本刊記者 楊培舉
中國(guó)郵輪船隊(duì)何時(shí)啟航
本刊記者 楊培舉
近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)沿海郵輪母港之爭(zhēng)硝煙彌漫,國(guó)外郵輪巨頭紛紛在中國(guó)布局,以求在未來(lái)的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中占得先機(jī)。與國(guó)外郵輪巨頭的咄咄逼人之勢(shì)相比,中國(guó)目前尚未建立自己的郵輪船隊(duì),萬(wàn)里海疆的旅游資源和郵輪碼頭設(shè)施無(wú)法真正盤活。那么,中國(guó)本土郵輪船隊(duì)何時(shí)才能揚(yáng)帆啟航?
2008年的全球金融海嘯,讓世界經(jīng)濟(jì)苦不堪言。在一片哀嘆聲中,世界郵輪業(yè)卻如一株寒梅傲然綻放,近年來(lái)一直保持8%左右的年均增長(zhǎng)速度,令業(yè)界刮目相看。
縱觀全球郵輪市場(chǎng),郵輪旅游活動(dòng)的主要區(qū)域?yàn)榧永毡群^(qū)域、歐洲/地中海區(qū)域、亞洲/南太平洋、阿拉斯加、墨西哥西海岸等地,其中加勒比海地區(qū)和歐洲/地中海區(qū)域又是最為密集的郵輪旅游活動(dòng)區(qū),郵輪到訪量分別占全世界的45.1%和22.4%。亞太地區(qū)是世界郵輪旅游市場(chǎng)中較年輕的,也是發(fā)展最快的一個(gè)分區(qū)。憑借其豐富的旅游資源和近些年不斷興建的郵輪專業(yè)港口,亞太地區(qū)漸漸成為全球主要的郵輪旅游目的地之一,而且其郵輪旅游客源市場(chǎng)規(guī)模也在不斷擴(kuò)大。中國(guó)地跨東北亞和東南亞兩個(gè)大區(qū),不僅是亞洲夏季郵輪航線重要的起始港和目的地,也是冬季郵輪航線的重要??奎c(diǎn),同時(shí)還是全球環(huán)游世界航線的必經(jīng)之地。優(yōu)越的旅游資源開始讓越來(lái)越多的國(guó)際郵輪公司關(guān)注中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。
世界幾家大型郵輪公司發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,亞洲市場(chǎng)在全球郵輪市場(chǎng)中所占份額正在逐步擴(kuò)大,與此同時(shí),2010年亞洲郵輪乘客由2005年時(shí)的大約110萬(wàn)人次增至150萬(wàn)人次。其中,中國(guó)已經(jīng)成為亞洲最大的出境游郵輪市場(chǎng)。
從當(dāng)前的世界郵輪船隊(duì)格局來(lái)看,相對(duì)比較集中,世界三大郵輪集團(tuán)——嘉年華集團(tuán)、皇家加勒比和麗星郵輪集團(tuán)控制了世界郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè) 80%的市場(chǎng)運(yùn)力份額。因具有壟斷性,故三巨頭對(duì)于上下游的議價(jià)能力很強(qiáng)。
在運(yùn)作模式上,世界各郵輪公司基本采用國(guó)際化運(yùn)作模式。首先,盡管北美是世界郵輪業(yè)的主要市場(chǎng),各主要郵輪公司的總部也都聚集于美國(guó)的邁阿密(也有例外,如麗星郵輪主要面向亞太市場(chǎng),總部設(shè)于香港),但各大郵輪公司及其船只的注冊(cè)地卻主要位于巴拿馬(如嘉年華集團(tuán))、利比里亞(如皇家加勒比郵輪)、巴哈馬群島以及百慕大群島(如麗星郵輪)。因?yàn)樵谶@些國(guó)家或地區(qū)通常不用繳納所得稅,缺乏基本的勞動(dòng)法律制度(如最低工資限制、工時(shí)限制、勞動(dòng)合同和工會(huì)制度等),也沒有相應(yīng)的責(zé)任條款,從而使郵輪公司極大地規(guī)避了在美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家注冊(cè)所必須承擔(dān)的成本和責(zé)任。第二,郵輪公司通常在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行人力資源的招聘和組合。通過在亞洲地區(qū)(如菲律賓、印尼)招聘大量相對(duì)廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力從事較低職位的工作,這樣一艘大型郵輪每年在勞動(dòng)力方面所節(jié)約的成本據(jù)估計(jì)在數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元以上。第三,郵輪公司的國(guó)際化運(yùn)作還表現(xiàn)在他們充分挖掘各地的旅游資源(包括南極這一國(guó)際公共領(lǐng)域),在全球地理范圍內(nèi)開發(fā)最有利可圖的航線并布署其生產(chǎn)要素。同時(shí),從時(shí)間分布上來(lái)說(shuō),郵輪公司總是追隨太陽(yáng)移動(dòng),力爭(zhēng)終年從事無(wú)季節(jié)性波動(dòng)的經(jīng)營(yíng)。
