(hào)結(jié)節(jié)[20]。在該病的早期階段銅的沉積導(dǎo)致的順磁性效應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致這些結(jié)節(jié)低信號(hào)的原因[21]。該病的后期階段有肝硬化,T2WI肝結(jié)節(jié)低信號(hào)被認(rèn)為鐵的沉積(鐵質(zhì)沉著性結(jié)節(jié))的作用所致大于結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)銅的沉積[22]。早期肝細(xì)胞癌可保持相當(dāng)?shù)你~攝取,這種功能隨腫瘤去分化而逐漸減低[23]。銅的攝取解釋了T2WI肝細(xì)胞癌低信號(hào)的原因,這種現(xiàn)象見于惡性病變的早期階段[24]。應(yīng)注意的是,盡管很少見,因膽管阻塞的原因,如膽管內(nèi)栓子形成,F(xiàn)NH內(nèi)可有銅的沉積[25]。
自由水分子運(yùn)動(dòng)不受限,結(jié)合水(如與細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白結(jié)合)運(yùn)動(dòng)受限。結(jié)合水的氫質(zhì)子的運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率與Larmor頻率相近,導(dǎo)致更有效的T1、T2弛豫。使水的T1、T2弛豫時(shí)間減少[26]。某種程度上所有的組織都可有這種現(xiàn)象,由大分子組成的一些軟組織,如肌肉和纖維組織,表現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象更明顯。磁化傳遞效應(yīng)也有助于減低富于大分子物質(zhì)的T2WI信號(hào),特別是在FSE序列上。多個(gè)1800 回聚脈沖增加了射頻脈沖的失相位,這與結(jié)合大分子的氫質(zhì)子的飽和有關(guān)[26]。
在T2WI上平滑肌和骨骼肌與體內(nèi)的其他組織相比表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào),與肌內(nèi)的肌動(dòng)蛋白、肌球蛋白、膠原以及細(xì)胞外液的減少使T2縮短效應(yīng)有關(guān)[27,28]。由于富含平滑肌,血管平滑肌脂肪瘤和肝平滑肌瘤在T2WI上表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào)。
含大量膠原和少量細(xì)胞及血管的成熟纖維組織的乏細(xì)胞區(qū)域,表現(xiàn)為T2WI低信號(hào),如致密的平滑肌[26]。部分腫瘤內(nèi)有大量的纖維組織,纖維板層癌是由大量的纖維板或?qū)訕?gòu)成,因此其信號(hào)減低[29,30]。膽管細(xì)胞癌中存在的大量的纖維化解釋了T2WI低信號(hào)[8,9]。含大量纖維性非鈣化基質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)移瘤(特別是腺癌)T2WI也可表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào)[9]。肝內(nèi)病變被纖維化替代的可表現(xiàn)為T2WI低信號(hào),如治療后的肝淋巴瘤和炎性病變。
粘蛋白系富含碳水化合物的糖蛋白。水合粘蛋白組織在T2WI呈高信號(hào),而干粘蛋白分泌中,自由水的減少會(huì)造成明顯的短T2改變,使T2WI中呈明顯的低信號(hào)改變[31]。來源于結(jié)腸、胃、胰腺和卵巢癌的轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌由于富含粘蛋白,T2WI低信號(hào),呈所謂的“花椰菜樣”表現(xiàn)。
轉(zhuǎn)移性肝黑色素瘤由于黑色素含量不同而表現(xiàn)出不同的影像特征,使其在T2WI和T1WI表現(xiàn)或高或低的信號(hào)[32]。一般來說,大的轉(zhuǎn)移瘤在T2WI呈高信號(hào),而較小的呈等信號(hào)[33]。然而某些惡性轉(zhuǎn)移性黑色素瘤呈短T2表現(xiàn),可能與較高水平的黑色素含量或陳舊性出血有關(guān),最終導(dǎo)致T2WI低信號(hào)改變。
纖維蛋白原被認(rèn)為是另一種引起T2WI信號(hào)減低的原因[34]。胞漿內(nèi)包涵體Pale bodies代表纖維蛋白原在擴(kuò)張的粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的累積,與所報(bào)道的HCC硬化改變在T2WI呈低信號(hào)是一致的[34]。
組織壞死區(qū)在MRI上顯示出不同的征象,由于水含量的增加,液化壞死區(qū)在T2WI呈高信號(hào)改變,而凝固性壞死即脫水性壞死在T2WI呈具有特征性的低信號(hào)區(qū),這就解釋了肝臟病變在T2WI信號(hào)改變。特別是經(jīng)皮消融術(shù)治療如射頻消融術(shù)[9,35,36]。在肝臟內(nèi)這種孤立的壞死小結(jié)節(jié)在 T2WI呈低信號(hào)的多為惡性,對(duì)這種有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)的解釋是與低水平水合作用、缺乏血管供應(yīng)、較少的細(xì)胞構(gòu)成及凝固性壞死有關(guān)[37]。
鈣化灶在T1WI和T2WI均呈典型的低信號(hào),然而不明顯或是較小的鈣化灶在MRI中不易顯示出來,擁有大量鈣化灶如肉芽腫或是已治愈的肝囊蟲病在T2WI呈低信號(hào)[38],其他部位的鈣化性病灶也會(huì)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的,如HCC,尤其是纖維板層性病變后,歸因于中央瘢痕鈣化,一些轉(zhuǎn)移瘤也會(huì)有鈣化,在T2WI中呈低信號(hào),已有報(bào)道如來源于結(jié)腸、胃、肺、卵巢的粘液瘤[39]。鑄型鈣化的腫瘤如骨肉瘤和軟骨肉瘤也呈低信號(hào),與身體其他組織器官一樣,不同大小的鈣化灶在少見的肝畸胎瘤也呈低信號(hào)[40]。
在傳統(tǒng)的T2WI脂肪與肌肉相比呈中等信號(hào),在FSET2WI呈高信號(hào)。后者對(duì)脂肪信號(hào)的衰減較弱,因J偶連和磁化轉(zhuǎn)移效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的失相位。目前FSET2WI序列在腹部檢查中常規(guī)使用,因質(zhì)子選擇性序列減少了因皮下和腹腔內(nèi)脂肪引起的偽影。快速區(qū)別脂肪和出血的能力是本方法的另一個(gè)原因。因此,即使MRI經(jīng)常依賴FSET1WI和T1WI同相位和反相位識(shí)別病變內(nèi)的脂肪特征,也可能通過T2WI信號(hào)的減低來確認(rèn)病變內(nèi)的肉眼可見的脂肪。如肝腺瘤[41]或HCC內(nèi)有脂肪成分,其在FSET2WI有可能呈低信號(hào)[40]。也用來診斷錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤和脂肪瘤[40]。FNH中的脂肪浸潤極少[42],如有被認(rèn)為是脂肪變性的擴(kuò)延或缺血導(dǎo)致鄰近肝組織對(duì)腫瘤的壓迫。這是FNH可在FSET2WI上表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào)的原因。
總之,在多數(shù)肝臟疾病(包括良性和惡性)中,少數(shù)病變T2WI表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào),其病因非常多。知道這些原因?qū)υ\斷有幫助,但應(yīng)結(jié)合臨床。然而對(duì)于更復(fù)雜的病變,放射病理對(duì)照在解析低信號(hào)的表現(xiàn)原因時(shí)是必須的。
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