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骨錨式助聽(tīng)器(BAHA)臨床應(yīng)用展望*

2011-06-05 14:36楊仕明鄒藝輝
關(guān)鍵詞:植入體明顯改善助聽(tīng)器

楊仕明 鄒藝輝

·人工聽(tīng)覺(jué)技術(shù)·

骨錨式助聽(tīng)器(BAHA)臨床應(yīng)用展望*

楊仕明1鄒藝輝1

骨錨式助聽(tīng)器(bone-anchored hearing aids,BAHA)是通過(guò)骨傳導(dǎo)方式改善聽(tīng)力效果的一種助聽(tīng)設(shè)備,在國(guó)外已有30多年歷史,全球已有超過(guò)10萬(wàn)的使用者,在一些國(guó)家屬醫(yī)保范疇,因其手術(shù)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較小,因此成為諸如先天性耳道閉鎖患者的首選聽(tīng)力解決方案。但是,在我國(guó),BAHA直到2010年5月才正式上市。本文對(duì)BAHA及其臨床應(yīng)用情況總結(jié)如下。

1 BAHA的組成與工作原理

BAH A包括聲音處理器、基臺(tái)和植入體三部分,其工作原理是:聲音處理器通過(guò)麥克風(fēng)接收聲音,聲音引起的振動(dòng)通過(guò)顱骨和頜骨傳送到內(nèi)耳,使內(nèi)耳的淋巴液推動(dòng)毛細(xì)胞,毛細(xì)胞再將這種運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變成電脈沖,通過(guò)聽(tīng)覺(jué)神經(jīng)傳到聽(tīng)覺(jué)中樞,產(chǎn)生聽(tīng)覺(jué)。

2 佩戴方式

BAH A佩帶有兩種方式,一種是將鈦質(zhì)植入體通過(guò)手術(shù)固定在顳側(cè)顱骨上,使其與顱骨通過(guò)骨融合的方式成為一體,骨融合在術(shù)后6周就可以完成[1,2],再通過(guò)基臺(tái)擰緊固定聲音處理器(圖1);另一種是對(duì)于較小的患兒,因顱骨厚度不夠,植入體不穩(wěn)定,可直接將聲音處理器通過(guò)軟帶(發(fā)帶)固定在頭上[3,4]。但前一種方式對(duì)聽(tīng)力改善的效果更好,在1~4 k Hz可改善5~20 dB[5]。

3 適應(yīng)證與效果

BAH A主要適用于傳導(dǎo)性聾、混合性聾或單側(cè)感音神經(jīng)性聾患者[6~10],0.5~4 k Hz骨導(dǎo)平均聽(tīng)閾值在55 d B HL內(nèi)為適用范圍。

3.1 傳導(dǎo)性聾

3.1.1 雙側(cè)先天性外耳道閉鎖 表現(xiàn)為傳導(dǎo)性聾,一側(cè)佩戴BAH A后,生活質(zhì)量顯著改善,純音聽(tīng)閾值較術(shù)前(51.2 ±12.5 d B HL)及佩戴傳統(tǒng)骨導(dǎo)助聽(tīng)器(助聽(tīng)聽(tīng)閾29.3± 7.2 d B HL)明顯改善(助聽(tīng)聽(tīng)閾18.1±7.5 d B HL),骨氣導(dǎo)差縮小到5~15 d B內(nèi)[11~14]。

3.1.2 雙側(cè)中耳炎 尤其是多次中耳乳突手術(shù)后聽(tīng)力改善不明顯者,可以選用BAHA,聽(tīng)力能得到明顯改善,且因其固定于耳后,不受耳道和中耳流膿的影響[15,16]。

圖1 BAHA植入患兒術(shù)后所見(jiàn)

3.1.3 雙側(cè)耳硬化癥 在鐙骨底板切除、傳統(tǒng)助聽(tīng)器效果不理想或不能應(yīng)用時(shí),BAHA可作為耳硬化癥的另外一種選擇,可使患者聽(tīng)力和生存質(zhì)量獲得明顯的改善[17,18]。

總的來(lái)說(shuō),雙側(cè)先天性外耳道閉鎖、中耳炎、耳硬化癥患者,在一側(cè)佩戴BAHA后,生活質(zhì)量、純音聽(tīng)閾值全部得到改善,Ricci[13]報(bào)道85.1%的患者氣骨導(dǎo)差消失,但相比較而言,BAHA對(duì)雙側(cè)先天性外耳道閉鎖患者效果最好[18]。

3.2 混合性聾 BAHA能有效繞過(guò)氣導(dǎo)部分,改善骨導(dǎo)聽(tīng)力,補(bǔ)償感音神經(jīng)性聽(tīng)力損失,因此,對(duì)于混合性聾患者,在言語(yǔ)理解和聲音質(zhì)量方面,能獲得比氣導(dǎo)助聽(tīng)器更好的效果[19,20],但當(dāng)感音神經(jīng)性聾患者純音聽(tīng)閾超過(guò)70 d B HL或佩帶BAHA PS65低于40%時(shí),選擇人工耳蝸植入更好[21]。