目前,各郵輪公司在經(jīng)營(yíng)方面不斷推陳出新。旅客擁有極為廣泛的可選擇空間,從郵輪風(fēng)格、掛靠港口、郵輪航線到郵輪上提供的設(shè)施和服務(wù)等每一個(gè)方面,郵輪公司都做出了定制化的調(diào)整,以適應(yīng)不斷變化的市場(chǎng)需要。許多郵輪公司為創(chuàng)造消費(fèi)、吸引顧客,甚至重金聘請(qǐng)著名制片人、設(shè)計(jì)師和導(dǎo)演等,將大型表演節(jié)目、原版音樂喜劇等高價(jià)值產(chǎn)品搬上郵輪,盡其所能把郵輪娛樂活動(dòng)演繹到一個(gè)更高的層次。
近五六年來(lái),國(guó)際郵輪乘客數(shù)量快速增長(zhǎng)。國(guó)際郵輪公司聯(lián)合會(huì)主席Terry Dale先生說(shuō),中國(guó)巨大的新興郵輪經(jīng)濟(jì)市場(chǎng)正為全世界所矚目,令全球郵輪界感到興奮。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,2010年中國(guó)大陸共接待國(guó)際郵輪223個(gè)航次,較上年增長(zhǎng)42.9%,同年中國(guó)大陸郵輪游客出入境人次達(dá)到79萬(wàn)。我國(guó)現(xiàn)有16個(gè)港口城市有過國(guó)際郵輪接待經(jīng)驗(yàn)。另從“郵輪船期預(yù)報(bào)表”獲知,今年7月至12月上海港預(yù)計(jì)將出入各類豪華郵輪130余艘次,比上半年增長(zhǎng)26%。據(jù)預(yù)計(jì),“十二五”期間,我國(guó)郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)將進(jìn)入到港服務(wù)和公民出境服務(wù)并舉狀態(tài)。越來(lái)越多中國(guó)人改變旅游方式,選擇豪華郵輪到境外特別是亞太地區(qū)旅游。2016年以后,將進(jìn)入以郵輪旅游為常態(tài)的成熟發(fā)展階段。
對(duì)于世界郵輪市場(chǎng)逐漸東移,中國(guó)政府高層和業(yè)界早有覺察,并迅速采取行動(dòng)。2008年6月,國(guó)務(wù)院出臺(tái)《關(guān)于促進(jìn)我國(guó)郵輪經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見》。2009年3月,國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議明確提出“促進(jìn)和規(guī)范郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展”。同年12月1日,國(guó)務(wù)院下發(fā)《關(guān)于加快旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的意見》,明確旅游業(yè)成為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略性支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),郵輪旅游納入國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)類產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄。其間,質(zhì)檢總局、工信部、公安部等密集出臺(tái)配套政策。地方政府亦使出渾身解數(shù),減稅、重賞、免簽,如上海優(yōu)惠在滬注冊(cè)的郵輪公司初創(chuàng)35年內(nèi)稅收減免;三亞允許21個(gè)國(guó)家郵輪旅游團(tuán)“15天免簽證”等,這一系列舉措,為中國(guó)郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展提供了強(qiáng)勁動(dòng)力。國(guó)家旅游局和中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院發(fā)布的《2010年~2011年中國(guó)休閑發(fā)展報(bào)告》暨《休閑綠皮書》稱,我國(guó)郵輪出境旅游大潮很快到來(lái),區(qū)域郵輪母港位勢(shì)即將形成,郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)體系建設(shè)將出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵性突破。
與此同時(shí),世界一些國(guó)家針對(duì)中國(guó)郵輪游客出臺(tái)了新政策。比如,日本宣布于今年7月1日起,對(duì)中國(guó)公民赴日個(gè)人游實(shí)施簽證新政策,新政規(guī)定,凡符合條件的申請(qǐng)人可申辦三年有效、多次往返、每次最多停留90天的觀光旅游簽證。不久前,韓國(guó)司法部也宣布,對(duì)在韓國(guó)停留、觀光3天之內(nèi)的外國(guó)郵輪游客,只要郵輪船東提前申請(qǐng)并獲得認(rèn)可,其船上乘客就可以享受簡(jiǎn)化的簽證手續(xù)。此舉旨在吸引更多的中國(guó)游客。