雙側(cè)慢性化膿性中耳炎、先天性外耳道狹窄或閉鎖、對(duì)傳統(tǒng)助聽(tīng)器不滿意,表現(xiàn)為傳導(dǎo)性或混合性聾的患者,一側(cè)佩戴BAHA后,0.5~4 k Hz平均氣導(dǎo)聽(tīng)閾改善32±19 d B,80%的患者氣骨導(dǎo)差小于10 dB,60%的患者小于5 dB[22]。

總之,傳導(dǎo)性聾和混合性聾患者一側(cè)佩戴BAHA后,在言語(yǔ)接受、聲音定位、音質(zhì)等主觀感覺(jué)和客觀檢查方面均有明顯改善,尤其在噪聲環(huán)境下獲益明顯[6]。

3.3 單側(cè)感音神經(jīng)性聾 如單側(cè)聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤術(shù)后聽(tīng)力完全喪失者,佩戴BAHA后,在主觀感覺(jué)上均有明顯改善,但在客觀聽(tīng)力學(xué)檢查、聲音定位和噪聲環(huán)境下改善不明顯[6,10,23]。

4 BAHA與傳統(tǒng)助聽(tīng)器比較

總體而言,BAHA較普通助聽(tīng)器攜帶舒適,效果更好。比較慢性化膿性中耳炎患者與正常志愿者配戴BAHA和氣導(dǎo)助聽(tīng)器效果發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論是安靜還是噪聲環(huán)境下聲場(chǎng)測(cè)聽(tīng)和時(shí)程辨別、時(shí)間間隔分辨、輔音識(shí)別等聽(tīng)力學(xué)有關(guān)檢測(cè)結(jié)果均無(wú)明顯差異,但配戴BAHA不受耳流膿的影響,在中耳炎患者助聽(tīng)裝置選擇中占優(yōu)勢(shì)[24]。與骨導(dǎo)助聽(tīng)器相比,已如前述,BAHA效果更好,增益更明顯[11]。

5 BAHA在特殊情況下的應(yīng)用

5.1 雙側(cè)佩戴BAHA 雙耳傳導(dǎo)性聾的患者,雙側(cè)佩戴BAHA后,在聲音定位、安靜和噪聲環(huán)境下言語(yǔ)識(shí)別能力明顯改善[25~27]。

5.2 單側(cè)傳導(dǎo)性聾 對(duì)單側(cè)耳聾患者佩戴BAHA的結(jié)果,報(bào)道各不相同,Wazen等[28]報(bào)告單側(cè)先天性外耳道閉鎖、中耳炎患者佩戴BAHA后,患者生存質(zhì)量和聽(tīng)力障礙評(píng)分明顯改善;Danhauer等[29]報(bào)道聽(tīng)力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果無(wú)太大改善,但患者自我感覺(jué)改善明顯;從Martin等[30]的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果看,在小群人或一對(duì)一交流時(shí),有明顯改善,且長(zhǎng)期單側(cè)聾者主觀感覺(jué)比近期聾者要好,但在言語(yǔ)質(zhì)量和空間定位能力評(píng)分方面沒(méi)有顯著差異。因此,單側(cè)耳聾患者是否佩戴BAHA,要根據(jù)患者的意愿及專(zhuān)家的綜合分析與指導(dǎo)而定。

6 并發(fā)癥

Hobson[31]報(bào)道602例BAHA植入術(shù)后各類(lèi)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為23.9%,其它報(bào)道發(fā)生率6.1%~59%不等,主要包括皮膚反應(yīng)、感染、鈦植入體周?chē)つw軟組織增生、骨融合失敗、基座丟失、需再次手術(shù)修正等等,罕見(jiàn)的尚有硬腦膜膿腫、局部神經(jīng)瘤、疼痛等[13,15,31]。

1 Clemente F,Costa M,Monini S,et al.Monitoring of fixture osteointegration after BAHA implantation[J].Audiol Neurootol,2011,16:158.

2 Dun CA,de Wolf MJ,Hol MK,et al.Stability,survival,and tolerability of a novel baha implant system:six-month data from a multicenter clinical investigation[J].Otol Neurotol,2011,32:1 001.

3 Verhagen CV,Hol MK,Coppens-Schellekens W,et al.The Baha Softband.A new treatment for young children with bilateral congenital aural atresia[J].Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol,2008,72:1 455.

4 Hodgetts WE,Scollie SD,Swain R.Effects of applied contact force and volume control setting on output force levels of the BAHA softband[J].Int J Audiol,2006,45:301.

5 Dun CA,F(xiàn)aber HT,de Wolf MJ,et al.An overview of different systems:the bone-anchored hearing aid[J].Adv Otorhinolaryngol,2011,71:22.

6 Dumper J,Hodgetts B,Liu R,et al.Indications for boneanchored hearing AIDS:a functional outcomes study[J].J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2009,38:96.

7 Hagr A.BAHA:Bone-anchored hearing aid[J].Int J Health Sci(Qassim),2007,1:265.

8 Colquitt JL,Loveman E,Baguley DM,et al.Bone-anchored hearing aids for people with bilateral hearing impairment:a systematic review[J].Clin Otolaryngol,2011,4.doi:10.1111/j.1749-4486.2011.02376.x.[Epub ahead of print]

9 Colquitt J,Jones J,Harris P,et al.Bone-anchored hearing aids(BAHAs)for people who are bilaterally deaf:a systematic review and economic evaluation[J].Health Technol Assess,2011,15:1.