面對(duì)悄然綻放的中國(guó)郵輪市場(chǎng),世界郵輪巨頭也競(jìng)相加速在中國(guó)布局。目前,世界郵輪三巨頭嘉年華、皇家加勒比、麗星現(xiàn)均已在中國(guó)設(shè)立辦事機(jī)構(gòu),三巨頭旗下的多艘郵輪以上海、天津、廈門、三亞等城市作為母港或掛靠港,開辟了多條亞洲航線。其它各大郵輪公司也紛紛開拓中國(guó)市場(chǎng),參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。從當(dāng)前各郵輪公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況來(lái)看,他們?cè)诎l(fā)展大眾化路線的同時(shí),在高端定制旅游方面,已初嘗甜頭。
皇家加勒比郵輪有限公司中國(guó)區(qū)董事總經(jīng)理劉緇楠博士認(rèn)為,隨著品味和認(rèn)知的提高,越來(lái)越多的人開始關(guān)注高端定制郵輪產(chǎn)品?;始壹永毡饶壳霸谥袊?guó)推出的產(chǎn)品還是以面向大眾為主,但在未來(lái)將突出定制服務(wù)。歌詩(shī)達(dá)中國(guó)區(qū)總經(jīng)理劉晨軍表示,在2010年,歌詩(shī)達(dá)共投放68個(gè)航次,定制和包船航次高達(dá)15次,占總數(shù)近25%。預(yù)計(jì)商務(wù)會(huì)獎(jiǎng)(MICE)和定制服務(wù)在郵輪旅行中的需求將越來(lái)越大,定制路線和購(gòu)買包船服務(wù)的對(duì)象也將越來(lái)越多元化。
中國(guó)交通運(yùn)輸協(xié)會(huì)郵輪游艇分會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)兼秘書長(zhǎng)鄭煒航認(rèn)為,大中華區(qū)郵輪市場(chǎng)具有很大的互動(dòng)性,兩岸三地將成為全球第六活躍區(qū)域,是亞洲郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展重點(diǎn),未來(lái)市場(chǎng)合作空間巨大。
有專家認(rèn)為,綜合考量,中國(guó)已初具打造本土郵輪船隊(duì)的基本要素。
中國(guó)交通運(yùn)輸協(xié)會(huì)郵輪游艇分會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)兼秘書長(zhǎng)鄭煒航認(rèn)為,中國(guó)建立自己的郵輪船隊(duì),促進(jìn)郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展,需要從四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行完善。第一需要有配套政策法規(guī)體系。如,在船齡和船旗的要求中,我國(guó)相關(guān)政策規(guī)定,10年船齡以上的二手船不能進(jìn)入中國(guó)。而在國(guó)外,只要船只日常保養(yǎng)得當(dāng),30年船齡的郵輪還可以運(yùn)營(yíng);郵輪上的經(jīng)營(yíng)項(xiàng)目,國(guó)內(nèi)與國(guó)外有很大不同,像博彩業(yè)和表演在國(guó)際郵輪上很豐富,我國(guó)現(xiàn)有法律體系對(duì)此限制十分嚴(yán)格。國(guó)內(nèi)法律如何與國(guó)際慣例對(duì)接,目前還是個(gè)問題。此外,船員配備方面,一般郵輪的服務(wù)人員來(lái)自20~40個(gè)國(guó)家,而中國(guó)目前對(duì)本土船員配備有較高要求。
第二,需要有成體系的郵輪管理團(tuán)隊(duì),包括航行管理、船上酒店和娛樂管理、岸上旅游管理等。將這一系列服務(wù)管理協(xié)同結(jié)合到一起,放置到一艘?guī)兹f(wàn)噸級(jí)郵輪上系統(tǒng)化運(yùn)營(yíng),目前還是一件非常有挑戰(zhàn)的事情。
第三是需要有一套郵輪供給和物流供應(yīng)體系。相比于航空和陸路客運(yùn),郵輪運(yùn)營(yíng)的日常易耗品的消耗量非常驚人,由此可以看出郵輪易耗品的日常供給是一個(gè)潛力巨大的市場(chǎng)。然而,目前很多中國(guó)廠商還沒有關(guān)注到這個(gè)商機(jī)。
第四,需要有系統(tǒng)化的岸上銷售系統(tǒng),包括郵輪銷售代理機(jī)構(gòu)和郵輪訂艙體系。由于與旅行社已有的銷售模式不兼容,加之從業(yè)人員素質(zhì)參差不齊等原因,目前我國(guó)能夠全面掌握郵輪旅游知識(shí),了解各大公司郵輪產(chǎn)品并能對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行包裝、推廣的成熟型營(yíng)銷人才十分缺乏。因此,開展郵輪代理機(jī)構(gòu)的行業(yè)準(zhǔn)入認(rèn)證和從業(yè)人員的專業(yè)培訓(xùn)勢(shì)在必行。