10 Bishop CE,Eby TL.The current status of audiologic rehabilitation for profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss[J].Laryngoscope,2010,120:552.

11 Ricci G,Volpe AD,F(xiàn)aralli M,et al.Bone-anchored hearing aids(Baha)in congenital aural atresia:personal experience[J].Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol,2011,75:342.

12 Fuchsmann C,Tringali S,Disant F,et al.Hearing rehabilitation in congenital aural atresia using the bone-anchored hearing aid:audiological and satisfaction results[J].Acta Otolaryngol,2010,130:1 343.

13 Ricci G,Della Volpe A,F(xiàn)aralli M,et al.Results and complications of the Baha system(bone-anchored hearing aid)[J].Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol,2010,267:1 539.

14 Mazita A,F(xiàn)azlina WH,Abdullah A,et al.Hearing rehabilitation in congenital canal atresia[J].Singapore Med J,2009,50:1 072.

15 Macnamara M,Phillips D,Proops DW.The bone anchored hearing aid(BAH A)in chronic suppurative otitis media(CSOM)[J].J Laryngol Otol Suppl,1996,21:38.

16 Watson GJ,Silva S,Lawless T,et al.Bone anchored hearing aids:a preliminary assessment of the impact on outpatients and cost when rehabilitating hearing in chronic suppurative otitis media[J].Clin Otolaryngol,2008,33:338.

17 Burrell SP,Cooper HC,Proops DW.The bone anchored hearing aid--the third option for otosclerosis[J].J Laryngol Otol,1996,21(Suppl):31.

18 McLarnon CM,Davison T,Johnson IJ.Bone-anchored hearing aid:comparison of benefit by patient subgroups[J].Laryngoscope,2004,114:942.

19 Ynn MC,Sadeghi A,Halvarsson G.Baha solutions for patients with severe mixed hearing loss[J].Cochlear Implants Int,2009,10(Suppl 1):43.

20 Pfiffner F,Caversaccio MD,Kompis M.Audiological results with Baha in conductive and mixed hearing loss[J].Adv Otorhinolaryngol,2011,71:73.

21 Verhaegen VJ,Mulder JJ,Mylanus EA,et al.Profound mixed hearing loss:bone-anchored hearing aid system or cochlear implant[J]?Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol,2009,118:693.

22 Lustig LR,Arts H A,Brackmann DE,et al.Hearing rehabilitation using the BAHA bone-anchored hearing aid:results in 40 patients[J].Neurotol,2001,22:328.

23 Gluth MB,Eager KM,Eikelboom RH,et al.Long-term benefit perception,complications,and device malfunction rate of bone-anchored hearing aid implantation for profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss[J].Otol Neurotol,2010,31:1 427.

24 Bance M,Abel SM,Papsin BC,et al.A comparison of the audiometric performance of bone anchored hearing aids and air conduction hearing aids[J].Otol Neurotol,2002,23:912.

25 van der Pouw KT,Snik AF,Cremers CW.Audiometric results of bilateral bone-anchored hearing aid application in patients with bilateral congenital aural atresia[J].Laryngoscope,1998,108(4 Pt 1):548.

26 Priwin C,Stenfelt S,Granstr?m G,et al.Bilateral bone-anchored hearing aids(BAHAs):an audiometric evaluation[J].Laryngoscope,2004,114:77.

27 Dun CA,de Wolf MJ,Mylanus EA,et al.Bilateral boneanchored hearing aid application in children:the Nijmegen ex-perience from 1996 to 2008[J].Otol Neurotol,2010,31:615.

28 Wazen JJ,Spitzer J,Ghossaini SN,et al.Results of the bone-anchored hearing aid in unilateral hearing loss[J].Laryngoscope,2001,111:955.

29 Danhauer JL,Johnson CE,Mixon M.Does the evidence support use of the Baha implant system(Baha)in patients with congenital unilateral aural atresia[J].J Am Acad Audiol,2010,21:274.

30 Martin TP,Lowther R,Cooper H,et al.The bone-anchored hearing aid in the rehabilitation of single-sided deafness:experience with 58 patients[J].Clin Otolaryngol,2010,35:284.

31 Hobson JC,Roper AJ,Andrew R,et al.Complications of bone-anchored hearing aid implantation[J].J Laryngol Otol,2010,124:132.

(2011-08-23收稿)

(本文編輯 周濤)

10.3969/j.issn.1006-7299.2011.05.001

R764.5

A

1006-7299(2011)05-0391-03

* 國(guó)家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(973)課題(2011CBA01000),國(guó)家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(863)項(xiàng)目(2007AA02Z150),國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金課題(30871398,30730040,30628030)

1 解放軍總醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科醫(yī)院 中國(guó)人民解放軍全軍耳鼻咽喉研究所(北京 100853)

楊仕明(Email:yangsm301@263.ent)

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