目前,天津、浙江、福建、海南和上海都在籌備建立自己的郵輪船隊(duì),有意向的企業(yè)有央企,有民企,也有港資和臺(tái)資。大家熱情似乎很高,但行動(dòng)并不快。對(duì)此,渤海輪渡股份有限公司副總經(jīng)理賈明洋認(rèn)為,對(duì)于中國(guó)郵輪營(yíng)運(yùn)企業(yè)而言,主要面臨資金和經(jīng)驗(yàn)兩個(gè)方面的制約,這是因?yàn)椋环矫尜?gòu)買郵輪需大量資金,動(dòng)輒十幾億美元,在國(guó)內(nèi)航運(yùn)金融條件不成熟的情況下,無(wú)人愿意承擔(dān)這樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另一方面是政策風(fēng)險(xiǎn)太大。因?yàn)閲?guó)際郵輪公司及其船只的注冊(cè)地主要位于巴拿馬、百慕大群島等不用繳納所得稅的地區(qū),中國(guó)企業(yè)購(gòu)買的郵輪如果無(wú)法轉(zhuǎn)為中國(guó)籍,則同樣面臨國(guó)際郵輪的政策掣肘。此外,郵輪上的免稅店、博彩業(yè)如何開設(shè),國(guó)內(nèi)船只均無(wú)先例。特別是,從整個(gè)郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上來(lái)說(shuō),很多環(huán)節(jié)相對(duì)比較容易地獲得政府在政策和資金等方面的支持,但對(duì)船東方面卻扶持力度不夠。假設(shè)郵輪整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈都很完善了,如果沒有郵輪本身這個(gè)載體,大好的旅游資源和郵輪碼頭設(shè)施就無(wú)法真正盤活。
對(duì)于目前大家炒得火熱的中國(guó)郵輪經(jīng)濟(jì),有專家表示擔(dān)憂,國(guó)內(nèi)游客很多還停留在尋求刺激興奮的觀光旅游階段,怕的是大家一時(shí)興起,乘郵輪旅游的人很多,但去過一趟之后,感覺自己趕了時(shí)髦,就不再去了。這樣的郵輪市場(chǎng)不夠穩(wěn)定,發(fā)展也會(huì)受到限制,更談不上可持續(xù)。目前我國(guó)郵輪業(yè)還處在郵輪經(jīng)濟(jì)兩個(gè)發(fā)展階段中的第一階段,即國(guó)際郵輪接待階段。發(fā)展郵輪旅游不能操之過急,應(yīng)該基于市場(chǎng)本身的發(fā)展來(lái)進(jìn)行規(guī)劃,拔苗助長(zhǎng)有可能會(huì)造成資源浪費(fèi),而且實(shí)效也不大。最合理的就是,從中國(guó)的實(shí)際出發(fā),培育和建立屬于自己的郵輪文化。
上海海事大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院副教授、上海國(guó)際航運(yùn)中心郵輪經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所副所長(zhǎng)程爵浩認(rèn)為,當(dāng)務(wù)之急就是通過適當(dāng)?shù)暮腺Y、租賃或合伙等形式投資發(fā)展我國(guó)郵輪船隊(duì),以此為手段促進(jìn)郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)體系建設(shè)發(fā)展,逐步推進(jìn)郵輪產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)扎根本土經(jīng)濟(jì)。顯然,這是降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一種不錯(cuò)選擇。據(jù)記者調(diào)查得知,目前國(guó)內(nèi)廈門和溫州兩地已有民間資本出手,成立了自己的郵輪公司。雖然離建立自己的郵輪船隊(duì)還很遙遠(yuǎn),但畢竟向前邁出了實(shí)質(zhì)性一步。
最后,記者引用一位美國(guó)專家的話來(lái)結(jié)尾,“經(jīng)營(yíng)郵輪旅游要取得規(guī)模效應(yīng)和盈利并不是件容易的事,但我們會(huì)樂此不疲地堅(jiān)持下去,因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)‘讓人快樂的產(chǎn)業(yè)’?!?/p>
In recent fi ve or six years, the number of passengers of international cruiseships has been rapidly growing.According to Mr. Terry Dale President of International Federation of Cruise Lines, the huge emerging cruiseship economy market of China has attracted attention from around the world and inspired the global cruiseship industry. According to statistics, mainland China received the call of 223 international cruise voyages in 2010, up 42.9% compared with the previous year. In the same year,cruiseship tourists arriving and leaving Chinese mainland went up to 790,000 totally. So far, 16 Chinese port cities have had the experience in receiving international cruiseships.
Facing the quietly blooming Chinese cruise market, the world cruise tycoons are accelerating their efforts in China. Up to the present, the three world cruise tycoons including Carnival Cruise Lines of United States, Royal Caribbean International, Hong Kong Star Cruise have set up off i ces in China. Many cruises under their banner have used Shanghai, Tianjin and Xiamen as home ports or ports of call, sailing on many Asian routes.Other major cruise companies are also developing their Chinese market to get involved in the competition. From the operational status of cruise enterprises, they have got a foretaste in making high-end travel routing while developing their popular services.
According to Zheng Weihang, vice president and secretary general of the Boat & Cruise Association under China Communication and Transportation Association,if China wants to establish our own cruise fleet, we need to make improvements in four aspects. Firstly,we need a pertinent policy and regulation system. For instance, our policy requires that second hand ships over ten years old shall not be imported; there is a big difference between domestic and overseas requirements regarding operating items onboard the cruise, like casino which is popular in international cruise market but strictly controlled under Chinese legal system.Secondly, we need systematized cruise management teams including navigation management, onboard hotel and entertainment management and onshore tourism management. Thirdly, we need a system for feed supply and logistic services for the cruise. Compared with passenger transport through airway and landway, the amount of daily consumables during the process of cruise voyage is quite astonishing. Fourthly, we need a complete onshore sales system which covers cruise service sales agencies and booking system. Due to incompatibility with the sales mode of existing travel agencies, uneven levels in the quality of employees and other factors, currently we are greatly short of mature marketing people in China who have a comprehensive mastery of cruise travel knowledge, know about the service products of large cruise companies and the skills to pack and promote these products.
Present, Tanjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian and Hainan provinces are preparing to establish their own cruise fleet. Enterprises, state-owned, privately-owned, Hong Kong-invested and Taiwan-invested enterprises all have shown their interest. Everyone seems highly enthusiastic but slow in action. According to Jia Mingyang vice general manager of Bo Hai Ferry Co., Ltd., Chinese cruise operators mainly face two diff i culties in fund and experience. On the one hand, to buy a cruise needs a large investment, mostly over billions of dollars. In the case of immature domestic shipping fi nancing conditions,no one wants to take this risk. On the other hand, policy risk is also huge. International cruise liners and their ships are registered in the tax-free areas of Panama and Bermuda. If cruises bought by Chinese enterprises can not be changed into Chinese registry, they will have to face policy constraints for international cruises.In addition, what about duty-free shops and casino services to be set up on Chinese domestic cruises?There is no precedence in this case. Particularly, in terms of the whole cruise industry chain, many links are relatively easy to gain the government support in policy and capital while support is inadequate for shipowners specif i cally. Suppose the entire industry chain is perfect but the vehicle of cruise is not ready, how can the tourism resources and the cruise terminal facilities run eff i ciently?
According to Cheng Juehao associate professor of Economics and Management Institute of Shanghai Maritime University and vice director of Cruise Economic Research Institute of Shanghai International Shipping Center, the urgent task now is to invest and develop China’s cruise fleet through appropriate means of joint venture, leasing or partnership, and use this as a tool to promote the development of cruise industry system and gradually put forward cruise industry to be rooted in the national economy. This is obviously a good choice for reducing risks. From the interview, our reporter got to know that private capital in Xiamen and Wenzhou has come out to establish their own cruise enterprises.Although there is a long way to go for our country to establish our own cruise fl eet, this is after all a substantial step forward.
When Can Chinese Cruise Fleet Sail?
Reporter Yang Peiju